Exam 1

Question 1

What does developmental means

Answer 1

the course and causes of changes over a person’s life span

Question 2

What does Psychopathology involves

Answer 2

the patterns of behaviors, cognitions, and emotions that are abnormal, maladaptive, disruptive, or distressing

Question 3

Continuity

Answer 3

How behavior stays the same

Question 4

Discontinuit

Answer 4

How behavior changes over time

Question 5

DSM

Answer 5

Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Current manual: DSM-V-TR

Question 6

ICD:

Answer 6

International Classification of Disease
Current manual: ICD-11

Question 7

Categorical approach

Answer 7

Categorize into distinct diagnosis
Great homogeneity
Clear boundaries
Mutually exclusive categories

Question 8

Dimensional approach:

Answer 8

Looks into different levels of behavior
Reduce large numbers of diagnosis
Exists on a continuum
Consistent with behavior as it exists

Question 9

What are some environmental influences

Answer 9

socioeconomic status (which is family income, parents educational and occupational level) gender, age, race

Question 10

Theory

Answer 10

Systematic set of statements designed to help analyze, explain, predict, and even suggest ways of controlling certain phenomena of interest

Question 11

Purposes of a theory

Answer 11

Understand the phenomenon
Predict future associations
Organize and interpret research findings
Generate future research

Question 12

What makes a good theory?

Answer 12

Account for existing data
Relevancy
Testability
Predict new and novel events
Provide parsimony
Logical consistency

Question 13

What is etiology

Answer 13

The “cause” of emotional/behavioral problems

Question 14

Psychosexual stages

Answer 14

Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latency period
Genital stage

Question 15

oral stage

Answer 15

time when infants focus on the world and get pleasure from food and objects through their mouth. Fixation at this stage was thought to lead to orally fixated problems, such as overeating, smoking, alcoholism, childlike dependence, or severe sarcasm.

Question 16

anal stage

Answer 16

characterized by the pleasure that develops from the anal region. Fixation at the anal stage was thought to be symbolic of withholding feces (such as being stingy, obsessive–compulsive, or too neat) or of expelling feces (such as being impulsive or explosive)

Question 17

phallic stage

Answer 17

characterized by children experiencing pleasure with their genitals. Fixation at the phallic stage could result in long‐standing problems in stable, romantic relationships in adulthood or in difficulties with authority figures.

Question 18

latency period

Answer 18

was characterized by the lack of attention to sexual pleasures or other sexual matters. Freud did not expand greatly on this stage, nor did he discuss in detail the problems that would occur from becoming fixated at the latency period.

Question 19

genital stage

Answer 19

was again characterized by a focus on the genitals as related to pleasurable activities. Given that this stage was thought to be the healthy outcome of development, fixation at this stage was not considered problematic

Question 20

Object relation theory

Answer 20

Focusing on the significance of parent-child relationships.
Individuals’ perceptions of themselves and of the world are formulated from their first relationship with their primary caregiver.
Margaret Mahler and Melanie Klein

Question 21

Attachment theory

Answer 21

Focusing on the attachments between the parent and child
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth
Secure attachment vs Insecure attachment

Question 22

Secure attachment style

Answer 22

Shown when the infant uses the parent as a base from which to explore a new environment. After being separated from the parent, a securely attached infant will welcome the parent’s return with happiness and joy.

Question 23

In how many divisions is the Insecure attachment style divided in and what are they

Answer 23

3= avoidant (where the infant ignores or avoids the parent after a separation), ambivalent (where the infant shows distress when the parent leaves, but shows anger or rejection when the parent returns), and disorganized (where the infant shows an inconsistent pattern of attachment, sometimes reaching out for the parent without looking at the parent and sometimes rejecting the parent on return altogether).

Question 24

endophenotype

Answer 24

interaction between genotype and phenotype, which reflects the interactions between nature and nurture

Question 25

Heritability

Answer 25

The proportion of variation from genetic influences, is calculated by dividing the variance due to genotype by the variance due to phenotype

Question 26

behavioral genetics

Answer 26

focuses on the connections between inherited genetic influences and environmental influences in relation to the development of psychopathology

Question 27

Shared environment

Answer 27

common experiences in siblings’ environments, such as living in the same house, living in the same neighborhood, and having the same family traditions

Question 28

Nonshared environment

Answer 28

unique aspects of the family that each sibling experiences differently than the others, such as being a favored child by one or both parents or having higher or lower amounts of attention and financial resources at a particular developmental point.

Question 29

biopsychosocial conceptualization of development

Answer 29

focuses on the integration of biological, genetic, psychological, environmental and social factors in development

Question 30

Behavioral theories

Answer 30

John B. Watson’s ; most human behavior was governed by the consequences that followed the behavior. Thus, behavioral tendencies were learned and not inherited.

Question 31

cognitive behavioral theories

Answer 31

started with Dr. Aaron Beck’s; observable behavior can be influenced by mental processes. Thus, how an individual acts and feels may be related to how the individual thinks about the situation.

Question 32

Theories of Family Functioning

Answer 32

majority of problems shown in children and adolescents are due to problems within the family structure and that the child or adolescent is expressing problems (usually unintentionally) so that the family can get the help it needs

Question 33

what are the Central themes of family function theories

Answer 33

Children’s problems = reflection of family problems Maintaining homeostasis, despite distress Disrupted family structures Poor/unhealthy communication styles Enmeshment and disengagement

Question 34

Ecological Systems Theory: consists of

Answer 34

Macrosystem Exosystem Mesosystem Microsystem

Question 35

Macrosystem-

Answer 35

beliefs and values of the culture

Question 36

exosystem

Answer 36

social structures such as the family, the neighborhood, socioeconomic status, support systems, and other aspects of the community in which the child and family live.

Question 37

mesosystem

Answer 37

interconnections between the various community systems, such as peer groups, schools, and religious organizations.

Question 38

microsystem

Answer 38

is even closer to the child, with a focus on the immediate environment in which the child lives, including the immediate family, the school, and any work setting

Question 39

ontogenic development of the child

Answer 39

is considered to be the internal state that relates to the child’s development and adaptation, such as biological factors, affect regulation, and intellectual level

Question 40

Research process

Answer 40

1) choosing a topic 2) Choosing a sample 3) Choosing psychometrically sound measures 4) Data collection 5) Data analysis 6) Presentation of results 7) Continuing the research