EXAMEN FINAL CONCEPTS Flashcards
Uses of ser
Nationality
Profession
Characteristics
Generalizations
Possessions
Material of composition
Time
Where or when an event is
Uses of estar
Location
Health
Physical and emotional states
-ar preterite
é, aste, ó, amos, asteis, aron
-er/-ir preterite
í, iste, ió, imos, isteis, ieron
-ar imperfect
aba, abas, aba, ábamos, abais, aban
-er/-ir imperfect
ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían
uses of the preterite
completed actions, beginning or end of an action, series of past events
-ar subjunctive
e, es, e, emos, éis, en
-er/-ir subjunctive
a, as, a, amos, áis, an
dar subjunctive
dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den
estar subjunctive
esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén
ir subjunctive
vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayaís, vayan
saber subjunctive
sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepais, sepan
ser subjunctive
sea, seas, sea, seamos, seais, sean
subjunctive uses (WEIRD)
Will
Emotion
Influence (Impersonal expression) Recommendations
Doubt/Desire/Denial
formal mandatos
3rd person subjunctive
informal mandatos
positive: 3rd person indicative
negative: 2nd person subjunctive
uses of para
destination, deadline, goal, purpose, recipient, comparison, employment
uses of por
motion
duration
reason
object of search
means by which
exchange
unit
agent
When are conjunctions followed by the subjunctive?
When they introduce actions or states that are uncertain OR when the action of the main clause has not yet occurred
Conjunctions that require the subjunctive
a menos que, antes (de) que, con tal (de) que, en caso (de) que, para que, sin que
a menos que
unless
antes de que
before
con tal de que
as long as
en caso de que
in case
para que
so that
sin que
unless
a pesar de que
despite
aunque
although
cuando
when
despues de que
after
en cuanto
as soon as
hasta que
until
luego de que
after
mientras que
while
siempre que
as long as
tan pronto como
as soon as
common dimunitives
-ito/a and -illo/a
what words use -cito/a or -cillo/a (and -ecito/a or -ecillo/a?)
words that end in -e, -n, or -r (or are one syllable)
common augmentative
-ón/-ona, -ote/-ota, and -azo/-aza
abrir past participle
abierto
cubrir past participle
cubierto
decir past participle
dicho
descubrir
descubierto
escribir past participle
escrito
hacer past participle
hecho
morir past participle
muerto
poner past participle
puesto
resolver past participle
resuelto
romper past participle
roto
ver past participle
visto
volver past participle
vuelto
passive se
used when the agent performing the action is not stated.
exs.
Se subiran los impuestos; taxes will be raised
Se necesita un cajero; an ATM is needed
impersonal se
equivalent to English usage of “one, people, we, you, or there are”
exs.
Se habla mucho de la crisis; they talk about the crisis a lot
Se dice que es mejor prestar que pedir prestado; they say it is better to lend than to borrow
Se busca camarero; waiter wanted
se for unexpected events (how to construct?)
Se + indirect object pronoun (me, te, le, nos, os, les) + verb + subject
ex. Se me acabó el dinero; I ran out of money
present time expressions with hacer
hace + [period of time] + que + [verb in PRESENT]
Hace tres semanas que busco trabajo
I’ve been looking for work for three weeks
preterite time expressions with hacer
hace + [period of time] + que + [verb in PRETERITE]
Hace seis meses que fueron a Bolivia
They went to Bolivia six months ago
imperfect time expressions with hacer
hacía + [period of time] + que + [verb in IMPERFECT]
Hacía treinta años que trabajaba cuando por fin se jubiló
He had been working for thirty years when he finally retired.
acabar (with se)
to run out of
caer with se
to drop
ocurrir with se
to occur
dañar with se
to damage
olvidar with se
to forget
perdir with se
to lose
quedar with se
to leave behind
romper with se
to break
How to form el pluscuamperfecto (past perfect)
había + past participle
habías + past participle
había + past participle
habíamos + past participle
habíais + past participle
habían + past participle
ex. había roto
Pluscuamperfecto use
Events that have already happened; ex. Cuando por fin les dieron la patente, otros ingenieros ya habían inventado una tecnologia mejor
When they finally were given the patent, other engineers HAD ALREADY INVENTED a better technology
How to form el pluscuamperfecto del subjuntivo (past perfect subjunctive)
hubiera + past participle
hubieras + past participle
hubiera + past participle
hubiéramos + past participle
hubierais + past participle
hubieran + past participle
ex. hubiera roto
Pluscuamperfecto del subjuntivo use
Events that already happened but subjunctive; ex. A Abel le disgusta que el clon hubiera escrito mejor que él.
Abel was upset that the clone HAD WRITTEN better than him.
hacia (movement)
towards, to
hacia (time)
approximately, around, about, toward
a uses
with specific people or pets (except when nadie, alguine, ninguno/a, alguno/a)
how to form future perfect
future haber + past participle (ex. habrá ganado)
future forms of haber
habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán
future perfect use
explain something that will have happened; ex. para el mes que viene, ya se habrá estrenado la pelicula; by next month, the movie will have already been released
how to form conditional perfect
conditional haber + past participle (ex. habría ganado)
conditional forms of haber
habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habríais, habrían
conditional perfect use
express something that would have happened but did not
si clauses hypothetical statements, possible event
present tense verb, present or future or voy a + or command
si clauses hypothetical statements, unlikely event
past subjunctive, conditional
ex. si tuvieramos boletos, iríamos al concierto
si clauses hypothetical statements about the past
past perfect subjunctive, conditional perfect
ex. si no me hubiera lastimado el pie, habria ganado la carrera
si clauses habitual conditional past actions
imperfect, imperfect
ex. Si milena tenía tiempo libre, siempre iba a la playa
dado que
since
por lo tanto
therefore
How to form passive voice
recipient = subject, ser + past participle, por + agent
