exam3

Question 1

nonrenewable

Answer 1

an energy source with a finite supply, primarily the fossil fuels and nuclear fuels

Question 2

fossil fuels

Answer 2

a fuel derived from biological material that became fossilized millions of years ago

Question 3

nuclear fuel

Answer 3

fuel derived from radioactive materials that give off energy

Question 4

turbine

Answer 4

a device with blades that can be turned by water, wind, steam, or exhaust gas from combustion that turns a generator in an electricity-producing plant

Question 5

electrical grid

Answer 5

a network of interconnected transmission lines that joins power plants together and links them with end users of electricity

Question 6

coal

Answer 6

solid fuel formed primarily from the remains of trees, ferns, and other plant materials preserved 280 million to 360 million years ago

Question 7

petroleum

Answer 7

a fossil fuel that occurs in underground deposits, composed of a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, water, and sulfur

Question 8

crude oil

Answer 8

liquid petroleum removed from the ground

Question 9

natural gas

Answer 9

a fossil fuel that is formed from decayed organic material transformed by high temperatures and pressures over millions of years into bubbles of methane gas; highly flammableprimarily consistingof methane and ethane

Question 10

fission

Answer 10

a nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus, which then splits into two or more parts, releasing additional neutrons and energy in the form of heat

Question 11

fuel rods

Answer 11

a cylindrical tube that encloses nuclear fuel within a nuclear reactor

Question 12

radioactive waste

Answer 12

nuclear fuel that can no longer produce enough heat to be useful in a power plant but continues to emit radioactivity

Question 13

renewable

Answer 13

in energy management, an energy source that is either potentially renewable or nondepletable

Question 14

biofuels

Answer 14

liquid fuels created from processed or refined biomass

Question 15

carbon neutral

Answer 15

an activity that does not change atmospheric CO2 concentrations

Question 16

net removal

Answer 16

the process of removing more than is replaced by growth, typically used when referring to carbon

Question 17

ethanol

Answer 17

alcohol made by converting starches and sugars from plant material into alcohol and CO2

Question 18

biodiesel

Answer 18

a diesel substitute produced by extracting and chemically altering oil from plants

Question 19

hydroelectricity

Answer 19

electricity generated by the kinetic energy of moving water

Question 20

active solar energy

Answer 20

energy captured from sunlight with intermediate technologies

Question 21

photovoltaic solar cells

Answer 21

a system of capturing energy from sunlight and converting it directly into electricity

Question 22

geothermal energy

Answer 22

heat energy that comes from the natural radioactive decay of elements deep within earth

Question 23

wind turbine

Answer 23

a turbine that converts wind energy into electricity

Question 24

fuel cell

Answer 24

an electrical-chemical device that converts fuel, such as hydrogen, into an electrical current

Question 25

global climate change

Answer 25

changes in the climate of earth; an aspect of global change

Question 26

global warming

Answer 26

the warming of the oceans, landmasses, and atmosphere of earth; an aspect of global climate change

Question 27

greenhouse warming potential

Answer 27

an estimate of how much a molecule of any compound can contribute to global warming over a period of 100 years relative to a molecule of CO2

Question 28

foraminifera

Answer 28

are a single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class of rhizarian protists characterized by streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food and other uses

Question 29

polar ice caps

Answer 29

a high-latitude region of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite that is covered in ice

Question 30

glaciers

Answer 30

a large mass of perennial ice that originates on land and shows evidence of past or present flow

Question 31

permafrost

Answer 31

an impermeable, permanently frozen layer of soil

Question 32

sea levels

Answer 32

the level of the sea's surface, used in reckoning the height of geographical features such as hills and as a barometric standard; compare with mean sea level

Question 33

heat waves

Answer 33

a period of abnormally hot weather lasting from two days to months; it is characterized by prolonged abnormally high surface temperatures relative to those normally expected

Question 34

carbon sequestration

Answer 34

an approach to stabilizing greenhouse gases by removing CO2 from the atmosphere

Question 35

what is the first law of thermodynamics

Answer 35

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed to different types of energy

Question 36

what is the second law of thermodynamics

Answer 36

when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but the ability to do work diminishes

Question 37

what is energy efficiency

Answer 37

the ratio of the amount of work that is done to the total amount of energy that is introduced into the system in the first place

Question 38

what is the ideal use of coal + energy efficiency percent

Answer 38

electricity plants and industry (stationary use) 35%

Question 39

what are six pros and six cons of using coal

Answer 39

pros- energy-dense, plentiful, easy to mine, cheap to mine, easy to handle, needs no refining cons- contains sulfur, can contain mercury/lead/arsenic, creates more CO2 gas per unit then oil or natural gas, huge contributor to greenhouse gasses, health risks from mining, worker exploitation

Question 40

what respiratory disease is associated with underground coal mining

Answer 40

black lung

Question 41

what are three things made from petroleum + what is the ideal use of petroleum

Answer 41

plastic, gas, gasoline; the ideal use is transportation

Question 42

what is the word fracking short for

Answer 42

hydraulic fracturing

Question 43

what are the two types of damming used to create hydroelectric power

Answer 43

run-of-the-river (less env impact) water impoundment (must hold vast amounts of water)

Question 44

what have been the second two hottest (tie) years on record so far, and how much hotter than the average were they

Answer 44

2016 and 2020 at 1°C

Question 45

what has been the hottest year on record so far, and how much hotter than the average was it

Answer 45

2023 at 1.17°C

Question 46

what is energy quality

Answer 46

the ease with which an energy source can be used for work

Question 47

what are the three main ways energy is used globally and their percentage of use

Answer 47

electricity- 40% industry- 35% transportation- 25%

Question 48

what is the element used to create nuclear energy

Answer 48

uranium

Question 49

how many times more energy dense is uranium to coal

Answer 49

2-3 million

Question 50

list five biofuels

Answer 50

wood, charcoal, manure, plant remains, municipal solid waste

Question 51

what is another word used for solid biofuels

Answer 51

biomass

Question 52

list two liquid biofuels

Answer 52

ethanol, biodiesel

Question 53

as of 2010, how much of us electricity was generated by wind vs. hydroelectric

Answer 53

less than 1% vs. 7%

Question 54

what are the two types of damming used to create hydroelectric power

Answer 54

run-of-the river (less env impact), water impoundment (must hold vast amounts of water)

Question 55

what is energy conservation and one example

Answer 55

consume less: turning off lights and electronics while not in use

Question 56

what is energy efficiency and on example

Answer 56

same amount of work from less energy: incandescent bulbs vs. LED

Question 57

five natural sources of greenhouse gas emissions and the main gas associated with that source

Answer 57

volcanic eruptions -CO2 wetlands -methane termite farts -methane aquatic ecosystems -N2O evaporation evapotranspiration -water vapor

Question 58

five natural source of greenhouse gas emissions and the main gas associated with that source

Answer 58

burning fossil fuels -CO2 agriculture -various deforestation -CO2, methane, N2O landfills -methane industry -creation of synthetic greenhouse gasses (CFCs and HCFCs)