Cells Flashcards
active immunity
a form of immunity provided by the immune response of the body upon detection of a pathogen
active transport
the active movement of substances from a low concentration to a higher concentration (up their concentration gradient) with the use of energy in the form of ATP
agglutination
the clumping together of cells or particles caused by antibodies which assists phagocytosis
antibody
a protein found in the blood that is produced by plasma cells which binds to antigens as part of the immune response
antigens
marker molecules that can be detected by antibodies and trigger an immune response
binary fission
the method of cell division used by prokaryotes involving replication of the circular DNA and plasmids followed by cytoplasmic division
cell cycle
the series of stages preparing the cell for division consisting of interphase and mitosis
cell-surface membrane
a phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins that surrounds cells and separates them from their environment
cell vacuole
a membrane bound structure found in plant cells that contains cell sap
cell wall
a permeable layer that surrounds plant, algae, and fungi cells made of polysaccharides which provides strength to the cell
chloroplast
an organelle found in plants and algae that is the site of photosynthesis
clonal expansion
the production of many genetically identical daughter cells through cell division of the activated B or T lymphocyte after clonal selection
clonal selection
the process of matching the antigens on an antigen presenting cells with the antigen receptors on B and T lymphocytes
co-transport
a method of membrane transport where two substances are both transported across a membrane at the same time either in the same direction or opposite directions
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm to produce two new cells
facilitated diffusion
the passive movement of substances from a high concentration to a lower concentration (down their concentration gradient) through transport proteins without the use of energy
flagella
a whip-like structure found on bacterial cells that is used for cell movement
fluid-mosaic model
a model that descries membrane structure as a sea of mobile phospholipids studded with various proteins
Golgi apparatus
an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is involved in the modification and packaging of proteins
helper T cell
a type of T cell in the immune system that stimulates cytotoxic T cells, B cells, and phagocytes
herd immunity
a type of disease immunity that occurs when a large proportion of a population are vaccinated against a disease which prevents the spread of the disease to unvaccinated individuals
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
a virus that attacks T cells in the immune system and can lead to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
lysosomes
membrane-bound vesicles found in the cytoplasm that contain a hydrolytic enzyme called lysozyme
magnification
how much bigger an image appears compared to the original object calculate using the following formula (image size = actual size x magnification)
mitochondrion
an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is the site of aerobic respiration
mitosis
the part of the cell cycle in which a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two daughter cells, each with identical copies of DNA
monoclonal antibodies
identical antibodies that have been produced by an immune cell that has been cloned from a parent cell
nucleus
an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that stores the genetic information of the cell as chromosomes and is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope
osmosis
the passive diffusion of water molecules from a region of high water potential to a region of lower water potential (down a water potential gradient) through a selectively permeable membrane without the use of energy
passive immunity
a form of immunity provided by the introduction of antibodies to a disease into the body
phaogcytosis
the process where phagocytes engulf and destroy material
plasmids
a circular loop of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells
primary immune response
the response produced by the immune system when it encounters a pathogen for the first time
resolution
the ability to distinguish two different points in a specimen
ribosomes
organelles found either free in the cytoplasm or membrane bound that are involved in the synthesis of proteins
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
a membrane-bound organelle that is involved in the synthesis and packaging of proteins
secondary immune response
the response produced by the immune system when it recognises a pathogen that it has encountered before
simple diffusion
the passive spreading out of substances from a high concentration to a lower concentration (down their concentration gradient) without the use of energy
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
a membrane-bound organelle involved in lipid synthesis
vaccine
the introduction of dead or inactive pathogens to stimulate an immune response and provide long term immunity
