Examination of the Knee and Thight Flashcards
Patient reports a traumatic onset of knee pain that occurred during jumping, twisting, or changing directions with foot planted. Quais podem ser as hipóteses iniciais?
Possible ligamentous injury (anterior cruciate).
Possible patella subluxation.
Possible quadriceps rupture.
Possible meniscal tear.
Patient reports traumatic injury that resulted in a posteriorly directed force to tibia with knee flexed. Qual a lesão suspeita?
Possible PCL injury (posterior cruciate).
Patient reports traumatic injury that resulted in a varus or valgus force exerted on knee. Qual a hipótese inicial?
Possible collateral ligament injury (LCL or MCL).
Patient reports anterior knee pain with jumping and full knee flexion? Quais as suspeitas?
Possible patellar tendonitis.
Possible patellofemoral pain syndrome.
Patient reports swelling in knee with occasional locking and clicking. Que tipo de lesão suspeita?
Possible meniscal tear.
Possible loose body within knee joint.
Patient reports pain with prolonged knee fl exion, during squats, and while going up and down stairs. Qual a hipótese inicial?
Possible patellofemoral pain syndrome.
Patient reports pain and stiffness in morning that diminishes after a few hours. O que suspeita?
Possible OA (Osteoarthritis).
Quais os achados clínicos normalmente associados à osteoartrite?
Inactivity stiffness; Pain on using stairs; Night pain. (k = Substantial agreement).
Acute injury; Swelling; Giving way; Locking; Pain, generalized; Pain at rest; Pain rising from chair; Pain climbing stairs. (k ~ Slight agreement).
Quais os achados clínicos normalmente associados a medial collateral ligament rupture?
Self-noticed swelling LR+ 1.5 (1.1, 1.9); LR- 0.40 (.20, .90).
Trauma by external force to the leg LR+ 2.0 (.8, 4.8); LR- .90 (.70, 1.1).
Rotational trauma LR+ 1.7 (1.1, 2.6); LR- .60 (.30, 1.1).
Age superior 40 years (LR Small impact).
Continuation of activity impossible (LR Small and rarely important).
Weight bearing during trauma (LR Small and rarely important).
Qual a clinical prediction rule para a prescrição de radiografia após trauma no joelho?
Age sup or = 55 years; isolated patellar tenderness without other bone tenderness; tenderness of the fibular head; inability to flex knee to 90°; inability to bear weight immediately after injury and in the emergency room (unable to transfer weight onto each lower extremity - regardless of limping).
If one of five variables identified were present, radiographs were required (SN 0,99).
Inter-examiner agreement - kappa value of .77 (.65-.89).
Quão bons nós somos a detetar inflamação no joelho?
Podemos palpar a temperatura e o edema; inspecionar edema e rubor; Fluctuation test; Patellar tap test.
Porém, apenas a Palpation for warmth mostrou um kappa de concordância moderada (k=0,66). Os restantes procedimentos demonstraram pouco concordância (k inf 0,40).
Que teste podemos aplicar para identificar Knee Joint Effusion? As propriedades são favoráveis?
Ballottement test - Examiner quickly pushes the patient’s patella posteriorly with 2 or 3 fingers. Positive if patella bounces off trochlea with a distinct impact (Sn 0,83).
Self-noticed knee swelling PLUS Ballottement test (Sp 0,82).
Há fiabilidade intra e inter examinador no que diz respeito à amplitude de movimentos?
Todos os valores se situam entre concordância moderada e substancial (ICC or K sup 0,60). Para informações detalhadas, consultar Netter’s Orthopaedic Clinical Examination An Evidence-Based Approach - Page 301.
Quais as diferenças entre a dor mecânica e a dor inflamatória?
Douleur de type méchanique:
• Calmée par le repos;
• Aggravée par l’activité.
Douleur de type inflammatoire:
• Douleur nocturne, insomniante;
• Non calmée par le repos;
• Raideur matinale superieur a 30 minutes.
Como podem ser graduados os end-feels da flexão e extensão dos joelhos?
End-feel is assessed at end of PROM and graded on an 11-point scale with “capsular at end of normal range,” “capsular early in range,” “capsular,” “tissue approximation,” “springy block,” “bony,” “spasm,” “empty”.
Como poder ser determinado 1 repetition maximum da extensão do joelho, através da máquina de extensão?
With patient sitting in leg extension machine, subject performs slow knee extension from 100° to 0°. Amount of weight is systematically increased until subject can no longer complete lift. 1RM defi ned as the heaviest resistance that could be lifted once.
Inter-day (same examiner) ICC .90;
Inter-examiner ICC .96.
Como pode ser medida a força isométrica de extensão e flexão?
Against infl ated sphygmomanometer cuff.
Extention: Intra-examiner ICC .85; Inter-examiner ICC .83.
Flexion: Intra-examiner ICC .89; Inter-examiner ICC .70.
There are Diagnostic Utility of Manual Muscle Testing for Detecting Strength Deficits?
MMT of knee extension strength:
LR+ entre 5,7 e 3,1.
LR- entre 0,34 e 0,36.
(~Small)
There are Reliability of Assessing Muscle Length?
Quadriceps length - Assessed with Thomas test - Result k = .18 (.17, .53) and Pain: k = .39 (.14, .64).
Hamstring length - Straight leg raise test with inclinometer - ICC .92 (.82, .96).
ITB/TFL complex length - Ober’s test with inclinometer - ICC .97 (.93, .98).
Quadriceps length - Quadriceps femoris muscle angle with inclinometer - ICC .91 (.80, .96).
Gastrocnemius length - Dorsiflexion with knee extended and inclinometer - ICC .92 (.83, .96).
Soleus length - Dorsiflexion with knee flexed 90° and inclinometer - ICC .86 (.71, .94).
What is Q-angle e a que está associado?
Q-angle is formed by intersection of lines from anterior superioriliac spine and from tibial tuberosity through midpoint of patella. Large Q-angle predisposes to patellar subluxation.
How to measure the Q-angle?
Proximal arm of goniometer is aligned with ASIS, distal arm is aligned with tibial tubercle, and fulcrum is positioned over patellar midpoint.
Como aplicar o teste de Lachman?
With patient supine and knee joint flexed between 10° and 20°, examiner stabilizes femur with one hand. With other hand, examiner translates tibia anteriorly. Positive if lack of end point for tibial translation or subluxation is positive.
Propriedades do teste para identificar rotura do ligamento cruzado anterior:
SN 0.85; SP 0.94; LR+ 1,2; LR- 0,2
O teste de Lachman é mais eficaz em identificar rotura do ligamento cruzado anterior com ou sem anestesia?
Com anestesia é mais eficaz:
SN 0.97; SP 0.93; LR+ 12,9; LR- 0,1
Descreve a aplicação do teste da gaveta anterior (anterior drawer test) para identificar rotura do ligamento cruzado anterior.
With patient’s knee flexed between 60° and 90° with foot on examination table, examiner draws tibia anteriorly. Positive if there is anterior subluxation superior to 5 mm.
Sem anestesia: SN 0.55; SP 0.92; LR+ 7,3; LR- 0,5
Com anestesia: SN 0.77; SP 0.87; LR+ 5,9; LR- 0,4
Descreve o pivot shift test na identificação de rotura de ligamento cruzado anterior.
Patient supine and relaxed. Examiner lifts heel of foot to flex hip 45º keeping knee fully extended; grasps knee with other hand, placing thumb beneath head of fibula. Examiner applies strong internal rotation to tibia and fibula at both knee and ankle while lifting proximal fibula. Knee permitted to flex about 20º; examiner then pushes medially with proximal hand and pulls with distal hand to produce a valgus force at knee.
Positive if lateral tibial plateau subluxes anteriorly.
Sem anestesia: SN 0.24; SP 0.98; LR+ 8,5; LR- 0,9
Com anestesia: SN 0.74; SP 0.99; LR+ 2,9; LR- 0,3
Qual a utilidade do teste em valgo para determinar uma rotura do ligamento colateral medial?
Dor aos 30 graus: SN 0.78; SP 0.67; LR+ 2,3; LR- 0,3
Laxidez aos 30 graus: SN 0.91; SP 0.49; LR+ 1,8; LR- 0,2
Descreve o teste de McMurray para lesões meniscais.
Knee is passively flexed, externally rotated, and axially loaded while brought into extension. Test is repeated in internal rotation. Positive if a palpable or audible click or pain occurs during rotation.
SN 0.55; SP 0.77; LR+ 2,4; LR- 0,58
Descreve o teste de Apley na identificação de lesões meniscais.
Patient is prone with knee flexed to 90°. Examiner places downward pressure on foot, compressing knee, while internally and externally rotating tibia.
SN 0.22; SP 0.88; LR+ 1,8; LR- 0,89
Descreve o teste de Thessaly para identificar roturas de menisco.
Patients stand on the symptomatic leg while holding the examiner’s hands. They then rotate the body and leg internally and externally with the knee bent 5° and then 20°. Positive when the patient feels pain and/or a click in the joint line.
A 20 graus: SN 0.90; SP 0.98; LR+ 39,3; LR- 0,09
Então qual a melhor combinação de testes ou fatores para concluir acerca de lesão meniscal?
Tenderness to palpation of joint line + Bohler test + Steinmann test + Apley’s grinding test + Payr test + McMurray’s test. If two tests are positive, then patient is considered to have meniscal lesion (SN 0.97; SP 0.87; LR+ 7,5; LR- 0,3).
Patient history + Joint line tenderness + McMurray’s test + Steinmann + Modified Apley’s test.
Medial (SN 0.87; SP 0.68; LR+ 2,7; LR- 1,9).
Lateral (SN 0.75; SP 0.95; LR+ 15,0; LR- 0,26)
Qual o teste que nos pode ajudar a identificar instabilidade patelar? Descreve-o.
Moving patellar apprehension test.
With patient supine with ankle off examination table and knee fully extended, examiner then flexes the knee to 90° and back to extension while holding the patella in lateral translation. The procedure is then repeated with medial translation. Positive if patient exhibits apprehension and/or quadriceps contraction during lateral glide and no apprehension during medial glide.
SN 1.0; SP 0.88; LR+ 8,3; LR- 0,0
Qual o conjunto de testes que nos diagnostica uma lesão meniscal e/ou rotura do ligamento cruzado anterior?
Patient History + Anterior drawer + Lachman test + Pivot shift test.
Conclusão do examinador (SN 1.0; SP 1.0; LR+ UD; LR- 0,0)
Quais os critérios e/ou testes que permitem diagnosticar a síndrome de plica?
History of anteromedial knee pain + Pain primarily over the medial femoral condyle + Visible or palpable plica + Exclusion of other causes of anteromedial knee pain.
Meet all four criteria (SN 1.0; SP 0.0; LR+ 1.0; LR- UD)
Define knee pain.
Pain originating in the tibiofemoral ou patellofemoral joints of the knee.
A dor no joelho apresenta-se em cerca de 20% da população adulta. Quais os tipos de lesão mais frequentes?
– OA = 34% – Meniscal Injuries = 9% – LCL/MCL = 7% – ACL/PCL = 4% – Fracture = 1.2% – Other including sprains/strains = 42% (Atenção que estes números podem mudar, dependendo da região de prática).
Num contexto desportivo do ensino médio a dor no joelho representa 29%. Quais as lesões mais comuns?
– MCL 36% – Patella/ patellar tendon 30% – ACL 25% – Meniscus 23% – LCL 8% – PCL 2%.
As raparigas têm mais tendência para lesionar o joelho e o ligamento cruzado anterior.
Qual a epidemiologia da osteoartrite do joelho? E em que direção se verifica a prevalência?
- 25% to 30% of people between ages 45 and 64 have radiographically detectable knee OAJ.
- 60% older than 64 have radiographically detectable knee OA.
- Women get OA after 50 and men before 50.
• A prevalência da osteoartrite do joelho continua a aumentar substancialmente independentemente da idade e IMC.
Que fatores de risco parecem interferir com a susceptibilidade de osteoartrite e sua progressão?
- Systemic Factors que afetam a vulnerabilidade da articulação: idade; género; raça; susceptibilidade genética e; fatores nutricionais.
- Intrinsic Joint Vulnerabilities (Local Environment): danos anteriores (ex: rotura de menisco); bridging muscle weakness; articulação deformada; mau alinhamento e; défices propriocetivos.
- Fatores de uso e carga sobre a articulação: obesidade; atividades físicas prejudiciais e penosas (ex: overuse).
Qual a relação entre o menisco e risco de se desenvolver osteoartrite?
E quais os fatores de risco para lesões meniscais degenerativas?
- Meniscectomy is a risk factor in OA;
- Meniscal tears (para cada 1% de peso ganho, tende a haver uma perda de 0,2% do volume do menisco medial e um aumento de 11,6% na dor).
• Male; older than 60; work-related kneeling/squatting; climbing a lot of stairs; overweight.
Qual as duas grandes causas de lesões do ligamento cruzado anterior?
Trauma and Non-contact deceleration.
Qual o tempo médio de paragem após uma lesão do ligamento colateral medial de um atleta de futebol profissional europeu?
23 days in European professional soccer.
No populações gerais, pode ir até dois a três meses
Qual a epidemiologia do síndrome da dor fémoro-patelar (PFPS)?
- A prevalência deste síndrome é cerca de 12-13% no sexo feminino jovem e ativo (mais vulteráveis).
- Se houver luxação da rótula, há um risco de 15% de recorrência.
Quais os fatores de risco para o síndrome patelo-femoral?
- As reparigas com este síndrome tendem a apresentar fraquesa muscular ao nível da anca;
- Há tendencia para uma grande adução da anca nos corredores;
- Há aumento da eversão do retropé no ataque do calcanhar em pessoas com PFPS.