Exam3 Flashcards
Birds
Feathers
* Bipedal
* Four toes, one pointing backwards
* Complex respiratory system
* Furcula
* Keeled breastbone
* Long forelimbs, fused wrist and hand bones
* Three clawless fingers on forelimbs
* Backward pointing pubis
* Very short tail bones – fused to form pygostyle
* Relatively large brain
Fossil Record Birds
Expanded scapula (shoulder blades)
* Deep keeled sternum
* Enlarged furcula
Toothless beaks
* Fused vertebrae that are fused to pelvis
* Backward pointing pubis, fused hip bones
* Pygostyle
* Modifications to forelimbs – much longer, with second digit elongated, others
diminished
* Wrist, hand, lower leg bones fused for strength
* Foot with four toes, first digit points backwards
Flight, why evolved? How many times?
Several main hypotheses
* Help escape predators
* Help catch flying or speedy prey
* Help move from place to place (leaping or gliding)
* Free hindlegs for use as a weapon
* Gain access to new food sources or an unoccupied niche
Four times:
insects, pterasaurs, birds, mammals
First Dino Discoveries
Englands’ Oxfordshire slate quarries, 1600s.
First Known Dino Names
Megalosaurus 1824
lower jaw, vert, limb bome
carnivore, amphibious
Dinosaur as a word
1840s
American Rush
Prosauropod- Early 1800s, Springfield
Footprints- 1802- South Hadley
Hadrosaurus- 18030s NJ
First articulated dino skeleton
Hadrosaurus Foulkii
Bone Wars
Poor Othniel Charles Marsh and Wealthy Edward Drinker Cope
- Friends
-Rivals
_ Enemies
- Bombed each others fossil sites
Early Classification
1887 and 1888 Harry Seeley, division of dinos based on hip
Two clades of Dinos
Ornithischians
- bird-like pelvis
- pubis runs posteriorly along with lower rim of the ischium
Saurischian
- Lizard Pelvis
- Pubis directed anteriorly and slightly downward. Primitive pelvis. Birds.
-unk which first
Amniotes
Fully terrestrial
Groups of reptiles
Anapsid, synapsid, diapsid, euryapsid. Amniotic eggs.
Anapsid
0 Temporal opening
- Turtles and their ancestors
Synapsid
Mammals
1 temporal opening
Diapsid
Reptiles, birds, crocs
2 temporal openings
Euryapsid
loss of 1 temporal opening
from diapsids
Reptile Clades
Lepidosauromorpha
- Mososaur, snakes , lizards.
- Mobile skulls and extreme loosening of skulls to swallow prey
Archosauromorpha
- Basal from triassic.
Archosauria
- opening on side of snout just ahead of eye, antorbital fensestra
Snakes, Lizards (dates)
K, Tr
Permian Archosauromorphs
Trilophosaurids
Protosaurs (primitive archosaurs)
Rhynchosaurs
Clades of Archosauria
Differentiated by Ankle Bands
Curotarsans
- Sprawling, semi-erect stance, larger, outwards ankle, many die before Jr
Ornithodira
- Smaller, mesotarsal ankle, erect stance
The tree
Diapsid ->
Lepido, Archosauromorpha (archosauria) ->
Curotarsians, Ornithodira
-> Dinosaurs, Pterosaurs
-> Ornithischians, Saurischians
Archosaurs
Therapids, mammal-like reptiles
Perforate Acetabulum
Opening in hip socket of pelvis. Diagnostic characteristic of dinosaurs
Parasagital Stance
Erect stance, efficient running locomation
2nd characteristic of dinosaurs
First dinosaur
MTr, ~245-230 mya
Foot prints
The basal dinomorphos
S. Amer, Arg
Primitive
North Americans have their first dinos 10 my later
Carnian Stage
235-229 mya
Insectivores both dinos and non dinos
Norian Stage
229-209 mya
Populated Pangea
Very diverse, spreading and diversifying quickly
Rapid Diversification
Carnian Pluvial Episode 232 ma
Volcanism and climate change lead to dry- humid- dry and non dinoes, aminiote herbivores, and archaic land plants gone.
Opened new niches for dinos
Pterosaurs
Late Tr- K
- first to evolve flight after insects
- Not dinosaurs, flying reptiles
- Social
- Many sizes. Flyers, gliders, and soarers
- Horny or feathered. Large brains, hollow bones.
- Warm blooded, well developed optic lobes
- Narrow membrane attached to modified 4th finger and thighs
Coastal/marine predators - Ancestor unk
Rhamphorhyncus
Pterosaur
L Tr- L Jr
- Basal Pterosauria
- Long tail, stiffened w/ligaments
- Tail ended in soft tissue
- Needle-like teeth, angle forward
Dimorphodon
Pterosaur
e Jr- K
Two kinds of teeth
- sharp front, flat back
- Closely related to rham
- 4 foot wingspan
- Short body large head
- Most time on ground
Pterodactylus
lJur -K
- First to be named and discovered
Generalist Carnivore
compact body, long neck and skull, small tail
social
Pteranodon
Pterosaur
l K-K
Large crested head
20-25 foot wingspan
weighed 25 pounds
bipedal, slow
soaring animal
scooplike beak
Queztalcoaltus
Late K
- Aztec winged serpent god
winged 11-40 feet
large, slender hind legs, long neck, short tail, large eyes, slender beak
Social, hunted in groups
End of Triassic Land dinosaurs
Terhopods, Sauropods, Ornithischians
Saurischians (clade)
Well developed grasphing hands and powerful feet
long fingers
thumb-graphsing
tight, articulated mtatarsals
- Sauropoda and Therapoda
Sauropoda
Long necked herbivorous
Therapods
Toothy carnibores and omnivores
Therapods
L Tr
- Hollow bones, 3 toed limbs.
First all carnis, later developed more
All continents except Ant
- <1m- >15m in length
- Mostly all predators: claws, bipedal, fast, hollow bones
- Digitgrade stance
- Jr-> Birds
Smart
3 fingered “hands” primitve 4 fingers
Velociraptor
Puncturing and slicing: sliced like hacksaw blades
Tyrannosaurids
Bulbous teeth and rounded serrations, weaker cutting, crush bone, greater bite power
Allosaur
Slash and tear-> thin teeth and lightly built skull
Late Jr,
12 m
- 2000kg
- dagger esque teeth w serr edges, 5-10cm long and curved back
pack hunting
- large, powerful legs, small hands, long tail,
most abundant pred in Morrison Fm
Coelophysis
Late Tr
- 2-3m
- 27kg
- Teeth are small and sharp, serrated on anterior and posterior
Grasphing claws - speed and agility
- social groups and flocking
-overruled by large reptiles - hollow limb bones
Yutgrannus
Early K
7.5m
1100 kg
tyranno group
- 3 fings, long arms, shallow crest, short horns
- feathers
- area cool in early K
- china
- Packs?
Tyrannosaurus
Late K
- 12m
- 7000kg
- teeth: 60 saw edged bone crushing, pointed 8 inch teeth
- 3x bite force lion
- skull >5ft long
- good smell, sight, hearing
- maybe social
- 68-66 ma
spinosaurus
Late K
14m
7400 kg
Smooth and cone shaped teeth
- fish eater
- sail 1.5 m
- tidal flats and marsh area
- 99-93 mya
- narrow snout with notches
- short legs, paddle like tail
Edentaulous and advantages
No teeth
- Ornithomimosaurs and Oviraptorsaurs
- less incubation time
- easier eating
- lighter birds
Ornithomimosaurus
Late K
- No teeth
- Beak
- Gratroliths
- Small skulls, long legs
Herbivores
hook-like hands
social
featheres
Oviraptor
2m, 20kg, beak late k
short skull w well developed jaw muscles
brooding
feathered
found in mongolia
Senses of therapods
Sights: giant eyes, good vision
Hearnig: enlarged inner ear cavity-> low freq
Brain: smarter than dog or cat, possibly similar to chimp
Smell: large olfactory bulbs
color: melansomes: organelles w/different shapes and sizes for color
Feather: insulation, protection, camo, display, sensory
Birds
Jr
Deinoychus, archaeopteryx, Nothronychus
Nothronychus
Late K
- 5.3m
8-1200kg
crown shaped weak serrated teeth
herbivoer
pot bellied
big hands with 12 inch claws
shorter tail
partial omnivore
Archaeopteryx
Late Jr
0.5m
cone like teeth
feathers
ate small creatures
diurnal
sharp teeth, long bony tail
black
Confusiusornis
Early K
0.3m
0.5kg
beak
short tail
large claws
prim skull
large humerus
Utahraphtor
Early K
- 5.5m
350 kg
Lots of sharp, pointed teeth. Ate bigger prey. Ambush
Largest dromoaesaur
stockier
intelligent
feathered
Deinonychosaurus
Early K
3.4m 100kg backwards curving teeth
Small, carniv, large scicle talon on the 2nd toe
shorter leg bones
long stiff tail
feathered
paravian
Velociraptor
LK
1.6m, 7kg, sharp, pointed teeth
solo hunting, clutching claws
birdlike hinged ankles, wish bone, forward toes
fine feathers, arm too short to fly
good smell
24 mph, intelligent
Sauropods
Late Tr
Two groups
Prosauropods
Sauropods
Prosauropods
Primitive form of sauropods
Long neck, small head long tail, barrel shaped
distinctive mobile thumb and powerful claw
primitive leaf shaped teeth
gastroliths
herbiv
Herrerasaurus
Prosauropod
lTr
3m, 350kg, flexible joint in jaw for sliding to bite, serrated teeth
carniborous but preyed on
one earliest fossilized
strong bipedal, long feet, short thighs, swift runner
basal- traits from arch
Eoraptor
L Tr
Prosaur
1.7m, 10kg, small razor teeth, omnivore
Small, lightly built, basal,
biped, fast, five digits on hands, humid, warm
Plateosaurus
L Tr
7m
4,000 Kg, grinding Teeth, horny beak
2 or 4 legs
5 fingers, large thumb
herds
Sauropoda
eJ- lK
Largest animals
long necks, small heads, not intelligent
non occluding teeth in front of mouth
obligate quadrapeds
teeth changed form
leaf shaped-> spoon shaped
limbs-> rigid columns
sexually dimorphic
plantigrade and digitgrade
tail did not drag
air sacs
skull nares migrate over time from tip to up
not chewing
Eggs nests and babies
LArge, returned to nesting grounds shallow trops, 15cm eggs, 15-34 per nest, abandoned, grew 12000 pounds a year, sexually mature at 20
Shunosaurus
Eusauropodia
mJr
9-10 m
3mt
short necked
garden shear jaw
elongated robut teeth
tail club with spikes
low broswer
Diplodecoidea
dipo, apato, bronto
Elongate gracite
narial opening at top of skull
thin chisel teeth
forelimbs, shorter, whip tail
herds
dipodocus
Diplo
LJr
26m, 15000kg, long neck
softer vegetation
tail whip
Apatosaurus
Diplo
L jr
21m, 15000kg
small skull, snout squared and low
10 years to gro
morrison fm nonselective
Brontosaurus
Diplo
L Jr
22m 15000kg
thought to be apato
depression on posterior face of scapula
long neck and tail
cervial vertebrae robust and heavy
nonselective
Macronaria
Camarasaurus
Large retracted narial opening on robust stout skull
long forelimbs, shorter tail
stoutly built
Camarasaurus
lJr
23m 2000kg
spoon teeth, tough material
blunt snout, arched skull
chambered lizard
mod neck length
common
Titanosauria
Brachio, titano
Largest, 60T
K-pg extinction
Brachiosarus
Titano
22m 47000kg
long arms deep chest
long forelimbs
small skull, long neck
non selective nipping
no rearing up
morrison fm
Titanosauria
titano
K
37m 70000kg
largest
rare skull, no complete skeleton
wide head, square jaw, elongated
large nostirls, small teeth
wide legged stance
Ornithschians
Bird-like pelivs
eJr- K
Predenstary bone, unpaired extension of lower jaw
developed large stomach and intestional region
chewed food, cheeks
may have been primitive feathered
skuyll 3 sections
- beak: rhamoptotheca (inscisors)
- diastema (middle part, gap, toothless)
- Cheek teeth: back of skull grind down food
expansion of coronoid process
