Exam 1 Flashcards
What does developmental means
the course and causes of changes over a person’s life span
What does Psychopathology involves
the patterns of behaviors, cognitions, and emotions that are abnormal, maladaptive, disruptive, or distressing
Continuity
How behavior stays the same
Discontinuit
How behavior changes over time
DSM
Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Current manual: DSM-V-TR
ICD:
International Classification of Disease
Current manual: ICD-11
Categorical approach
Categorize into distinct diagnosis
Great homogeneity
Clear boundaries
Mutually exclusive categories
Dimensional approach:
Looks into different levels of behavior
Reduce large numbers of diagnosis
Exists on a continuum
Consistent with behavior as it exists
What are some environmental influences
socioeconomic status (which is family income, parents educational and occupational level) gender, age, race
Theory
Systematic set of statements designed to help analyze, explain, predict, and even suggest ways of controlling certain phenomena of interest
Purposes of a theory
Understand the phenomenon
Predict future associations
Organize and interpret research findings
Generate future research
What makes a good theory?
Account for existing data
Relevancy
Testability
Predict new and novel events
Provide parsimony
Logical consistency
What is etiology
The “cause” of emotional/behavioral problems
Psychosexual stages
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latency period
Genital stage
oral stage
time when infants focus on the world and get pleasure from food and objects through their mouth. Fixation at this stage was thought to lead to orally fixated problems, such as overeating, smoking, alcoholism, childlike dependence, or severe sarcasm.
anal stage
characterized by the pleasure that develops from the anal region. Fixation at the anal stage was thought to be symbolic of withholding feces (such as being stingy, obsessive–compulsive, or too neat) or of expelling feces (such as being impulsive or explosive)
phallic stage
characterized by children experiencing pleasure with their genitals. Fixation at the phallic stage could result in long‐standing problems in stable, romantic relationships in adulthood or in difficulties with authority figures.
latency period
was characterized by the lack of attention to sexual pleasures or other sexual matters. Freud did not expand greatly on this stage, nor did he discuss in detail the problems that would occur from becoming fixated at the latency period.
genital stage
was again characterized by a focus on the genitals as related to pleasurable activities. Given that this stage was thought to be the healthy outcome of development, fixation at this stage was not considered problematic
Object relation theory
Focusing on the significance of parent-child relationships.
Individuals’ perceptions of themselves and of the world are formulated from their first relationship with their primary caregiver.
Margaret Mahler and Melanie Klein
Attachment theory
Focusing on the attachments between the parent and child
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth
Secure attachment vs Insecure attachment
Secure attachment style
Shown when the infant uses the parent as a base from which to explore a new environment. After being separated from the parent, a securely attached infant will welcome the parent’s return with happiness and joy.
In how many divisions is the Insecure attachment style divided in and what are they
3= avoidant (where the infant ignores or avoids the parent after a separation), ambivalent (where the infant shows distress when the parent leaves, but shows anger or rejection when the parent returns), and disorganized (where the infant shows an inconsistent pattern of attachment, sometimes reaching out for the parent without looking at the parent and sometimes rejecting the parent on return altogether).
endophenotype
interaction between genotype and phenotype, which reflects the interactions between nature and nurture
Heritability
The proportion of variation from genetic influences, is calculated by dividing the variance due to genotype by the variance due to phenotype
behavioral genetics
focuses on the connections between inherited genetic influences and environmental influences in relation to the development of psychopathology
Shared environment
common experiences in siblings’ environments, such as living in the same house, living in the same neighborhood, and having the same family traditions
Nonshared environment
unique aspects of the family that each sibling experiences differently than the others, such as being a favored child by one or both parents or having higher or lower amounts of attention and financial resources at a particular developmental point.
biopsychosocial conceptualization of development
focuses on the integration of biological, genetic, psychological, environmental and social factors in development
Behavioral theories
John B. Watson’s ; most human behavior was governed by the consequences that followed the behavior. Thus, behavioral tendencies were learned and not inherited.
cognitive behavioral theories
started with Dr. Aaron Beck’s; observable behavior can be influenced by mental processes. Thus, how an individual acts and feels may be related to how the individual thinks about the situation.
Theories of Family Functioning
majority of problems shown in children and adolescents are due to problems within the family structure and that the child or adolescent is expressing problems (usually unintentionally) so that the family can get the help it needs
what are the Central themes of family function theories
Children’s problems = reflection of family problems
Maintaining homeostasis, despite distress
Disrupted family structures
Poor/unhealthy communication styles
Enmeshment and disengagement
Ecological Systems Theory:
consists of
Macrosystem
Exosystem
Mesosystem
Microsystem
Macrosystem-
beliefs and values of the culture
exosystem
social structures such as the family, the neighborhood, socioeconomic status, support systems, and other aspects of the community in which the child and family live.
mesosystem
interconnections between the various community systems, such as peer groups, schools, and religious organizations.
microsystem
is even closer to the child, with a focus on the immediate environment in which the child lives, including the immediate family, the school, and any work setting
ontogenic development of the child
is considered to be the internal state that relates to the child’s development and adaptation, such as biological factors, affect regulation, and intellectual level
Research process
1) choosing a topic
2) Choosing a sample
3) Choosing psychometrically sound measures
4) Data collection
5) Data analysis
6) Presentation of results
7) Continuing the research
