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Exam3 Flashcards

1
Q

Birds

A

Feathers
* Bipedal
* Four toes, one pointing backwards
* Complex respiratory system
* Furcula
* Keeled breastbone
* Long forelimbs, fused wrist and hand bones
* Three clawless fingers on forelimbs
* Backward pointing pubis
* Very short tail bones – fused to form pygostyle
* Relatively large brain

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2
Q

Fossil Record Birds

A

Expanded scapula (shoulder blades)
* Deep keeled sternum
* Enlarged furcula
Toothless beaks
* Fused vertebrae that are fused to pelvis
* Backward pointing pubis, fused hip bones
* Pygostyle
* Modifications to forelimbs – much longer, with second digit elongated, others
diminished
* Wrist, hand, lower leg bones fused for strength
* Foot with four toes, first digit points backwards

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3
Q

Flight, why evolved? How many times?

A

Several main hypotheses
* Help escape predators
* Help catch flying or speedy prey
* Help move from place to place (leaping or gliding)
* Free hindlegs for use as a weapon
* Gain access to new food sources or an unoccupied niche

Four times:
insects, pterasaurs, birds, mammals

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4
Q

First Dino Discoveries

A

Englands’ Oxfordshire slate quarries, 1600s.

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5
Q

First Known Dino Names

A

Megalosaurus 1824
lower jaw, vert, limb bome
carnivore, amphibious

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6
Q

Dinosaur as a word

A

1840s

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7
Q

American Rush

A

Prosauropod- Early 1800s, Springfield
Footprints- 1802- South Hadley
Hadrosaurus- 18030s NJ

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8
Q

First articulated dino skeleton

A

Hadrosaurus Foulkii

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9
Q

Bone Wars

A

Poor Othniel Charles Marsh and Wealthy Edward Drinker Cope
- Friends
-Rivals
_ Enemies
- Bombed each others fossil sites

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10
Q

Early Classification

A

1887 and 1888 Harry Seeley, division of dinos based on hip

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11
Q

Two clades of Dinos

A

Ornithischians
- bird-like pelvis
- pubis runs posteriorly along with lower rim of the ischium

Saurischian
- Lizard Pelvis
- Pubis directed anteriorly and slightly downward. Primitive pelvis. Birds.

-unk which first

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12
Q

Amniotes

A

Fully terrestrial

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13
Q

Groups of reptiles

A

Anapsid, synapsid, diapsid, euryapsid. Amniotic eggs.

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14
Q

Anapsid

A

0 Temporal opening
- Turtles and their ancestors

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15
Q

Synapsid

A

Mammals
1 temporal opening

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16
Q

Diapsid

A

Reptiles, birds, crocs
2 temporal openings

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17
Q

Euryapsid

A

loss of 1 temporal opening
from diapsids

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18
Q

Reptile Clades

A

Lepidosauromorpha
- Mososaur, snakes , lizards.
- Mobile skulls and extreme loosening of skulls to swallow prey

Archosauromorpha
- Basal from triassic.
Archosauria
- opening on side of snout just ahead of eye, antorbital fensestra

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19
Q

Snakes, Lizards (dates)

A

K, Tr

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20
Q

Permian Archosauromorphs

A

Trilophosaurids
Protosaurs (primitive archosaurs)
Rhynchosaurs

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21
Q

Clades of Archosauria

A

Differentiated by Ankle Bands
Curotarsans
- Sprawling, semi-erect stance, larger, outwards ankle, many die before Jr

Ornithodira
- Smaller, mesotarsal ankle, erect stance

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22
Q

The tree

A

Diapsid ->
Lepido, Archosauromorpha (archosauria) ->
Curotarsians, Ornithodira
-> Dinosaurs, Pterosaurs
-> Ornithischians, Saurischians

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23
Q

Archosaurs

A

Therapids, mammal-like reptiles

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24
Q

Perforate Acetabulum

A

Opening in hip socket of pelvis. Diagnostic characteristic of dinosaurs

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25
Parasagital Stance
Erect stance, efficient running locomation 2nd characteristic of dinosaurs
26
First dinosaur
MTr, ~245-230 mya Foot prints The basal dinomorphos S. Amer, Arg Primitive North Americans have their first dinos 10 my later
27
Carnian Stage
235-229 mya Insectivores both dinos and non dinos
28
Norian Stage
229-209 mya Populated Pangea Very diverse, spreading and diversifying quickly
29
Rapid Diversification
Carnian Pluvial Episode 232 ma Volcanism and climate change lead to dry- humid- dry and non dinoes, aminiote herbivores, and archaic land plants gone. Opened new niches for dinos
30
Pterosaurs
Late Tr- K - first to evolve flight after insects - Not dinosaurs, flying reptiles - Social - Many sizes. Flyers, gliders, and soarers - Horny or feathered. Large brains, hollow bones. - Warm blooded, well developed optic lobes - Narrow membrane attached to modified 4th finger and thighs Coastal/marine predators - Ancestor unk
31
Rhamphorhyncus
Pterosaur L Tr- L Jr - Basal Pterosauria - Long tail, stiffened w/ligaments - Tail ended in soft tissue - Needle-like teeth, angle forward
32
Dimorphodon
Pterosaur e Jr- K Two kinds of teeth - sharp front, flat back - Closely related to rham - 4 foot wingspan - Short body large head - Most time on ground
33
Pterodactylus
lJur -K - First to be named and discovered Generalist Carnivore compact body, long neck and skull, small tail social
34
Pteranodon
Pterosaur l K-K Large crested head 20-25 foot wingspan weighed 25 pounds bipedal, slow soaring animal scooplike beak
35
Queztalcoaltus
Late K - Aztec winged serpent god winged 11-40 feet large, slender hind legs, long neck, short tail, large eyes, slender beak Social, hunted in groups
36
End of Triassic Land dinosaurs
Terhopods, Sauropods, Ornithischians
37
Saurischians (clade)
Well developed grasphing hands and powerful feet long fingers thumb-graphsing tight, articulated mtatarsals - Sauropoda and Therapoda
38
Sauropoda
Long necked herbivorous
39
Therapods
Toothy carnibores and omnivores
40
Therapods
L Tr - Hollow bones, 3 toed limbs. First all carnis, later developed more All continents except Ant - <1m- >15m in length - Mostly all predators: claws, bipedal, fast, hollow bones - Digitgrade stance - Jr-> Birds Smart 3 fingered "hands" primitve 4 fingers
41
Velociraptor
Puncturing and slicing: sliced like hacksaw blades
42
Tyrannosaurids
Bulbous teeth and rounded serrations, weaker cutting, crush bone, greater bite power
43
Allosaur
Slash and tear-> thin teeth and lightly built skull Late Jr, 12 m - 2000kg - dagger esque teeth w serr edges, 5-10cm long and curved back pack hunting - large, powerful legs, small hands, long tail, most abundant pred in Morrison Fm
44
Coelophysis
Late Tr - 2-3m - 27kg - Teeth are small and sharp, serrated on anterior and posterior Grasphing claws - speed and agility - social groups and flocking -overruled by large reptiles - hollow limb bones
45
Yutgrannus
Early K 7.5m 1100 kg tyranno group - 3 fings, long arms, shallow crest, short horns - feathers - area cool in early K - china - Packs?
46
Tyrannosaurus
Late K - 12m - 7000kg - teeth: 60 saw edged bone crushing, pointed 8 inch teeth - 3x bite force lion - skull >5ft long - good smell, sight, hearing - maybe social - 68-66 ma
47
spinosaurus
Late K 14m 7400 kg Smooth and cone shaped teeth - fish eater - sail 1.5 m - tidal flats and marsh area - 99-93 mya - narrow snout with notches - short legs, paddle like tail
48
Edentaulous and advantages
No teeth - Ornithomimosaurs and Oviraptorsaurs - less incubation time - easier eating - lighter birds
49
Ornithomimosaurus
Late K - No teeth - Beak - Gratroliths - Small skulls, long legs Herbivores hook-like hands social featheres
50
Oviraptor
2m, 20kg, beak late k short skull w well developed jaw muscles brooding feathered found in mongolia
51
Senses of therapods
Sights: giant eyes, good vision Hearnig: enlarged inner ear cavity-> low freq Brain: smarter than dog or cat, possibly similar to chimp Smell: large olfactory bulbs color: melansomes: organelles w/different shapes and sizes for color Feather: insulation, protection, camo, display, sensory
52
Birds
Jr Deinoychus, archaeopteryx, Nothronychus
53
Nothronychus
Late K - 5.3m 8-1200kg crown shaped weak serrated teeth herbivoer pot bellied big hands with 12 inch claws shorter tail partial omnivore
54
Archaeopteryx
Late Jr 0.5m cone like teeth feathers ate small creatures diurnal sharp teeth, long bony tail black
55
Confusiusornis
Early K 0.3m 0.5kg beak short tail large claws prim skull large humerus
56
Utahraphtor
Early K - 5.5m 350 kg Lots of sharp, pointed teeth. Ate bigger prey. Ambush Largest dromoaesaur stockier intelligent feathered
57
Deinonychosaurus
Early K 3.4m 100kg backwards curving teeth Small, carniv, large scicle talon on the 2nd toe shorter leg bones long stiff tail feathered paravian
58
Velociraptor
LK 1.6m, 7kg, sharp, pointed teeth solo hunting, clutching claws birdlike hinged ankles, wish bone, forward toes fine feathers, arm too short to fly good smell 24 mph, intelligent
59
Sauropods
Late Tr Two groups Prosauropods Sauropods
60
Prosauropods
Primitive form of sauropods Long neck, small head long tail, barrel shaped distinctive mobile thumb and powerful claw primitive leaf shaped teeth gastroliths herbiv
61
Herrerasaurus
Prosauropod lTr 3m, 350kg, flexible joint in jaw for sliding to bite, serrated teeth carniborous but preyed on one earliest fossilized strong bipedal, long feet, short thighs, swift runner basal- traits from arch
62
Eoraptor
L Tr Prosaur 1.7m, 10kg, small razor teeth, omnivore Small, lightly built, basal, biped, fast, five digits on hands, humid, warm
63
Plateosaurus
L Tr 7m 4,000 Kg, grinding Teeth, horny beak 2 or 4 legs 5 fingers, large thumb herds
64
Sauropoda
eJ- lK Largest animals long necks, small heads, not intelligent non occluding teeth in front of mouth obligate quadrapeds teeth changed form leaf shaped-> spoon shaped limbs-> rigid columns sexually dimorphic plantigrade and digitgrade tail did not drag air sacs skull nares migrate over time from tip to up not chewing
65
Eggs nests and babies
LArge, returned to nesting grounds shallow trops, 15cm eggs, 15-34 per nest, abandoned, grew 12000 pounds a year, sexually mature at 20
66
Shunosaurus
Eusauropodia mJr 9-10 m 3mt short necked garden shear jaw elongated robut teeth tail club with spikes low broswer
67
Diplodecoidea
dipo, apato, bronto Elongate gracite narial opening at top of skull thin chisel teeth forelimbs, shorter, whip tail herds
68
dipodocus
Diplo LJr 26m, 15000kg, long neck softer vegetation tail whip
69
Apatosaurus
Diplo L jr 21m, 15000kg small skull, snout squared and low 10 years to gro morrison fm nonselective
70
Brontosaurus
Diplo L Jr 22m 15000kg thought to be apato depression on posterior face of scapula long neck and tail cervial vertebrae robust and heavy nonselective
71
Macronaria
Camarasaurus Large retracted narial opening on robust stout skull long forelimbs, shorter tail stoutly built
72
Camarasaurus
lJr 23m 2000kg spoon teeth, tough material blunt snout, arched skull chambered lizard mod neck length common
73
Titanosauria
Brachio, titano Largest, 60T K-pg extinction
74
Brachiosarus
Titano 22m 47000kg long arms deep chest long forelimbs small skull, long neck non selective nipping no rearing up morrison fm
75
Titanosauria
titano K 37m 70000kg largest rare skull, no complete skeleton wide head, square jaw, elongated large nostirls, small teeth wide legged stance
76
Ornithschians
Bird-like pelivs eJr- K Predenstary bone, unpaired extension of lower jaw developed large stomach and intestional region chewed food, cheeks may have been primitive feathered skuyll 3 sections - beak: rhamoptotheca (inscisors) - diastema (middle part, gap, toothless) - Cheek teeth: back of skull grind down food expansion of coronoid process

Paleontology (4 decks)

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