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exam3 Flashcards

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1
Q

nekton

A

fish that can swim against currents in water column

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2
Q

nekton constraints

A

high Re
-inertial dominate viscous forces
-must minimize pressure drag for fast continual motion

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3
Q

nekton principal members

A

cephalopods, fish, mammals, sea birds, reptiles

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4
Q

cephalopoda

A

belong to phylum Mollusca, includes octopus, squid, cuttlefish, nautiluses

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5
Q

characteristics of cephalopods

A

generally carnivorous,
high developed nervous system with excellent vision, color change,
internal fertilization

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6
Q

chromatophores

A

pigment cells used to color change and camoflauge

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7
Q

buoyancy using cuttlebone

A

made of calcium carbonate, many internal chambers that can have gas to liquid ratio regulated to help move up and down the water column

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8
Q

hypnome

A

cuttle fish use their color changing abilities to confuse or lore prey into them before striking

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9
Q

fish

A

aquatic vertebrates with gills, fins, and streamline body shapes, very diverse group

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10
Q

osteichthyes

A

bony fish with true bone skeletons, very diverse, teeth fixed in jaws, single gill opening

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11
Q

chondricthyes

A

cartilaginous fishes-skates, sharks, rays. replaceable teeth rows, 5 or more gill slits

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12
Q

swimming vs body form

A

long and narrow-acceleration specialized, round coin/shapes-maneuvering specialist

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13
Q

swimming mechanism

A

undulation of the body to move- more undulations in eels, tail concentrated in sharks and tuna

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14
Q

oxygen use

A

Oxygen from water is picked up through mouth and over exposed gills when swimming. more oxygen in water than in gills so diffuses into gills

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15
Q

gill structure

A

feathery with lots of capillaries and surface area to absorb most oxygen.

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16
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

blood flows in the opposite direction to the water that flows over gills, gives most favorable gas gradient throughout the body

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17
Q

swim bladder

A

in most boney fish to regulate buoyancy, can inflate/deflate with oxygen gas to move up or down the water column

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18
Q

gas gland

A

flexible sac located in dorsal portion of body that controls gas for buoyancy

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19
Q

rete mirabile

A

intertwined capillaries and veins to help with countercurrent exchange to retain oxygen near gas gland

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20
Q

suction feeding

A

most common, rapid expansion of mouth to Greate pressure gradient to pull fish into oral cavity

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21
Q

ram feeding

A

fish opens mouth and swims forward, engulfing prey along with the water surrounding it. ex.whale sharks

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22
Q

suspension feeding

A

aka filter feeding, feed on particles suspended in the water, don’t swim but rather rely on water movement to bring particles into mouth

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23
Q

gill arch and rakers

A

gill rakers are on opposite sides of gill arch as the filaments. Used to keep prey in mouth instead of falling out through gills with water

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24
Q

lateral line system

A

sensory system in fish that detects movement in water thru neuromasts along lateral line, lets them gauge where they are in the water and detect predators

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25
Q

otoliths

A

cartilaginous part inside fishes ear, allow them to hear and sense vibrations. grow throughout life and can be used to determine fishes age

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26
Q

meopelagic fish

A

living from 150-2000m deep

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27
Q

adaptations of mesopelagic fish

A

well developed eyes, large mouths, ventral photophores to camouflage with low light from above

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28
Q

mammals

A

cetaceans- whales and porpoises
pinnipeds-seals/sealions
mustelids-sea otters
sirenians- sea cows(manatee), dugongs

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29
Q

cetacea

A

order of aquatic mammals- all whales dolphins and porpoises
homeothermic, reproduce same as terrestrial mammals, posterior strongly muscular-propulsion by flukes

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30
Q

odontoceti

A

toothed Cetacea, good divers, oral communication is common, bulbous melon filled with oil for eco-location, usually social

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31
Q

mysticeti

A

baleen whales, whales with tooth plates (baleens) rather than teeth

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32
Q

right whales

A

continuous ram feeders

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33
Q

rorqual whales

A

intermittent ram feeders, periodically squeeze water out of large mouth chamber

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34
Q

baleen plates

A

upper jaw, flat flexible plates with frayed edges arranges in two rows, allows for water to be removed from mouth but allowing prey to stay

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35
Q

pinnipeds

A

have hair but lack thick blubber of cetaceans, includes seals, sea lions, and walruses

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36
Q

mustelidae

A

sea otters- relatively terrestrial

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37
Q

diving adaptations

A

increased volume of arteries and veins
increased blood cell concentration
decrease heart rate and o2 consumption
restrict peripheral circulation to abdominal organs

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38
Q

seabirds and characteristics

A

often colonial breeders, monogamous, crowded breeding sites, diving underwater to feed, long distance migration

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39
Q

hunting methods of sea birds

A
  • feeding from surface
    -plunge diving
    -diving from air
    -underwater pursuit using fins
    -underwater propulsion using feet
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40
Q

reptiles

A

marine sea turtles- 5 major species
hawksbill, loggerhead, kemp’s Ridley, green, leatherback

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41
Q

food sources of sea turtles

A

green-sea grasses and benthic invertebrates (finely serrated jaws)
hawksbill- sponges, tunicates, shrimps, squid (narrow head)
Ridley and loggerhead- crush and grind mollusks, shrimps, jellyfish, sea grass (adapted for crushing shells)
leatherback- mainly jellyfish (fine scissor shaped jaws)

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42
Q

life cycles of sea turtles

A

-females return repeatedly to same beach to Digg nest and lay eggs
-eggs hatch weeks later, crawl to shoreline using light cues and magnetic fields
-predation on hatchlings is high
-adults use magnetic field of each for direction and strength to migrate long distances

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43
Q

domains of life

A

DNA sequencing of many groups reveals 3 domains of life: Archea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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44
Q

Archaea

A

distinct lipid-cell membrane, unique ribosomal RNA, resemble Eukarya in RNA transcription and translation - include organisms that live in extreme chemical conditions (often called extremophiles),

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45
Q

Bacteria

A

have characteristics of traditional prokaryotes, often rod and sphere shapes. Some are autotrophic others heterotrophic (break down organic matter)

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46
Q

Eukarya

A

cells have a nucleus, nuclear membrane, and cell organelles (mitochondria, plastics in plants), and distinct chromosomes as found in typical animals and plants.

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47
Q

prokaryote

A

single-cell organism that lacks nucleus. typically much smaller and simpler than eukaryotes-archea and bacteria

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48
Q

bacterias ecological roles

A

decomposition, nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, symbiotic relationships, bioremediation, food web dynamics

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49
Q

autotrophy

A

self feeding organisms that get nutrients from inorganic substances using photosynthesis

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50
Q

heterotrophy

A

obtain nutrients from feeding on other living matter: carnivore, omnivore, herbivore, detrivore, parasites

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51
Q

chemoautotrophy

A

form of autotrophy where they create own energy from inorganic chemicals

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52
Q

chemolithotrophy

A

oxidize inorganic compounds such as ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, sulfur (bacteria only)

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53
Q

cyanobacteria

A

occur in single cells and chains, nitrogen fixing, often grow in mats where sediment is anoxic

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54
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

takes nitrogen from atmosphere and makes it into a form of nitrogen that can be used for many biochemical processes

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55
Q

heterocysts

A

specialized cells in cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen

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56
Q

diatoms (pennate)

A

grow as cells, chains of cells, cell wall impregnated with silica, abundant on soft sediments and rocks, readily grazed by many benthic animals

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57
Q

fungi

A

eukaryotic, often single cells or chains, saprophytic organisms, may be important disease organisms in sea grass

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58
Q

seaweeds

A

kingdom protista
usually connect to substratum
take up nutrients from surrounding water, do not have extensive support to live in air environment

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59
Q

thallus

A

entire body of seaweed

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60
Q

holdfast

A

root-like structure that anchors aquatic seaweeds

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61
Q

stipe

A

stalk of seaweed between holdfast and blade

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62
Q

frond/blade

A

frond- blade and stipe together

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63
Q

pneumatocyst

A

a floating structure that contains gas found on brown seaweed. A seaweed’s thallus may have more than one. They provide buoyancy to lift the blades toward the surface, allowing them to receive more sunlight for photosynthesis.

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64
Q

pigments and storage compound of seaweeds

A

green- chlorophyll a and b, startch
brown-chlorophyll a and c+ fucoxanthin, lamination, mannitol
red- chlorophyll a and d, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin- Floridian and starch

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65
Q

life histories and alternate generations

A
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66
Q

gametophyte

A

A gametophyte is one of the two alternating multicellular phases in the life cycles of plants and algae. It is a haploid multicellular organism that develops from a haploid spore that has one set of chromosomes. The gametophyte is the sexual phase in the life cycle of plants and algae.

67
Q

sporophyte

A

A sporophyte is the diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or alga which produces asexual spores. This stage alternates with a multicellular haploid gametophyte phase

68
Q

seagrasses

A

worldwide, higher plants, in very shallow water, pollen spreads floating on water, basic structure

69
Q

rhizome

A

modified stem that sends roots and shoots from nodes, lets buds grow horizontally

70
Q

body plan

A

the basic shape of members of an animal phylum; the general structure each individual organism assumes as it develops.

71
Q

radial symmetry

A

involves similar form in respect to center point in all directions. ex. jellyfish

72
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

involves a plane of symmetry, with similar form on each side of the plane. also involves an anterior and posterior. ex. worms, lobsters

73
Q

deuterosome vs protosome

A

deuterosome-blastopore develops into anus
protostome-blastopore develops into mouth

74
Q

cleavage

A

rapid cell division in zygote

75
Q

blastula

A

hollow spherical structure arising from cleavage

76
Q

blastopore

A

pore inside blastula, when cells migrate to center of blastula and creates an indentation/opening

77
Q

gastrulation

A

process in early embryonic development where single layer hollow blastula turns into multi-layered structure called gastrula

78
Q

endoderm

A

innermost layer of germ, will create digestive track and part of reproductive system

79
Q

ectoderm

A

outermost germ layer that will become hair skin and nails

80
Q

mesoderm

A

middle germ layer which gives rise to skeleton muscle and heart

81
Q

body cavity

A

fluid filled space inside the body that holds and protects internal organs

82
Q

coelom

A

true body cavity, derived from mesoderm

83
Q

pseudocoelom

A

body cavity that lies between mesodermal and endodermal tissue

84
Q

acoelom

A

organisms with no fluid filled body cavity separating the body wall from digestive tract

85
Q

relationships of phyla

A

radial vs bilateral symmetry, protosima vs deuterostomia

86
Q

protist characteristics

A

-single autonomous cells with variable symmetry
-diffusion from cell surface
-no gut, body cavity, segmentation, nervous or circulatory system

87
Q

amoebae

A

benthic protists, foraminifera, radiolara, engulf bacteria to eat

88
Q

flagellates

A

benthic protists, propelled with fewer longer flagella, similar feeding to ciliates

89
Q

ciliates

A

benthic protist, elongate, mouth, propelled with outer coating of cilia, feed on bacteria or other smaller protists

90
Q

phylum porifera

A

-sponges, either asymmetric or radial,diffusion from cell surface, choanocytes drive water thru pores, organic skeleton of spongin and silica

91
Q

choanocytes/collar cells

A

collar like structure with long flagellum, responsible for drawing in food particles and water as well as gas exchange and waste removal

92
Q

spongocoel

A

the internal cavity of a sponge where water is drawn into body

93
Q

spongin

A

fibrous substance found in skeletons of sponges

94
Q

spicules

A

microscopic structures of hard crystal material with fantastic shapes unique to the different species of sponge. They are part of the skeleton that helps give the sponge its shape.

95
Q

osculum

A

where water is expelled in sponge

96
Q

mesohyl

A

a gelatinous layer between two cell layers

97
Q

amoebocyte

A

cells that move within mesohyl that are responsible for digestion, nutrient absorbing and spicule formation

98
Q

phylum cnidaria

A

divided into Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa (true jellyfish) anthozoa (corals, anemones)

99
Q

characteristics of cnidarians

A

radial symmetry, stinging capabilities, poly and medusa phases, nerve net

100
Q

polyp

A

attached to a substrate, vase formed, colonial

101
Q

medusa

A

bell shaped, free swimming, tentacles with stinging cells, sexually reproductive

102
Q

Hydrozoa

A

Portuguese man of war, egg-larva-polyp-medusa

103
Q

anthozoa

A

anemones, corals, normally sessile, asexual and sexual reproduction

104
Q

nematocysts

A

specialized cell in cnidarians to sting, for defense or to capture prey

105
Q

planula larva

A

free-swimming, flattened, ciliated, bilaterally symmetric larval form

106
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

one opening, responsible for digestion and transportation of nutrients

107
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

flatworms
bilateral symmetry, ganglia, two ventral nerve cords, flattened free living worms

108
Q

ganglia

A

small bundles of nerves, act as a sort of brain

109
Q

pharynx

A

long tubular mouthpart that extends from the body, surrounds food, and tears it into fine pieces before digestion

110
Q

Nemertea

A

ribbon worms
bilateral, complete gut, ganglia, carnivorous worms, barbed proboscis to kill prey

111
Q

Nemotoda

A

roundworms
special excretory cells, parasitic, only longitudinal muscles

112
Q

Annelida

A

polychaetes, oligochaetes, leeches
-bilateral sym, segmentation, brain with ganglia, great diversity of head and locomotive appendages, opposing circular and longitudinal muscle segments

113
Q

polychaetes

A

parapodia, couple cm to few mm long, diverse feeding type

114
Q

parapodia

A

muscular flaps on sides, setae on ends of parapodia dig into sand for locomotion

115
Q

setae

A

small hair like bristles that prevent worms from slipping

116
Q

living habitat of polychaetes

A

free living or tube dwelling, inside corals or burrowing

117
Q

oligochaetes

A

chitin hairs, earthworms, hermaphroditic,

118
Q

Phylum Sipunculan

A

bulbous trunk and long narrow portion, very simple bodies, sometimes tentacles or hooks

119
Q

Phylum Pogonophora

A

beard worms, tube like body, inhabit substrates, trophosome

120
Q

trophosome

A

cluster of branched tubules to provide habitat for symbiotic relationship with bacteria

121
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

head-foot complex, externally shelled, mantle secretes shell

122
Q

mantle

A

soft fleshy outer cover of the body, strengthened with. outer plates

123
Q

foot

A

specialized muscle used in digging, moving, and burrowing

124
Q

radula

A

structure of tiny teeth used for scraping food particles off a surface into the mouth

125
Q

bivalvia

A

class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts

126
Q

ctenidia

A

comblike structure, respiratory organ or gill in a mollusk, consisting of an axis with a row of projecting filaments

127
Q

byssal threads

A

bundle of filaments secreted by bivalve mollusks that create strong bonds to substrate ex. zebra mussels

128
Q

gastropoda

A

coiled shell, large foot, tentacles, and presence of torsion

129
Q

torsion

A

the rotation of the visceral mass, mantle, and shell 180˚ with respect to the head and foot

130
Q

operculum

A

a lid to help protect the animal when its retracted and needs defended

131
Q

Polyplacophora

A

chitons, flattened, have 8 protective interlocking plates, herbivorous

132
Q

Cephalopoda

A

carnivorous, arms with suckers, photophores, closed circulatory system

133
Q

Arthopoda

A

external chitin cuticle skeleton, segmentation, molting, jointed appendages

134
Q

Chelicerata

A

subphylum including sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions

135
Q

chelicerae

A

articulate fangs/jaws special to the chalicerata subphylum

136
Q

pycnogonids

A

4 pairs of walking legs, a sucking structure protruding from the head, feeds on colonial invertebrates

137
Q

crustacea

A

head w 2 pairs of antennae and mouthpart appendages, large range of feeding adaptations

138
Q

the Lophophorate phyla

A

lophophore- horseshoe shaped structure bearing ciliated tentacles around the mouth

139
Q

Bryzoa

A

colonial invertebrates with zooids and colonial nervous system

140
Q

zooids

A

small individuals that make up a colony

141
Q

Phylum Branchiopoda

A

solitary individuals with two calcium carbonate valves attached to bottom with pedicle, feed with ciliated lophophore

142
Q

Phylum Phoronida

A

solitary, wormlike, living in vertical tubes, lophophore protruding into water above

143
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

spiny skin enclosed in an internal skeleton, interlocking calcium carbonate plates, feeding and locomotion on tube feet connected to water vascular system-sea star, sea cucumber

144
Q

madreporite

A

light colored opening used to filter water into water vascular system

145
Q

water vascular system

A

tube feet being operated by hydraulic pressure in vessels

146
Q

tube feet

A

small projections used for feeding and feeling

147
Q

ampullae

A

small valve that ssqueezes water into tube foot to extent it

148
Q

Aristotle’s Lantern

A

complex mouth operations of sea urchins, calcerous teeth used to scrape algae off rocks

149
Q

pedicellariae

A

spines used for protection from predators

150
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

notochord, tubular nerve chord, pharyngeal gill arches/slits, post anal tail

151
Q

Subphylum Urochordata

A

bilateral, suspension feeders, in and out siphons, barrel shaped body

152
Q

size classification of benthic organisms

A

macrobenthos >0.5mm
meiobenthos 0.1-0.5mm
microbenthos <0.1mm

153
Q

benthic lifestyle categories

A

Benthos
Epibenthic
Burrowers
Borers
Infaunal, semi-infaunal Benthic swimmers Interstitial

154
Q

different benthic feeding styles

A

Suspension feeders
Deposit feeders
Herbivores (macroalgae or microalgae) Carnivores
Scavengers

155
Q

particle size

A

measure of current strength median, silt-clay percent (<62mm)

156
Q

sorting

A

variation of current strength, poor versus well-sorted sediment

157
Q

silt-clay fraction

A

percent of weight of sediment < 62mm

158
Q

sand ripples

A
159
Q

biogenic sedimentary structures

A
160
Q

hydromechanical and mechanical digging

A
161
Q

thixotropy

A
162
Q

hydromechanical burrowing mechanism

A
163
Q

penetration anchor

A
164
Q

terminal anchor

A

Marine Biology (4 decks)

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