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Paleontology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Draw the entire Geologic Time Scale

A

Eon: 4600, Hadean-4000 , Archean-2500 , Protereozioc-540 , Phanerozoic.
Era: Paleozoic- 252, Mesozoic-65 , Cenozoic,
Period: Precambrian, Neoproterozoic, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Missippian, Pennsylvanian (Carb), Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Palogene, Neogene, Quarternary
Epoch: Paleocene, eocene, oligocene, miocene, pliocene, pleistocene, holocene

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2
Q

Kinds of symmetry

A

Asymmterical: gastropoda
Bilateral: bivalve and brachipoda
Radial: Rugose coral
Pentameral: Echinodermata

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3
Q

What is a paradigm shift?

A

New idea comes into play and is typically met with reluctance and opposition.

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4
Q

What is an opportunistic species?

A

A species with a low level of specialization that is either capable of adapting to varied living conditions or gives priority to reproduction under survival.

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5
Q

What is a niche?

A

Role and position a species has in its environment. how it meets needs for food and shelter, survival, and reproduction.

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6
Q

What is uniformitarinism?

A

The idea that the present is they key to the past.

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7
Q

What is the definition of a fossil?

A

Any evidence of a once-living organism, requires rapid burial.

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8
Q

What is the oldest non-disputable life on Earth? Oldest disputable evidence?

A

Stomatolites at least 3.8 bya, but disputable australian stromatolites 4.1-3.7 bya.
Stromatolites are blue-green bacteria that photosynthesize and are in layers of mat that trap sediemtns.

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9
Q

How old is the earth?

A

4.6 bya, oceans are 4.41 bya

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10
Q

Five criteria for index fossil? Give a few examples.

A

easily recognizable, abundant, wide geographic distribution, short period of time, and high preservation potential.
Ammonite, archeyocyatha, brachiopods, crinoids, graptolites.

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11
Q

What are the different preservation types and their differences?

A

Permineralization: Minerals percipitate into the pore space of an organisms body
Recyrstalization: Minerals w/in organism undergo molecular reorganization- change shape but not composition
Replacement: All original material dissolved, filled in w/minerals like silica or pyrite
carbonization: Material dissolved and a carbon film left behind

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12
Q

What is a cast and a mold?

A

Casts: When a mold is filled w/sediment, replica.
Mold: Impression of an organism.

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13
Q

What are the three components of taphonomy?

A

Taphonomy: All the processes that occur after an organism dies.
Necroloisis: Covers how it died and what happened before death
Biostratinomy: Alteration of an organism after death but before burial. As a sed particle.
- disarticulation, fragmentation, reorientation, bioerosion, transportation, reworking
Diagenisis: Physical/chemical charnges that affect an organism after burial
- unaltered and altered hard/soft parts, molds and casts

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14
Q

How can you distinguish between depositional environments? Which are good for fossil preservation and which are poor?

A

Grain size and lithology for depositional identification. Marine environments best (aquatic, low oxygen, quick burial. Like bogs or deep lake or deep ocean), rocky environments like high mountaintops are worst (oxic, slow burial.)

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15
Q

What causes stromatolites to form and why are they important to understand Earth’s early ocean and atmospheric chemistry? Evolved/exctinction?

A

They form from photosynthetic cyanobacteria, these indicate that oxygen was being pumped into the atmosphere by these “mats”. They made the ocean and atmosphere oxygen, instead of anoxic.

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16
Q

What is a parazoa v protozoa v metazoa?

A

Parazoa: Beside the animals
Protozoa: Unicellular eukaryotic organisms
Metazoa: Animals that develop from an embreyo w/three tissue layers-multicellular

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17
Q

What is a porifera? Draw and label parts, then describe the functions. Evolved/Exctinction?

A

Poriferia is the sponges. A collection of cells that cannot live seperate for long, asymmetric, lack tissues or integrated sensory functions. Simple internal structures, most marine but some freshwater, and a simple internal structure.
Archaeocytes: cells shaped like amoebae, able to move within colony, lacks fixed shape
Sclercoytes- secrete mineralized elements of skeleton
spongocysts- Secrete organic parts
choanocytes- cells that generate feeding currents into pores
Demospongea- marine, brackish, freshwater
Hexactinellid- deep water, abyssal
Calcareas- shallow, high energy environments
Precambrian - Recent.

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18
Q

What is the function of the sponge spicule and how are they made? What is a sponge spicule? Composition?

A

Spicules provide structural support for maintaining the vertical body position, minimize the metabolic cost of water exchange, and may even deter predators. Spicules are formed by a proteinaceous scaffold which mediates the formation of siliceous lamellae in which the proteins are encased. Calcium or silica.

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19
Q

Describe stromatoporoids and archaeocyatha. Time ranges? Differences between stromatoporoids and stromatolites?

A

Stromatopods:
- Ord-Dev, possible to meso
- pillars, but have laminae (unlike stomatolite) and mamelon (unlike stromatolite),
- Reef formers
- Marine, brakish, or fresh
- Many different forms

Archeocyatha:
E-L Cam
- no sponge spicules,
- ancient cups
- firest reef formers w stromatolites
- shallow marine, trpoical paleo-latitudes,
- double walls w/ septa in between

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20
Q

What are cnidaria? Evolved/Exctinction?

A

Jelly, sea anemones, corals, PC- Recent
- radial symmetry or asymmetrical
- tissues, no organs
- Nervous system, muscular system, reproductive system
- Mouth and stomach

Polyp: Individual that attaches to the seafloor
Corallite: Calcareous cup that surrounds the softer tissues
Zooxanthellae: beneficial algae to corals
Septum: radiating vertical plates w/in the corallite wall
Tabula: horizontal plates
Tentacles

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21
Q

What are nematocysts?

A

Stinging tentacles

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22
Q

Describe the polyp and medusa life stage. How do cnidaria reproduce? How are they good paleoenvironmental indicators?

A

Egg, polyp, budding, larva, medusa.
Floating stage (sexual)
-Juvenile larvae- meroplankton
Sedentary stage( aseuxual budding)
- polyp

Release sperm then eggs fertilize and budding.

Indicate light, temperature, water quality, and salinity.

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23
Q

What is the difference between the 3 fossil types of cnidaria? Differences in symmetry? Colonial or solitary?

A

Rugose: Horned.
- Has growth lines (laminae) that add each day
- Ordo-Perm
- Solitary
- bilaterial symmetry
- Inward lines are septa
Scleractinia:
- Tri-Modern
- Radial symmetry
- Different ordred septa
- Regular growth septa
- Solitary and colonial
Tabulate:
- colonial
- Reduced to no septum, horizonal plates
- Ord-Perm
Hermatypic coral: photic zone, colonial
Altermatypic corals: deeper, no zooxanthelle, solitary

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24
Q

How many days per year did the earth have in the cambrian v devonian v today- evidence?

A

Evidence from rugose corals that have laminae that add each day. ~425 days/year in Cambrian; 400 in Devonian

25
Q

What are the reef builders and what is their role?

A

Reef-building hard corals that secrete calcium carbonate to build reefs and act as wave baffles during storms. These are cnidarias, stomatoporoids, and crinoidia.

26
Q

What is a zooid? Which organisms have zooids?

A

An individual organism bryozoa, Lophophorates, graptolites.

27
Q

Which organisms are lophophorates?

A

Brachiopoda, bryozoans

28
Q

What is a lophophorate?

A

A characteristic feeding organ

29
Q

Bryozoan anatomy, when it evolved/went extinct, how many in a colony, reproduction, and importance of ancestrula?

A
  • Small pores w/ little organisms
  • huge colony of zooids
  • Ord-recent
  • All colonial, marine
  • Benthic
  • Filter feeders
  • 1mm, over a million in a colony
  • Sexual and asexual
  • nervous system- muscles
  • Closely related to brachiopods
  • Gas exchange: diffusion
  • Shallow marine, niches in reefs, rock formers, carbonate producers
  • Ancestrula is the founder of the colony
  • Opercullum: door controlled by retractor muscles
  • Lophophore: tentacles that extract food particles with cilia that generate currents
  • Zooecium: hard parts of the zooids
30
Q

How are brachiopods and bryozoans similar? Difference?

A
  • Benthic
  • Filter feeders
  • brachios have more muscles and no ancestrula
31
Q

Brachiopod anatomy, evolved/extinct, articulate v inarticulate, and role of different muscles?

A

Articulate: Valves form a joint by teeth on the ped valve that fit into sockets on the bracial valves. Inarticulate: Untoothed hinges and a more complex system of muscles
- Ordo- recent
- 2 valved
- Pedicle attached to substrate
- Biltateral symmetry
- Adductor: closes shell
- diductor: opens shell
- Adjustor: moves pedacle
Pedacle: fleshy stalk that attaches to the sea floor. Have a lophophore

32
Q

Molluscs anatomy, evolved/extinct.

A

PC- Recent
- Circulatory, excratory, reproductive, respiration
- bilaterial or radial symmetry
Gill: Extracts dissolved O2 and secrets CO2
Radula: Structure of tiny teeth for scraping off food particles, rasping tounge, not in bivalves
Mantle: Covers the visceral mass and secrets calcium carbonate for shell, muscular
Mantle cavity: Contains visceral mass
siphon: Water forced through by contraction of the mantle and propels animal through water.
Foot. Muscular muscle that is used for digging, movement, propelling defense

33
Q

Four main classes of molluscs, their differences and similarities, and how to identify them.

A

Scaphophoda,
- Dev- Rec
- Captacula: tentacles aroudn the foot that sift through sediment and latch onto food - mouth
- No front/back top/bottom
- Foot extends from longer end
- Destroys bedding
- No gills
- Radula
- separate sexes, external fertilixation
- No siphon

Gastropoda
- Cam- Recent
- Asymmetrical shells
- Herbs or carns
- May or may not have shell
- Single, coiled, shellless
- Radula
- Gazer or carnivory- drill hole in another shell
- Expanded foot
- Well developed eyes and tentacles
- Siphon
- torsion
- Shell 360 whorl

bivalva,
- eC to recent
- Laterally compressed, enclosed in 2 shells with adductor muscles
- symmetrical side view but not top view
- Two equal shells
- Modified foot
- Variety of teeth
- In and epifaunual
- Modified filter feeding gill
- open at rest

cephalopoda
- Ord-Recent
- Marine, predatory, 8 arms from modified foot
- complex eye, good swimmer, jet-porpulsion
- Radula and beak
- Centralized brain, intelligent

34
Q

Describe the scaphophoda and when they evolved/went extinct. Infaunal or epifaunal habitat? Key features shared with molluscs? Differences?

A

Tusk shell, captchula, Dev- Recent, no gills, shallow infaunal,

35
Q

Gastropod environments, key features, and torsion?

A

Act of being twisted, radula, expanded foot, eyes and tentacles, siphon, shell, all aquatic environments and some terrestrial

36
Q

Function of radula? Carnivory? Herbivory?

A

Rasping tongue for scraping food particles, drilled holes in shells or grazed algae and seaweed/kelp.

37
Q

Cephalopoda evolved/extinct. Four classes, which survive? What are key features?

A

Nautiloidea- straight suture and shell
Ammonoidea- curved shells and variable suture patterns
Coleoidea- reduced to no shells
Echinoderms- 5 fold symmetry
ammonoidea gone.

38
Q

Nautiloid v Ammonoid?

A

Nautiloid: Orthocones and simple sutures, not extinct, ord- recent. Siphuncle around center.
Ammonoid: Complex sutures, curved shells, siphuncle in outer margin, extinct in Cretaceous.

39
Q

Anatomy of nautiloid. Crytocone v orthocone

A

Orthocone was straight, crytocone was curved. Simple sutures, Inner siphuncle. Ordo- rec. siphuncle, septa, suture, gas filled chambers.
Siphuncle: tube that passes through each chamber, buyoancy
septa: internal partions between chambers
Sutures: contact lines between the chamber walls
Body chamber,
siphon,
tentacles.
Camorae: gas filled chambers.
Apeture

40
Q

Ammonite evolution, change of suture pattern and time period?

A

Fluting- sharp edged
D- Perm: Goniatitc
Late perm- tri: Ceratitic Unfluted saddles, fluted lobes
Jur-K: Ammonitic Fluted saddles and lobes

41
Q

What animals are alive today that belong to the Coloidea subclass? Which organism can be considered an extinct version of the coloidea?

A

Squid, octopus, cuttlefish. Belemnoids are extinc (Jr- K)

42
Q

What is a distinguishing characteristic of the belemnoidea and when were they around?

A

Extinct ancestory, rostrum- internal shells near the end, shell or no shell, ink sac, beak-like jaws, modified tentacles, commonly foudn in marine reptile stomach, Dev- K

43
Q

What do bivalves do? How do they live? Criteria for paloes use for classifying bivalves? Evolved? Byssus threads?

A

bivalva,
- eC to recent
- Laterally compressed, enclosed in 2 shells with adductor muscles
- symmetrical side view but not top view
- Two equal shells
- Modified foot
- Variety of teeth
- In and epifaunual
- Modified filter feeding gill
- open at rest

filter water, buried in substrate, hinge teeth two hinges valves and equal shells, strong, silky fibers that are made from proteins that are used by mussels and other bivalves to attach to rocks, pilings or other substrates.

44
Q

Brachiopod v bivalve

A

Bivalves:
two hinged, open when dead, no head, tooth and sockt, symmetrical halves, pallial sinus, adductoru muscles.
Biltaeral symm both, but brachio on head and bivalve if you pull apart shells.

45
Q

Rudist bivalves? Evolved/extinct and what habitat?

A

Reef former, jurassic, extinct, reefs.

46
Q

Echinoderm. Evolved/exct. 5 classes and their common names. similar, different, anatomy. Water vasuclar system and tube feet functions?

A

Pc- recent
Echinoidea- Urchins/dollars
Crinoidea/Blastoidea- Cherrios
Asteroidea- Sea stars
Ophiuroidea- Brittle stars
Holothuroidea- sea cucumber
WAter vascular system

  • Pentameral symmetry, no body segmentatoin, CaCO3 covered by skin
  • Exclusively marine, scavengers, filter feeders, predators, grazers.
    5 fold symmetry

Water vascular system:
- Nerve ring: station that moved arm
Ambulacra: porous plates in endoskeleton
Ring canal: coordinates movement of arms
Tube feet: Draw in water- move orgasnims, feeding, tasting, anchors
Madreporite: tube that is the entrance for the water

47
Q

Parts of crinoidea and blastoidea. Differences? Use for reef growth? Evolved/extinct?

A

Crinoidea
-Seafloor
-Ord-recet
- Modern: no to reduced stem
- Brachials: modified tube feet
calyx: head body that contains vital organs
stem: cherio
protects seafloor from storms
- Pinnulae: increase surface ? for water/nutrient intake tube feet.

Blastoidea:
- Small brachiles and unbranched, no pinnules, no nervous system, crinoid, Ord-perm.

48
Q

How do asteroidea eat? What do they eat? can they see? Tube feet differences in ophiuroidea? Differences? Similarities?

A

Excrete stomachs to digest prey. Breathe through dermal gills. Can see light. Prey on molluscs. Have suckers, flat. Differences is suckers, elongation, and mucus, similarities are feeding, digging, sensory organs.

Ateroidea
- madreporide, anus, eye, arms, tube feet, central disk, ring canal, mouth, dermal gills

Ophiuroidea
- Moveable, slemder arms. Mucus lined burrows to trap prey, suspension feeders or predators, deeper water below 500 m,

49
Q

Echinoidea and holothuroidea tube feet? If so, differences? What specialized feature does holothuroidea have?

A

Ehinodoidea-
- specialized plates that tube feet emergy from
Regular Sea urchin: surface dweller, scrape food from rock, rounded form
Irregular sand dollar:
Burrowers, falttened, heart-shapted, petaloid: specalized tube feet for breathing.

Robust internal skeleton
Lack arms, pentameral symmetry is within body plan.

Holothuroidea:
- biltareally symmetrical
- reduced endoskeleton, few plates remaining
- water vascular system
- reduced tube feet
- suspesion/deposit features
- tentacles emergy from body -> 10/30 multiples of 5

Differences: holo reduced
Special Feature: suspension

50
Q

What are hemichordates? exct/evolved? anatomy?

A

Half certebrates with a notochord: dorsally located nerve net.
Sicula: embryotic animal- started colony
Stipe: indicidual branch
Nema: tubular extension of sicula
Theca: individual cup in which a zooid lived
Zooid: an individual animal
Rhabdosome: whole colony
Tenatables: filter feeding
aperature: opening

51
Q

How did graptolites change through time? Composition? Niche? Where are they usually preserved? When were they around? What is the name of the organism that could be the extant grapolite today?

A

Benthic, free floaters, today is pterobrachs and acorn worms. M cam-Carb. Abyssal plain- black shale preservation from carbonized.
Chitinous, colonial, compressed. facies, preserved in film.

M-L Cambrian: Benthic, rare planktonic
L-E Ord: Declined or horizontal pendant.
M-L Ord: Biserial scandant.
E-M Sil: Uniserial
Dev: Declined
Carb: Dendroid graptolites extinct.

52
Q

Phylogeny, ontogeny, astogeny. Which two in a graptolite?

A

Phylogeny: relationship between organisms based on key characteristics
Ontogeny: Growing from embreyo to adult
Astogeny: change in either size or form that is shown by all zooids in a colony as the colony grows older, grows through asexual budding.
Gaptolites: ontogeny and astogeny

53
Q

Haploid? Diploid? Gamete? Zygote?

A

Haploid: single set of chromosomes
Diploid: 2 complete sets of chromosomes, 1 from each parent
Gamete: Haploid cell that fuses w/another during fertilization
Zygote: diploid cell resulting from fusion of 2 haploid gametes- fertilized

54
Q

Early embryology and importance for phylogenetic relationships. Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm, label and describe. What is blastopore?

A

Early embryology allows for the development of more complex life and it helps us understand phylogenetic relationships via blastopore development initially turning into an anus or mouth.

Blastopore: opening of central cavity of embreyo in early stages
Mesoderm: Makes organs
Endoderm: Inside lining of stomach
Ectoderm: skin

55
Q

Draw phylogenetic tree.

A

Bottom: Poriferia/Parazoa

Deuterostomata (left):
echinodermata, hemichordata, chordata

Metazoa (center)

Protostomata (Right):
cnidaria, bryozoa, brachiopods, mullusca, arthopoda

56
Q

Metazoa

A

Mullticelluar, eukaryotic, 3 tissue layers

57
Q

Aristotle’s lantern

A

moveable skeletal plates that act like jaws

58
Q

Dissepiments

A

They are many-branched, with numerous small thecae (see theca), in some connected by dissepiments.

59
Q

Mesodermal endoskeleton

A

mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates. The poriferan “skeleton” consists of microscopic calcareous or siliceous spicules or a spongin network.

Paleontology (2 decks)

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