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AQA A-Level Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

a molecule that acts as the energy currency of cells formed from a molecule of ribose, a molecule of adenine, and three phosphate groups

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2
Q

amino acid

A

the monomers containing an amino group (NH₂), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a variable R group that make up proteins

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3
Q

Benedict’s Test

A

a biochemical test used to test for reducing sugars that produces a different colour based on the amount of reducing sugar present

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4
Q

Biuret test

A

a biochemical test that produces a purple solution in the presence of protein

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5
Q

Cellulose

A

a polysaccharide made of beta glucose monomers that is used as a structural polysaccharide which provides strength to plant cell walls

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6
Q

condensation reaction

A

a type of reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond involving the elimination of a molecule of water

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7
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

an information storing molecule made up of deoxyribonucleotide monomers joined by phosphodiester bonds to form a double helix

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8
Q

Dipeptide

A

molecules formed by the condensation of two amino acids

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9
Q

Disaccharide

A

molecules formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides

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10
Q

DNA helicase

A

an enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two DNA strands in the DNA molecule that is going to be replicated

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11
Q

DNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that catalyses the condensation reactions between the new nucleotides in the synthesis of the new DNA strand

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12
Q

enzyme

A

a protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst and increases the rate of biochemical reactions

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13
Q

glycogen

A

a highly branched polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers that is used as the main storage of energy in humans and animals

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14
Q

glycosidic bond

A

a bond between two monosaccharides formed in a condensation reaction

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15
Q

heat capacity

A

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by a specific amount

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16
Q

Hydrolysis

A

breaking a chemical bond between two molecules involving the use of a water molecule

17
Q

Induced-fit model

A

a model of enzyme action that describes how enzymes undergo subtle conformational changes to better fit the substrate

18
Q

Iodine test

A

a biochemical test used to test for the presence of starch

19
Q

Lactose

A

a disaccharide formed by the condensation of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule

20
Q

Latent heat

A

the amount of energy needed for a substance to change state

21
Q

Lipid emulsion test

A

a biochemical test that produces a cloudy emulsion when performed on lipids

22
Q

Maltose

A

a disaccharide formed by condensation of two glucose molecules

23
Q

Metabolite

A

a molecule formed or used in metabolic reactions

24
Q

Monomers

A

the smaller units from which larger molecules are made

25
Q

Monosaccharide

A

the individual sugar monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made

26
Q

Phospholipid

A

a type of lipid formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol, two molecules of fatty acid, and a phosphate group

27
Q

Polymers

A

molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

28
Q

Polypeptide

A

molecules formed by the condensation of many amino acids

29
Q

Polysaccharide

A

molecules formed by the condensation of many monosaccharides

30
Q

Primary structure

A

the individual sequence of amino acids in a protein

31
Q

quaternary structure

A

a structure only applicable to proteins with multiple polypeptide chains that describes the interactions of the different chains

32
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

a relatively short molecule made up of ribonucleotide monomers joined by phosphodiester bonds

33
Q

secondary structure

A

the local interactions of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain

34
Q

semi-conservative replication

A

the production of two daughter DNA molecules from one DNA molecule which both contain one original DNA strand and one newly synthesised strand

35
Q

solvent

A

a substance which other solutes are dissolved in

36
Q

starch

A

a polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers that is used as the main storage of energy in plants

37
Q

Sucrose

A

a disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule

38
Q

tertiary structure

A

the way that the whole protein folds to make a three dimensional structure

39
Q

triglyceride

A

a type of lipid formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and three molecule of fatty acid

AQA A-Level Biology (8 decks)

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