Cells

Question 1

active immunity

Answer 1

a form of immunity provided by the immune response of the body upon detection of a pathogen

Question 2

active transport

Answer 2

the active movement of substances from a low concentration to a higher concentration (up their concentration gradient) with the use of energy in the form of ATP

Question 3

agglutination

Answer 3

the clumping together of cells or particles caused by antibodies which assists phagocytosis

Question 4

antibody

Answer 4

a protein found in the blood that is produced by plasma cells which binds to antigens as part of the immune response

Question 5

antigens

Answer 5

marker molecules that can be detected by antibodies and trigger an immune response

Question 6

binary fission

Answer 6

the method of cell division used by prokaryotes involving replication of the circular DNA and plasmids followed by cytoplasmic division

Question 7

cell cycle

Answer 7

the series of stages preparing the cell for division consisting of interphase and mitosis

Question 8

cell-surface membrane

Answer 8

a phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins that surrounds cells and separates them from their environment

Question 9

cell vacuole

Answer 9

a membrane bound structure found in plant cells that contains cell sap

Question 10

cell wall

Answer 10

a permeable layer that surrounds plant, algae, and fungi cells made of polysaccharides which provides strength to the cell

Question 11

chloroplast

Answer 11

an organelle found in plants and algae that is the site of photosynthesis

Question 12

clonal expansion

Answer 12

the production of many genetically identical daughter cells through cell division of the activated B or T lymphocyte after clonal selection

Question 13

clonal selection

Answer 13

the process of matching the antigens on an antigen presenting cells with the antigen receptors on B and T lymphocytes

Question 14

co-transport

Answer 14

a method of membrane transport where two substances are both transported across a membrane at the same time either in the same direction or opposite directions

Question 15

cytokinesis

Answer 15

division of the cytoplasm to produce two new cells

Question 16

facilitated diffusion

Answer 16

the passive movement of substances from a high concentration to a lower concentration (down their concentration gradient) through transport proteins without the use of energy

Question 17

flagella

Answer 17

a whip-like structure found on bacterial cells that is used for cell movement

Question 18

fluid-mosaic model

Answer 18

a model that descries membrane structure as a sea of mobile phospholipids studded with various proteins

Question 19

Golgi apparatus

Answer 19

an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is involved in the modification and packaging of proteins

Question 20

helper T cell

Answer 20

a type of T cell in the immune system that stimulates cytotoxic T cells, B cells, and phagocytes

Question 21

herd immunity

Answer 21

a type of disease immunity that occurs when a large proportion of a population are vaccinated against a disease which prevents the spread of the disease to unvaccinated individuals

Question 22

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

Answer 22

a virus that attacks T cells in the immune system and can lead to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Question 23

lysosomes

Answer 23

membrane-bound vesicles found in the cytoplasm that contain a hydrolytic enzyme called lysozyme

Question 24

magnification

Answer 24

how much bigger an image appears compared to the original object calculate using the following formula (image size = actual size x magnification)

Question 25

mitochondrion

Answer 25

an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is the site of aerobic respiration

Question 26

mitosis

Answer 26

the part of the cell cycle in which a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two daughter cells, each with identical copies of DNA

Question 27

monoclonal antibodies

Answer 27

identical antibodies that have been produced by an immune cell that has been cloned from a parent cell

Question 28

nucleus

Answer 28

an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that stores the genetic information of the cell as chromosomes and is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope

Question 29

osmosis

Answer 29

the passive diffusion of water molecules from a region of high water potential to a region of lower water potential (down a water potential gradient) through a selectively permeable membrane without the use of energy

Question 30

passive immunity

Answer 30

a form of immunity provided by the introduction of antibodies to a disease into the body

Question 31

phaogcytosis

Answer 31

the process where phagocytes engulf and destroy material

Question 32

plasmids

Answer 32

a circular loop of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells

Question 33

primary immune response

Answer 33

the response produced by the immune system when it encounters a pathogen for the first time

Question 34

resolution

Answer 34

the ability to distinguish two different points in a specimen

Question 35

ribosomes

Answer 35

organelles found either free in the cytoplasm or membrane bound that are involved in the synthesis of proteins

Question 36

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 36

a membrane-bound organelle that is involved in the synthesis and packaging of proteins

Question 37

secondary immune response

Answer 37

the response produced by the immune system when it recognises a pathogen that it has encountered before

Question 38

simple diffusion

Answer 38

the passive spreading out of substances from a high concentration to a lower concentration (down their concentration gradient) without the use of energy

Question 39

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Answer 39

a membrane-bound organelle involved in lipid synthesis

Question 40

vaccine

Answer 40

the introduction of dead or inactive pathogens to stimulate an immune response and provide long term immunity