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env 101 > exam1- chap 1, 4, 5 > Flashcards

exam1- chap 1, 4, 5 Flashcards

1
Q

environment

A

the sum of all the conditions surrounding us that influence life

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2
Q

environmental science

A

the field of study that looks at interactions among human systems and those found in nature

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3
Q

ecosystem

A

a particular location on earth distinguished by its mix of interacting biotic and abiotic components

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4
Q

environmentalism

A

concern about and action aimed at protecting the environment

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5
Q

environmental studies

A

the field of study that includes environmental science, environmental policy, economics, literature, and ethics, among others

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6
Q

environmental indicators

A

describe the current state of an environmental system:
- biological diversity
- food production
- avg. global surface temp and CO2 concentrations
- human population
- resource depletion

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7
Q

sustainablity

A

living on earth in a way that allows humans to use its resources without depriving future generations of those resources

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8
Q

biodiversity

A

the diversity of life forms in an environment

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9
Q

background extinction rate

A

the average rate at which species become extinct over the long-term

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10
Q

greenhouse gas

A

a gas in earths atmosphere that traps heat near the surface

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11
Q

anthropogenic

A

derived from human activities

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12
Q

ecological footprint

A

a measure of how much an individual consumes, expressed in area of land

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13
Q

scientific method

A

an objective method to explore the natural world, draw inferences from it, and predict the outcome of certain events, processes, or changes: observe > hypothesis > test > interpret > disseminate

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14
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable theory or supposition about how something works

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15
Q

theory

A

explanation as to why something happened or happens: not equal to a hypothesis, belief, or guess in that the theory has been repeatedly tested and confirmed by multiple groups of researchers and has reached wide acceptance

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16
Q

environmental justice

A

a social movement and field of study that focuses an equal enforcement of environmental laws and eliminating disparities in the exposure of environmental harms to different ethnic and socioeconomic groups within a society

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17
Q

three components of biodiversity

A

genetic, species, ecosystem

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18
Q

ecosystem diversity

A

the variety of ecosystems within a given region

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19
Q

species diversity

A

the variety of species within a given ecosystem

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20
Q

genetic diverstiy

A

the variety of genes within a given species

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21
Q

species richness

A

the number of species in a given area

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22
Q

species evenness

A

the relative proportion of different species in a given area

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23
Q

evolution

A

a change in the genetic composition of a population over time

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24
Q

genotype

A

the complete set of genes in an individual

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25
Q

phenotype

A

a set of traits expressed by an individual

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26
Q

mutation

A

a random change in the genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process

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27
Q

adaptation

A

a trait that improves an individuals’ fitness

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28
Q

distribution

A

areas of the world in which a species lives

29
Q

mass extinction

A

a large extinction of species in a relatively short period of time

30
Q

population

A

the individuals that belong to the same species and live in a given area at a given time

31
Q

community

A

all of the populations of organisms within a given area

32
Q

limiting resources

A

a resource that a population cannot live without and that occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size

33
Q

carrying capacity (K)

A

the limit of how many individuals in a population the food supply can sustain

34
Q

overshoot

A

where the population is larger than the carrying capacity (K)

35
Q

die-off

A

population crash as a result of overshoot

36
Q

competition

A

the struggle of individuals to obtain a limiting resource

37
Q

true predator

A

a predator that typically kills its prey and consumes most of what it kills

38
Q

herbivores

A

a predator that consumes plants as prey

39
Q

parasites

A

a predator that lives on or in the organism it consumes

40
Q

mutualism

A

an interaction between species that increases the chances of survival or reproduction for both species

41
Q

symbiotic relationship

A

a relationship of two species that live in close association with each other

42
Q

commensalism

A

a relationship between species in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped

43
Q

ecological succession

A

the replacement of one group of species by another group of species over time

44
Q

population charactierstics

A

size, density, distribution, sex ratio, age structure

45
Q

immigration

A

the movement of people into a country or region, having come from another country or region

46
Q

emigration

A

the movement of people out of a country or region, to settle in another country or region

47
Q

crude birth rate

A

CBR: the number of births per 1,000 individuals per year

48
Q

crude death rate

A

CDR: the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year

49
Q

developed country

A

a country with relatively high levels of industrialization and income

50
Q

developing country

A

a country with relatively low levels of industrialization and income

51
Q

life expectancy

A

the average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate in that country

52
Q

infant mortality

A

the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births

53
Q

child mortality

A

the number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1,000 live births

54
Q

net migration rate

A

the difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 people in a country

55
Q

family planning

A

the practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control

56
Q

affluence

A

the state of having plentiful wealth; the possession of money, goods, or property

57
Q

urban area

A

an area that contains more than 385 people per square kilometer (1,000 people per square mile)

58
Q

gross domestic product

A

GDP: a measure of the value of all products and services produced in a country in a year

59
Q

mechanisms of evolution

A

artificial solution, natural selection, genetic drift, bottleneck effect, founder effect

60
Q

scientific law

A

breakable, typically a mathematical equation

61
Q

artificial solution

A

human driven, selective breeding, typically seen in agriculture and show

62
Q

natural selection

A

determined by environment, individuals better suited to their environment survive and pass on their genes

63
Q

genetic drift

A

random process, not due to fitness, genes passed during reproduction (e.g., dominant v. recessive, siblings)

64
Q

bottleneck effect

A

random process, not due to fitness or advantage, dramatic loss of population then built back up (e.g. natural disaster)

65
Q

founder effect

A

random process, not due to fitness, accidental colonization (e.g. hurricane bringing up flamingos back into florida, introducing an animal/bug/plant)

66
Q

intrinsic v. instrumental value

A

intrinsic: cannot be measured but can still impact environmental decisions; moral, ethical, religious, cultural (keeping a tree for historic significance)
instrumental: necessity for livelihood

67
Q

keystone species

A

a species whose function/niche/role is so crucial to an ecosystem that the loss of that one species will result in the collapse of the entire ecosystem

68
Q

extinct v. extanct

A

extinct: no longer living
extant: currently living

env 101 (5 decks)

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