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Marine Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Aristotle +

A

birth of natural history, started recording observations on shark birth and whale teeth etc

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2
Q

Linneus

A

systematic identification(binomial nomenclature), plants and animals only “gods plan”

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3
Q

Cuvier

A

generalized classification of animals. all modern day species were strong enough to survive past catastrophes

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4
Q

Edward Forbes

A

naturalist, sailed on mediterranean on Beacon, developed azoic theory

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5
Q

azoic theory (

A

there is no life deeper than 1800 ft. 1st marine scientific hypothesis

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6
Q

Michael Sars

A

naturalist, disproved azoic theory in 1850 by finding 19 new species below 1800 ft

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7
Q

Charles Darwin

A

naturalist sailed on Beagle for 6 years, studied barnacles

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8
Q

Charles Darwin theory

A

2nd marine scientific hypothesis: coral reef on sea floor would constantly grow up while sea floor subsided, creating atolls. Confirmed by drilling 100 yrs later, only case for atolls and volcanic rock

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9
Q

W.B. Carpenter and Wyville Thomson

A

led major expedition and also disproved azoic theory

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10
Q

Wyville Thomson and John Murray

A

led Challenger expedition and circumnavigated globe. sampled all waters but arctic. gave global perspective on marine biology and found 50 volumes worth of new species

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10
Q

John Buchanan

A

disproved primordial slimes (bathybius) ability to preserve and give rise to life forms, was just side effect of preserving sea water with alcohol

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10
Q

Jacques Cousteau

A

famous oceanographer who directed oceanography institute and museum in Monaco. helped patent aqua-lung and spread awareness of ocean conservation

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10
Q

developments that led to advancement of marine biology and oceanography

A

Scuba equipment, submarines, ROVs, submersible, ocean observatories

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11
Q

hypothesis

A

a statement that can be tested

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12
Q

experiment vs distributional test

A

experiments are preferred but distributional tests can also help falsify or confirm hypothesis

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13
Q

nueston

A

organism attached to ocean surface

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14
Q

nekton

A

organism swimming in ocean, capable of swimming against the current

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15
Q

plankton

A

organism floating in ocean, unable to swim against current

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16
Q

boring

A

organism inserted into wall/ledge with appendage sticking out

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17
Q

epifaunal

A

organisms that live on seabed

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18
Q

infaunal

A

organisms that live under sea floor and dig into sediment

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19
Q

semi-infaunal

A

organisms that dig into sediment but leave some extremities out

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20
Q

demersal

A

bottom feeders who hang on ocean floor

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21
Q

benthos

A

all bottom dwelling organisms including infaunal, epifaunal, and demersal

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22
Q

intertidal zone

A

area between high and low tide

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23
Q

subtidal zone

A

ares between low tide and shelf break, always underwater

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24
Q

neritic

A

continental shelf area, shallow

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25
Q

pelagic zone

A

includes epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, and abyssopelagic areas

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26
Q

epipelagic (oceanic)

A

top layer of open ocean, 0-200m deep

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27
Q

mesopelagic

A

200-1000 m in depth, underneath epipelagic zone

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28
Q

bathypelagic

A

1,000-4,000m in depth, where it gets incredibly dark

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29
Q

abyssopelagic

A

4,000-6,000m in depth, deepest zone

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30
Q

hadal

A

zones under seabed, trenches that exceed 6,000m in depth

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31
Q

how much of oceans cover earth

A

71%, greater in Southern Hemisphere

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32
Q

how deep is ocean

A

84% is deeper than 2000m

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33
Q

deepest point in ocean

A

Marinas Trench, 11,000m

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34
Q

marginal sea

A

sea connected to ocean in moderation. affected by regional climate and precipitation

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35
Q

sill

A

shallow water barrier that prevents ocean and sea water connection

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36
Q

features all oceans share

A

continental shelf, continental slop, deep sea floor, oceanic ridge system

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37
Q

oceanic ridge

A

mountain range underwater parallel to transverse faults and formed by plates separating and lava coming up and pushing outward

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38
Q

continental shelf

A

shallow area outside of continents with 1degree slopes

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39
Q

continental slope

A

where the shelf drops off to extreme slope

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40
Q

continental rise

A

at bottom of slope, small rise that is collection of sediment

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41
Q

abyssal plain

A

flat region on ocean floor at base of continental rise

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42
Q

trenches

A

deep long and narrow slopes in sea floor that can go up to 11,000m deep

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43
Q

rift

A

crack in earths crust

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44
Q

transverse faults

A

perpendicular breaks in earths crust such as San Andreas fault

45
Q

continental drift

A

plate tectonics slowing pushing continents away from each other

46
Q

plates

A

ocean floor divided into large sections

47
Q

magnetism in crust

A

as rocks crystalize, iron rich minerals form to magnetic field at the time of formation, which has been known to switch over thousands of years causing banding

48
Q

seafloor spreading

A

crust formed at ridge was displaced in both directions moving outward from ridge

49
Q

mantle

A

layer of earth beneath crust

50
Q

subduction zone

A

where crust moves underneath trenches and is melted into mantle

51
Q

properties of water

A

-polar
-good solvent
-high specific heat
-high transparency

52
Q

seawater temperature

A

-2 to 40 degree C
-smaller range than terrestrial
-deep ocean is cold only 2-4 degrees

53
Q

salinity

A

the measure of dissolve inorganic solids in seawater

54
Q

residence time

A

the average time a unit weight of a substance spends in the ocean before it is lost to sediment or continents

55
Q

major elements

A

chlorine, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, calcium, potassium

56
Q

minor elements

A

bromine, carbon

57
Q

chlorinity

A

total concentration of chloride in seawater
about 1.81x chlorinity=salinity

58
Q

conductivity

A

ability to carry an electric current- very high in saltwater

59
Q

latitudinal variation

A

the balance of precipitation and evaporation based on latitude
-more salinity at 30 N and S of equator

60
Q

oxygen in sea

A

added by mixing from atmosphere and photosynthesis
lost by respiration and chemical oxidation of compounds

61
Q

oceanic circulation

A

-wind driven
-density driven

62
Q

estuary

A

where freshwater and saltwater mix

63
Q

stratification

A

vertical separation of water by salinity

64
Q

longshore current

A

energy from waves moving parallel to shoreline

65
Q

rip current

A

very strong and dangerous longshore current

66
Q

climate oscillation

A

climate can exhibit predictable fluctuations over decades

67
Q

climate trend

A

climate can change in same direction over millennia or centuries

68
Q

el-nino

A

winds shut down, warm water moves east, thermocline deepens, warmer water and low productivity in pacific, every
5-7years

69
Q

Pacific Decadal Oscillation

A

switches about every 10 years, alternating warm and cold water, long term climate fluctuation

70
Q

greenhouse effect

A

trapped gases in atmosphere prevent heat from rising to space, overall warming up earths surface

71
Q

climate change predictions on ocean

A

warmer water, sea level rising, water becoming more acidic

72
Q

acidification of ocean

A

increased co2 in atmosphere will be dissolved in ocean, decreasing pH making more acidic

73
Q

calcifying organisms

A

strongly affecting by a more acidic ocean, high acidity leads to undersaturation when making skeletons of calcium carbonate

74
Q

aragonite

A

less stable calcium carbonate, in corals and mollusks

75
Q

calcite

A

more stable calcium carbonate, seen in pteropods, plankton, snails

76
Q

ecology

A

the study of interactions between organisms and their environment and how these interactions determine distribution and abundance

77
Q

biotic interactions

A

between organisms

78
Q

abiotic interactions

A

between organisms and abiotic factors ex, temp

79
Q

ecological hierarchy

A

individual-population-species-community-ecosystem-biosphere

80
Q

ecological niche

A

range of environments in which a species is found

81
Q

(+,-) interactions

A

territoriality, predation, parasitism

82
Q

(+,+) interactions

A

mutualism

83
Q

(+,0) interaction

A

commensalism (shark and remora)

84
Q

sessile/stationary predation

A

non-mobile such as anemones

85
Q

mobile predation

A

any fish, sea star, crabs, gastropods that use mobility to locate prey

86
Q

optimal foraging theory

A

predators will change hunting behavior to optimize rate of ingestion of prey

87
Q

diet-breadth model

A

when food resources are high, pays off to go for the good items and ignore low quality items. yet when resources are low, broadening range of prey will pay off better

88
Q

time-in-patch model

A

the time spent in a patch of prey should increase with an increase of travel time between patches

89
Q

escapes from predation

A

cryptic coloring, escape behavior, chemical warning, refuge habitat, refuge time

90
Q

mimicry

A

another escape from predation, batesian-mimic a dangerous species to the predator
mullerian- all dangerous prey have same color patterns, not well known in marine organisms

91
Q

population level

A

a group of individuals that are affected by the same environment and have no connection with other population of the same species

92
Q

factors of population size

A

birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration

93
Q

modes of population change

A

exponential, logistic, random

94
Q

dispersion patterns

A

random, uniform, aggregated

95
Q

metapopulation

A

a group of populations connected through dispersal

96
Q

source

A

a population that contributes individuals to other subpopulations

97
Q

sink

A

a subpopulation that take immigrants from others but doesn’t give individuals

98
Q

foundation species

A

species that have a strong roll in supporting a community ex. reefs and sponges

99
Q

competition

A

occurs from limited resources, both renewable and nonrenewable

100
Q

outcomes of competition

A

-competitive displacement
-coexistence

101
Q

interference

A

one species overgrows another, interspecific territoriality, agonistic interaction (fighting)

102
Q

exploitation

A

competition when one species eats a prey more efficiently than another

103
Q

consequences of competition

A

-extinction or local extinction
-coexistence
-variable environment

104
Q

paradox of the plankton

A

situation despite the competition and limited resources, many species of plankton are able to coexist

105
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between two species

106
Q

infraspecific competition

A

competition between individuals of same species

107
Q

keystone species

A

normally apex predators, a species that has a large impact on abundance of environment

108
Q

predation affect on competition

A

affects success of superior species on inferior species, especially if predator prefers superior species

109
Q

disturbance

A

a physical change in environment ex. ice storm

110
Q

intermediate disturbance-predation effect

A

a disturbance in an environment can have same effect on competition as predation

111
Q

top down effects

A

top predators have effects on food chain

112
Q

bottom up effects

A

primary producers have effects on food chain

113
Q

saprophytic cycle

A

dead material escaping food chain gets decomposed by saprophytes

Marine Biology (4 decks)

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