Examen 2 Flashcards
Anaclitic depression
Refers to infants who lost their primary caregiver/ or whose primary caregiver was physically or emotionally abusive or distant from the infant
What are some symptoms of anaclitic depression
Whining
Withdrawal
Weight loss
Impaired social interactions
Immobile facial expressions
Slowed or stunted growth
Failure to Thrive in Infants
infants who were institutionalized and who received little or no individual care and attention-
A condition where infants would present with:
Apathy
Slow motor development
No interest in their surroundings
No interest in food or liquids
What kind of system was used to describe Depressive Disorder of Early Childhood
Diagnostic Classification: 0–5 system
Depressive Disorder of Early Childhood
toddler or young child shows at least 2 weeks of depressed or irritable mood, decreased interest in activities that were enjoyable previously, decreased capacity to protest, excessive whining, possibilities of disturbances in sleeping and eating, and limited social interactions
Problems from DD of early childhood are often associated with
disrupted attachment patterns
Masked Depression
A term used when children showed aggressive, hyperactive, or other acting-out behaviors “to ward off the unbearable feelings of despair”
Major Depressive Disorder is only diagnosed when…
When there are clear indications of a composite of symptoms in addition to clinical distress or impairment in social, occupational, or educational functioning.
MDD would not be diagnosed if..
the symptoms were better accounted for by other disorders (such as schizophrenia) or if there is evidence of a manic episode or a hypomanic episode. In addition if the symptoms were due to a medical illness, such as hypothyroidism
In MDD, children and adolescents can show____ rather than___
irritable mood, depressed mood
Presenting symptoms of MDD
Depressed mood
Loss of interest
Disturbed eating patterns
Disturbed sleeping patterns
Disturbed activity levels
Feelings of worthlessness
Diminished concentration
Possible thoughts of death and suicide
If depressive symptoms are less severe and for a longer period of time, then children and adolescents can be assessed for___
persistent depressive disorder/ dysthymia
Prevalence of MDD
2% to 5% in children and adolescents
MDD=Prevalence rates based on gender differences:
Rumination and co-rumination- (girls)
Higher rates of body image dissatisfaction
More salient maladaptive cognitions
Respond in a more reactive manner
MDD comorbidity
Anxiety disorders
Conduct disorder
Oppositional defiant disorder
ADHD
Substance disorders
Eating disorders
MDD course of disorder in children
Irritability and Somatic complaints
rather than reporting dysphoric mood or hopelessness
In adolescents
Depressed mood
Hopelessness
Low-self esteem
average length of a depressive episode in children and adolescents
8 weeks to 9 months
MDD- genetic factors
Genes passed from parents who also have depression
MDD-Biological factors
Hormone and neurotransmitter abnormalities
Cerebral laterality
Brain functioning
Dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
MDD- Cognitive Factors
Maladaptive cognitions
Cognitive distortions
Interpersonal theory:
Postulates that the combination of depressive symptoms and excessive
reassurance-seeking leads to interpersonal problems
Familial factors:
Dysfunction and conflict
Parental aggression and maltreatment
Little to no support
Parental separation and parental attitude toward caregiving
Treatment for MDD
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy:
For children and adolescents
Administered individually or in groups
Interpersonal Therapy:
For adolescents
Administered individually
Medication (Antidepressants):
Taken alone or in conjunction with therapy
Prevention
Social problem-solving
Cognitive behavioral interventions
For children who are at risk for depression because of parents-Psychoeducational programs
Gradations of suicidality
Non-suicidal
Suicidal ideation
Suicidal threat
Mild attempt
Serious attempt
Children’s Depression Inventory-2 (CDI-2)
Assesses children’s feelings of depression, negative mood, interpersonal problems, ineffectiveness, anhedonia, and negative self-esteem
Depressive syndrome
A constellation of depressive feelings and behaviors that are considered less severe than major depressive disorder
Depressed mood
Feelings of sadness, being down, and feeling depressed, but not enough to meet criteria for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder
therapy for suicidal adolescents-
dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
in DSM‐5 posttraumatic stress disorder is listed in a new section called….
trauma‐ and stressor‐related disorders
Symptoms of PTSD in younger children include
depression, anxiety, emotional disturbance, somatic complaints, aggression, and acting‐out
Common dimensions across the trauma- and stressor-related disorders
Experience of a significant trauma or stressor, to which the reaction is not normative
Clinically significant distress and/or impairment in interpersonal, academic, social, or occupational functioning
Criteria for PTSD
At least one intrusive symptom, Negative changes in thinking and feeling after the traumatic event, Symptoms exist for at least 1 month
People with PTSD can experience»»
Flashbacks
Nightmares
Psychological symptoms
Symptoms of PTSD
Depression
Anxiety
Emotional disturbance
Somatic complaints
Externalizing behaviors
Core features
Experience of trauma
Should 4 constellations of behaviors
Reexperiencing
Avoidance
Negative cognitions and mood
Arousal
Treatment for ptsd
Cognitive therapy
Exposure therapy
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
Meedication for ptds
Antidepressants
Anxiolytics
four constellations of behaviors of PTSD (or symptom clusters)
reexperiencing, avoidance, negative cognitions and mood, and arousal
dimensions across the anxiety disorders
Disturbance in feelings of anxiety
Clinically significant distress and/or impairment in academic, social, or occupational functioning
