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CVS > Exchange and Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Exchange and Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the space called between two cells?

A

Cleft - varies in size depending on how close cells are together

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2
Q

Describe the pore size in fenestrated capillaries

A

Large (fenestrations or pores)

Allows direct travel through the cell

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3
Q

Where do you find continuous capillaries?

A

brain

no clefts or channels in capillaries

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4
Q

Give an example of what the blood brain barrier might halt the diffusion of?

A

Potassium

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5
Q

Where might you find fenestrated capillaries?

A

intestine - contains clefts and channels

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6
Q

Where might you find discontinuous capillaries?

A

Liver - Lots of proteins made and need to enter plasma - leave via sinusoids

Contains clefts and massive channels

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7
Q

What part of a blood vessel is very involved in the formation of blood clots?

A

Endothelium

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8
Q

What are the two stages clot formation?

A

Formation of a platelet plug

Formatin of a fibrin clot

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9
Q

When will platelets start releasing clotting factor?

A

When integrity of endothelium is compromised and platelets have access to collagen of basement membrane

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10
Q

What is the function of thrombin?

A

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

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11
Q

How does the epithelium prevent clot formation?

A

Stops blood contacting collagen

Produces prostacyclin and NO

Produces tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)

Expresses thrombomodulin (anticoagulant)

Expresses heparin

Secretes tissue plasminogen activator

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12
Q

What is the effect of stopping blood contacting collagen?

A

No platelet aggregation

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13
Q

What is the effect of prostacyclin and NO?

A

Both inhibit platelet aggregation

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14
Q

What is the effect of tissue factor pathway inhibitor?

A

Stops thrombin production

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15
Q

What is the effect of thrombomodulin?

A

Binds thrombin and inactivates it

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16
Q

What is the effect of heparin?

A

Also inactivates thrombin

17
Q

What is the effect of tissue plasminogen activator?

A

Turns plasminogen into plasmin which digests clot

18
Q

Why is diffusion described as self-regulating?

A

More O2 needed means more O2 enters the cell by means of diffusion

19
Q

Why is diffusion of O2 described as unsaturable?

A

no use of protein pumps (no chance of all pumps being used at once)

20
Q

Why type of substances can cross membranes?

A

Non-polar substances

21
Q

What type of substances travel through clefts and channels?

A

Polar substances (potassium, glucose)

22
Q

What type of molecules are carrier mediated transport?

A

Glucose transporter in brain

23
Q

What are the pressures responsible for the green and black arrows?

A

Green - hydrostatic pressure

Black - oncotic pressure

24
Q

Why does water get drawn back into the capillary?

A

Concentration of proteins increases from left to right (creates osmotic pressure) draws water back in

25
Q

What is the average volumes of water which are lost and regained each day?

A

Lost - 20L

Regained - 17L

26
Q

What causes Kwashiorkor?

A

Hypoproteinaemia

no production of osmotic pressure and little water renters the capillary.

27
Q

What is oedema defined as?

A

Accumulation of excess fluid

28
Q

What are the causes of oedema?

A

Lymphatic obstruction (eg to filariasis surgery)

Raised central venous pressure - due to ventricular failure - increase in hydrostatic pressure

Hypoproteinaemia - water leaves capillaries by hydrostatic pressure, re-enters via oncotic pressure - absent here Causes - nephrosis, liver failure

Increased capillary permeability - inflammation eg. rheumatism

29
Q

Why does heart failure result in oedema?

A

Backward failure of right ventricle leads to congestion of systemic capillaries

This generates excess fluid accumulation body

Increased pressure forces additional fluid out of blood into tissue

This results in oedema in tissue

Right sided heart failure commonly starts in ankles where venous pressure is high due to effects of gravity

Might occur in abdominal cavity where fluid build-up is called ascites

CVS (26 decks)

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