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Paleontology > Exam3 > Flashcards

Exam3 Flashcards

1
Q

Birds

A

Feathers
* Bipedal
* Four toes, one pointing backwards
* Complex respiratory system
* Furcula
* Keeled breastbone
* Long forelimbs, fused wrist and hand bones
* Three clawless fingers on forelimbs
* Backward pointing pubis
* Very short tail bones – fused to form pygostyle
* Relatively large brain

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2
Q

Fossil Record Birds

A

Expanded scapula (shoulder blades)
* Deep keeled sternum
* Enlarged furcula
Toothless beaks
* Fused vertebrae that are fused to pelvis
* Backward pointing pubis, fused hip bones
* Pygostyle
* Modifications to forelimbs – much longer, with second digit elongated, others
diminished
* Wrist, hand, lower leg bones fused for strength
* Foot with four toes, first digit points backwards

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3
Q

Flight, why evolved? How many times?

A

Several main hypotheses
* Help escape predators
* Help catch flying or speedy prey
* Help move from place to place (leaping or gliding)
* Free hindlegs for use as a weapon
* Gain access to new food sources or an unoccupied niche

Four times:
insects, pterasaurs, birds, mammals

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4
Q

First Dino Discoveries

A

Englands’ Oxfordshire slate quarries, 1600s.

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5
Q

First Known Dino Names

A

Megalosaurus 1824
lower jaw, vert, limb bome
carnivore, amphibious

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6
Q

Dinosaur as a word

A

1840s

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7
Q

American Rush

A

Prosauropod- Early 1800s, Springfield
Footprints- 1802- South Hadley
Hadrosaurus- 18030s NJ

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8
Q

First articulated dino skeleton

A

Hadrosaurus Foulkii

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9
Q

Bone Wars

A

Poor Othniel Charles Marsh and Wealthy Edward Drinker Cope
- Friends
-Rivals
_ Enemies
- Bombed each others fossil sites

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10
Q

Early Classification

A

1887 and 1888 Harry Seeley, division of dinos based on hip

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11
Q

Two clades of Dinos

A

Ornithischians
- bird-like pelvis
- pubis runs posteriorly along with lower rim of the ischium

Saurischian
- Lizard Pelvis
- Pubis directed anteriorly and slightly downward. Primitive pelvis. Birds.

-unk which first

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12
Q

Amniotes

A

Fully terrestrial

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13
Q

Groups of reptiles

A

Anapsid, synapsid, diapsid, euryapsid. Amniotic eggs.

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14
Q

Anapsid

A

0 Temporal opening
- Turtles and their ancestors

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15
Q

Synapsid

A

Mammals
1 temporal opening

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16
Q

Diapsid

A

Reptiles, birds, crocs
2 temporal openings

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17
Q

Euryapsid

A

loss of 1 temporal opening
from diapsids

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18
Q

Reptile Clades

A

Lepidosauromorpha
- Mososaur, snakes , lizards.
- Mobile skulls and extreme loosening of skulls to swallow prey

Archosauromorpha
- Basal from triassic.
Archosauria
- opening on side of snout just ahead of eye, antorbital fensestra

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19
Q

Snakes, Lizards (dates)

A

K, Tr

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20
Q

Permian Archosauromorphs

A

Trilophosaurids
Protosaurs (primitive archosaurs)
Rhynchosaurs

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21
Q

Clades of Archosauria

A

Differentiated by Ankle Bands
Curotarsans
- Sprawling, semi-erect stance, larger, outwards ankle, many die before Jr

Ornithodira
- Smaller, mesotarsal ankle, erect stance

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22
Q

The tree

A

Diapsid ->
Lepido, Archosauromorpha (archosauria) ->
Curotarsians, Ornithodira
-> Dinosaurs, Pterosaurs
-> Ornithischians, Saurischians

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23
Q

Archosaurs

A

Therapids, mammal-like reptiles

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24
Q

Perforate Acetabulum

A

Opening in hip socket of pelvis. Diagnostic characteristic of dinosaurs

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25
Q

Parasagital Stance

A

Erect stance, efficient running locomation
2nd characteristic of dinosaurs

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26
Q

First dinosaur

A

MTr, ~245-230 mya
Foot prints
The basal dinomorphos
S. Amer, Arg
Primitive
North Americans have their first dinos 10 my later

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27
Q

Carnian Stage

A

235-229 mya
Insectivores both dinos and non dinos

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28
Q

Norian Stage

A

229-209 mya
Populated Pangea
Very diverse, spreading and diversifying quickly

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29
Q

Rapid Diversification

A

Carnian Pluvial Episode 232 ma
Volcanism and climate change lead to dry- humid- dry and non dinoes, aminiote herbivores, and archaic land plants gone.

Opened new niches for dinos

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30
Q

Pterosaurs

A

Late Tr- K

  • first to evolve flight after insects
  • Not dinosaurs, flying reptiles
  • Social
  • Many sizes. Flyers, gliders, and soarers
  • Horny or feathered. Large brains, hollow bones.
  • Warm blooded, well developed optic lobes
  • Narrow membrane attached to modified 4th finger and thighs
    Coastal/marine predators
  • Ancestor unk
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31
Q

Rhamphorhyncus

A

Pterosaur
L Tr- L Jr
- Basal Pterosauria
- Long tail, stiffened w/ligaments
- Tail ended in soft tissue
- Needle-like teeth, angle forward

32
Q

Dimorphodon

A

Pterosaur
e Jr- K
Two kinds of teeth
- sharp front, flat back
- Closely related to rham
- 4 foot wingspan
- Short body large head
- Most time on ground

33
Q

Pterodactylus

A

lJur -K
- First to be named and discovered
Generalist Carnivore
compact body, long neck and skull, small tail
social

34
Q

Pteranodon

A

Pterosaur
l K-K
Large crested head
20-25 foot wingspan
weighed 25 pounds
bipedal, slow
soaring animal
scooplike beak

35
Q

Queztalcoaltus

A

Late K
- Aztec winged serpent god
winged 11-40 feet
large, slender hind legs, long neck, short tail, large eyes, slender beak
Social, hunted in groups

36
Q

End of Triassic Land dinosaurs

A

Terhopods, Sauropods, Ornithischians

37
Q

Saurischians (clade)

A

Well developed grasphing hands and powerful feet
long fingers
thumb-graphsing
tight, articulated mtatarsals
- Sauropoda and Therapoda

38
Q

Sauropoda

A

Long necked herbivorous

39
Q

Therapods

A

Toothy carnibores and omnivores

40
Q

Therapods

A

L Tr
- Hollow bones, 3 toed limbs.
First all carnis, later developed more
All continents except Ant
- <1m- >15m in length
- Mostly all predators: claws, bipedal, fast, hollow bones
- Digitgrade stance
- Jr-> Birds
Smart
3 fingered “hands” primitve 4 fingers

41
Q

Velociraptor

A

Puncturing and slicing: sliced like hacksaw blades

42
Q

Tyrannosaurids

A

Bulbous teeth and rounded serrations, weaker cutting, crush bone, greater bite power

43
Q

Allosaur

A

Slash and tear-> thin teeth and lightly built skull

Late Jr,

12 m
- 2000kg
- dagger esque teeth w serr edges, 5-10cm long and curved back
pack hunting
- large, powerful legs, small hands, long tail,
most abundant pred in Morrison Fm

44
Q

Coelophysis

A

Late Tr

  • 2-3m
  • 27kg
  • Teeth are small and sharp, serrated on anterior and posterior
    Grasphing claws
  • speed and agility
  • social groups and flocking
    -overruled by large reptiles
  • hollow limb bones
45
Q

Yutgrannus

A

Early K
7.5m
1100 kg
tyranno group
- 3 fings, long arms, shallow crest, short horns
- feathers
- area cool in early K
- china
- Packs?

46
Q

Tyrannosaurus

A

Late K
- 12m
- 7000kg
- teeth: 60 saw edged bone crushing, pointed 8 inch teeth
- 3x bite force lion
- skull >5ft long
- good smell, sight, hearing
- maybe social
- 68-66 ma

47
Q

spinosaurus

A

Late K
14m
7400 kg
Smooth and cone shaped teeth
- fish eater
- sail 1.5 m
- tidal flats and marsh area
- 99-93 mya
- narrow snout with notches
- short legs, paddle like tail

48
Q

Edentaulous and advantages

A

No teeth
- Ornithomimosaurs and Oviraptorsaurs
- less incubation time
- easier eating
- lighter birds

49
Q

Ornithomimosaurus

A

Late K
- No teeth
- Beak
- Gratroliths
- Small skulls, long legs
Herbivores
hook-like hands
social
featheres

50
Q

Oviraptor

A

2m, 20kg, beak late k
short skull w well developed jaw muscles
brooding
feathered
found in mongolia

51
Q

Senses of therapods

A

Sights: giant eyes, good vision
Hearnig: enlarged inner ear cavity-> low freq
Brain: smarter than dog or cat, possibly similar to chimp
Smell: large olfactory bulbs
color: melansomes: organelles w/different shapes and sizes for color
Feather: insulation, protection, camo, display, sensory

52
Q

Birds

A

Jr
Deinoychus, archaeopteryx, Nothronychus

53
Q

Nothronychus

A

Late K
- 5.3m
8-1200kg
crown shaped weak serrated teeth
herbivoer
pot bellied
big hands with 12 inch claws
shorter tail
partial omnivore

54
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

Late Jr
0.5m
cone like teeth
feathers
ate small creatures
diurnal
sharp teeth, long bony tail
black

55
Q

Confusiusornis

A

Early K
0.3m
0.5kg
beak
short tail
large claws
prim skull
large humerus

56
Q

Utahraphtor

A

Early K
- 5.5m
350 kg
Lots of sharp, pointed teeth. Ate bigger prey. Ambush
Largest dromoaesaur
stockier
intelligent
feathered

57
Q

Deinonychosaurus

A

Early K
3.4m 100kg backwards curving teeth
Small, carniv, large scicle talon on the 2nd toe
shorter leg bones
long stiff tail
feathered
paravian

58
Q

Velociraptor

A

LK
1.6m, 7kg, sharp, pointed teeth
solo hunting, clutching claws
birdlike hinged ankles, wish bone, forward toes
fine feathers, arm too short to fly
good smell
24 mph, intelligent

59
Q

Sauropods

A

Late Tr
Two groups
Prosauropods
Sauropods

60
Q

Prosauropods

A

Primitive form of sauropods
Long neck, small head long tail, barrel shaped
distinctive mobile thumb and powerful claw
primitive leaf shaped teeth
gastroliths
herbiv

61
Q

Herrerasaurus

A

Prosauropod
lTr
3m, 350kg, flexible joint in jaw for sliding to bite, serrated teeth
carniborous but preyed on
one earliest fossilized
strong bipedal, long feet, short thighs, swift runner
basal- traits from arch

62
Q

Eoraptor

A

L Tr
Prosaur
1.7m, 10kg, small razor teeth, omnivore
Small, lightly built, basal,
biped, fast, five digits on hands, humid, warm

63
Q

Plateosaurus

A

L Tr
7m
4,000 Kg, grinding Teeth, horny beak
2 or 4 legs
5 fingers, large thumb
herds

64
Q

Sauropoda

A

eJ- lK
Largest animals
long necks, small heads, not intelligent
non occluding teeth in front of mouth
obligate quadrapeds
teeth changed form
leaf shaped-> spoon shaped
limbs-> rigid columns
sexually dimorphic
plantigrade and digitgrade
tail did not drag
air sacs
skull nares migrate over time from tip to up
not chewing

65
Q

Eggs nests and babies

A

LArge, returned to nesting grounds shallow trops, 15cm eggs, 15-34 per nest, abandoned, grew 12000 pounds a year, sexually mature at 20

66
Q

Shunosaurus

A

Eusauropodia
mJr
9-10 m
3mt
short necked
garden shear jaw
elongated robut teeth
tail club with spikes
low broswer

67
Q

Diplodecoidea

A

dipo, apato, bronto
Elongate gracite
narial opening at top of skull
thin chisel teeth
forelimbs, shorter, whip tail
herds

68
Q

dipodocus

A

Diplo
LJr
26m, 15000kg, long neck
softer vegetation
tail whip

69
Q

Apatosaurus

A

Diplo
L jr
21m, 15000kg
small skull, snout squared and low
10 years to gro
morrison fm nonselective

70
Q

Brontosaurus

A

Diplo
L Jr
22m 15000kg
thought to be apato
depression on posterior face of scapula
long neck and tail
cervial vertebrae robust and heavy
nonselective

71
Q

Macronaria

A

Camarasaurus
Large retracted narial opening on robust stout skull
long forelimbs, shorter tail
stoutly built

72
Q

Camarasaurus

A

lJr
23m 2000kg
spoon teeth, tough material
blunt snout, arched skull
chambered lizard
mod neck length
common

73
Q

Titanosauria

A

Brachio, titano
Largest, 60T
K-pg extinction

74
Q

Brachiosarus

A

Titano
22m 47000kg
long arms deep chest
long forelimbs
small skull, long neck
non selective nipping
no rearing up
morrison fm

75
Q

Titanosauria

A

titano
K
37m 70000kg
largest
rare skull, no complete skeleton
wide head, square jaw, elongated
large nostirls, small teeth
wide legged stance

76
Q

Ornithschians

A

Bird-like pelivs
eJr- K
Predenstary bone, unpaired extension of lower jaw
developed large stomach and intestional region
chewed food, cheeks
may have been primitive feathered
skuyll 3 sections
- beak: rhamoptotheca (inscisors)
- diastema (middle part, gap, toothless)
- Cheek teeth: back of skull grind down food
expansion of coronoid process

Paleontology (4 decks)

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