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env 101 > exam4 > Flashcards

exam4 Flashcards

chapters 12 and 11

1
Q

disease

A

any impaired function of the body with a characteristic set of symptoms

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2
Q

infectious disease

A

a disease caused by a pathogen

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3
Q

chronic disease

A

a disease that slowly impairs functioning of an organism

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4
Q

acute disease

A

a disease that rapidly impairs the functioning of an organism

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5
Q

epidemic

A

a situation in which a pathogen causes a rapid increase in disease

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6
Q

pandemic

A

an epidemic that occurs over a large geographic region

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7
Q

plague

A

an infectious disease caused by the bacterium yersinia pestis, carried by fleas

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8
Q

emergent infectious disease

A

an infectious disease that has not been previously described or has not been common for at least 20 years

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9
Q

neurotoxin

A

a chemical that disrupts the nervous systems of animals

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10
Q

carcinogens

A

chemicals that cause cancer

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11
Q

mutagens

A

carcinogens that cause damage to the genetic material of a cell

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12
Q

teratogens

A

chemicals that interfere with the normal development of embryos or fetuses

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13
Q

alleragens

A

a chemical that causes allergic reactions

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14
Q

endocrine disrupters

A

chemicals that interfere with the normal functioning of hormones in an animal

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15
Q

LD50

A

the lethal dose of a chemical that kills 50 percent of the individuals in a dose-response study

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16
Q

ED50

A

an abbreviation for the effective dose of a chemical that causes 50 percent of the individuals in a dose-response study to display a harmful, but nonlethal, effect

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17
Q

epidemiology

A

the study and analysis of the distribution, patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population

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18
Q

route of exposure

A

the way in which an individual might come into contact with an environmental hazard

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19
Q

solubility

A

how well a chemical dissolves in a liquid

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20
Q

biomagnification

A

an increase in the concentration of a chemical in animal tissue as the chemical moves up the food chain

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21
Q

persistence

A

the length of time a chemical remains in the environment

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22
Q

environmental hazard

A

anything in the environment that can potentially cause harm

23
Q

risk assessment

A

the process of analyzing potential events that may result in the loss of an asset, loan, or investment

24
Q

qualitative

A

measuring the quality of something rather than its quantity

25
Q

quantitative

A

measuring the quantity of something rather than its quality

26
Q

precautionary principle

A

a principle based on the philosophy that action should be taken against a plausible environmental hazard

27
Q

waste

A

material outputs from a system that are not useful or consumed

28
Q

recycling

A

the process by which materials destined to become municipal solid waste (MSW) are collected and converted into raw material that is then used to produce new objects

29
Q

compost

A

organic matter that has decomposed under controlled conditions to produce an organic-rich material that is used to improve soil structure and nutrient concentrations

30
Q

sanitary landfill

A

an engineered ground facility designed to hold municipal solid waste (MSW) with as little contamination of the surrounding environment as possible

31
Q

incineration

A

the process of burning waste materials to reduce volume and mass, sometimes to generate electricity or heat

32
Q

hazardous waste

A

waste material that is dangerous or potentially harmful to humans or ecosystems

33
Q

brownfields

A

contaminated industrial or commercial sites that may require environmental cleanup before they can be redeveloped

34
Q

superfund sites

A

superfund sites are polluted locations in the u.s. requiring a long-term response to clean up hazardous material contaminations; sites include landfills, mines, manufacturing facilities, processing plants where toxic waste has either been improperly managed or dumped

35
Q

life-cycle analysis

A

a systems tool that looks at the materials used and released throughout the manufacturing, use, and disposal of a product

36
Q

integrated waste management

A

a waste management technique that employs several waste reduction, management, and disposal strategies to reduce the environmental impact of municipal solid waste (MSW)

37
Q

three historically important infectious disease + what kind of pathogen caused them

A

plague- bacteria to fleas to rats to humans

malaria- mosquitos to humans

polio- virus person to person

38
Q

four emergent infectious diseases + the pathogen that causes them

A

HIV/AIDS- bodily fluids

ebola- bodily fluids

sars- respiratory (human to human)

covid19- virus to bats to human (respiratory)

39
Q

five ways to minimize your risk of infectious disease

A

wash you hands; cover your cough; wear a mask; social distance; vaccination

40
Q

seven risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A

high blood pressure; high cholesterol; diabetes; obesity; smoking; unhealthy diet; physical activity

41
Q

what are the leading health risks in developing v. developed countries

A

low weight during childhood v. tobacco use

42
Q

what are some health risks developing and developed countries have incommon

A

high blood pressure, high cholesterol, high blood glucose, tobacco use, physical inactivity

43
Q

what are the five main types of health risks that chemicals can pose and what they mean

A

neurotoxins: disrupt neurological system

carcinogens: cancer causing

teratogens: disrupt embryo and fetus development

allergens: allergic reaction

endocrine disruptors: disrupts the endocrine system

44
Q

what are “new” chemicals of major concern

A

PFAS- “forever chemicals”, resulting from plastics, so numerous and w/ lil research on effects

45
Q

several aspects of a dose-response study

A

plant and animal testing (not on humans); test multiple subjects and doses; to find the LD50 and ED50

46
Q

the two types of study common in epidemiology

A

retrospective studies and prospective studies

47
Q

five factors to consider in epidemiology

A

route of exposure; solubility (does it flush out w/ water or does it stick to fat); bioaccumulation (in one organism); biomagnification (up a portion of the food web, passing up what smone else had); persistence

48
Q

what are the three things that lead to a significant increase in waste production in the u.s. in the 1950s

A

economic boom, planned obsolescence/short life spans of technology, cultural shifts to a more throw away society/consumerism

49
Q

what are the three R’s in order (and what they mean)

A

Reduce- buy less
Reuse- upcycling/taking care of what you have
Recycle- plastics/metal/old technology

50
Q

what are the main two ways municipal waste solid waste (MSW) is disposed of in the u.s.

A

landfills and incinerators

51
Q

as of 2010 how many superfund sites were designated in the u.s. + estimated contaminated sites existed in the u.s. that needed remediation

A

1282 sites, 450,000

52
Q

what are three new(er) ways to think about managing MSW

A

life-cycle analysis, integrated waste management, zero-waste goal

53
Q

what are the two kinds of risk assessment + their uses

A

qualitative (perspective/subjective) v. quantitative (data/numbers/fact/objective)

how it could effect an environment/org v. once its known (innocent until proven guilty)

env 101 (5 decks)

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