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env 101 > exam3 > Flashcards

exam3 Flashcards

chapters 8 and 14

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1
Q

nonrenewable

A

an energy source with a finite supply, primarily the fossil fuels and nuclear fuels

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2
Q

fossil fuels

A

a fuel derived from biological material that became fossilized millions of years ago

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3
Q

nuclear fuel

A

fuel derived from radioactive materials that give off energy

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4
Q

turbine

A

a device with blades that can be turned by water, wind, steam, or exhaust gas from combustion that turns a generator in an electricity-producing plant

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5
Q

electrical grid

A

a network of interconnected transmission lines that joins power plants together and links them with end users of electricity

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6
Q

coal

A

solid fuel formed primarily from the remains of trees, ferns, and other plant materials preserved 280 million to 360 million years ago

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7
Q

petroleum

A

a fossil fuel that occurs in underground deposits, composed of a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, water, and sulfur

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8
Q

crude oil

A

liquid petroleum removed from the ground

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9
Q

natural gas

A

a fossil fuel that is formed from decayed organic material transformed by high temperatures and pressures over millions of years into bubbles of methane gas; highly flammableprimarily consistingof methane and ethane

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10
Q

fission

A

a nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus, which then splits into two or more parts, releasing additional neutrons and energy in the form of heat

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11
Q

fuel rods

A

a cylindrical tube that encloses nuclear fuel within a nuclear reactor

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12
Q

radioactive waste

A

nuclear fuel that can no longer produce enough heat to be useful in a power plant but continues to emit radioactivity

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13
Q

renewable

A

in energy management, an energy source that is either potentially renewable or nondepletable

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14
Q

biofuels

A

liquid fuels created from processed or refined biomass

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15
Q

carbon neutral

A

an activity that does not change atmospheric CO2 concentrations

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16
Q

net removal

A

the process of removing more than is replaced by growth, typically used when referring to carbon

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17
Q

ethanol

A

alcohol made by converting starches and sugars from plant material into alcohol and CO2

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18
Q

biodiesel

A

a diesel substitute produced by extracting and chemically altering oil from plants

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19
Q

hydroelectricity

A

electricity generated by the kinetic energy of moving water

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20
Q

active solar energy

A

energy captured from sunlight with intermediate technologies

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21
Q

photovoltaic solar cells

A

a system of capturing energy from sunlight and converting it directly into electricity

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22
Q

geothermal energy

A

heat energy that comes from the natural radioactive decay of elements deep within earth

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23
Q

wind turbine

A

a turbine that converts wind energy into electricity

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24
Q

fuel cell

A

an electrical-chemical device that converts fuel, such as hydrogen, into an electrical current

25
Q

global climate change

A

changes in the climate of earth; an aspect of global change

26
Q

global warming

A

the warming of the oceans, landmasses, and atmosphere of earth; an aspect of global climate change

27
Q

greenhouse warming potential

A

an estimate of how much a molecule of any compound can contribute to global warming over a period of 100 years relative to a molecule of CO2

28
Q

foraminifera

A

are a single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class of rhizarian protists characterized by streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food and other uses

29
Q

polar ice caps

A

a high-latitude region of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite that is covered in ice

30
Q

glaciers

A

a large mass of perennial ice that originates on land and shows evidence of past or present flow

31
Q

permafrost

A

an impermeable, permanently frozen layer of soil

32
Q

sea levels

A

the level of the sea’s surface, used in reckoning the height of geographical features such as hills and as a barometric standard; compare with mean sea level

33
Q

heat waves

A

a period of abnormally hot weather lasting from two days to months; it is characterized by prolonged abnormally high surface temperatures relative to those normally expected

34
Q

carbon sequestration

A

an approach to stabilizing greenhouse gases by removing CO2 from the atmosphere

35
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed to different types of energy

36
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics

A

when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but the ability to do work diminishes

37
Q

what is energy efficiency

A

the ratio of the amount of work that is done to the total amount of energy that is introduced into the system in the first place

38
Q

what is the ideal use of coal + energy efficiency percent

A

electricity plants and industry (stationary use) 35%

39
Q

what are six pros and six cons of using coal

A

pros- energy-dense, plentiful, easy to mine, cheap to mine, easy to handle, needs no refining
cons- contains sulfur, can contain mercury/lead/arsenic, creates more CO2 gas per unit then oil or natural gas, huge contributor to greenhouse gasses, health risks from mining, worker exploitation

40
Q

what respiratory disease is associated with underground coal mining

A

black lung

41
Q

what are three things made from petroleum + what is the ideal use of petroleum

A

plastic, gas, gasoline; the ideal use is transportation

42
Q

what is the word fracking short for

A

hydraulic fracturing

43
Q

what are the two types of damming used to create hydroelectric power

A

run-of-the-river (less env impact)
water impoundment (must hold vast amounts of water)

44
Q

what have been the second two hottest (tie) years on record so far, and how much hotter than the average were they

A

2016 and 2020 at 1°C

45
Q

what has been the hottest year on record so far, and how much hotter than the average was it

A

2023 at 1.17°C

46
Q

what is energy quality

A

the ease with which an energy source can be used for work

47
Q

what are the three main ways energy is used globally and their percentage of use

A

electricity- 40%
industry- 35%
transportation- 25%

48
Q

what is the element used to create nuclear energy

A

uranium

49
Q

how many times more energy dense is uranium to coal

A

2-3 million

50
Q

list five biofuels

A

wood, charcoal, manure, plant remains, municipal solid waste

51
Q

what is another word used for solid biofuels

A

biomass

52
Q

list two liquid biofuels

A

ethanol, biodiesel

53
Q

as of 2010, how much of us electricity was generated by wind vs. hydroelectric

A

less than 1% vs. 7%

54
Q

what are the two types of damming used to create hydroelectric power

A

run-of-the river (less env impact), water impoundment (must hold vast amounts of water)

55
Q

what is energy conservation and one example

A

consume less: turning off lights and electronics while not in use

56
Q

what is energy efficiency and on example

A

same amount of work from less energy: incandescent bulbs vs. LED

57
Q

five natural sources of greenhouse gas emissions and the main gas associated with that source

A

volcanic eruptions -CO2
wetlands -methane
termite farts -methane
aquatic ecosystems -N2O
evaporation evapotranspiration -water vapor

58
Q

five natural source of greenhouse gas emissions and the main gas associated with that source

A

burning fossil fuels -CO2

agriculture -various

deforestation -CO2, methane, N2O

landfills -methane

industry -creation of synthetic greenhouse gasses (CFCs and HCFCs)

59
Q
A

env 101 (5 decks)

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