Exam 1 Flashcards
Aristotle +
birth of natural history, started recording observations on shark birth and whale teeth etc
Linneus
systematic identification(binomial nomenclature), plants and animals only “gods plan”
Cuvier
generalized classification of animals. all modern day species were strong enough to survive past catastrophes
Edward Forbes
naturalist, sailed on mediterranean on Beacon, developed azoic theory
azoic theory (
there is no life deeper than 1800 ft. 1st marine scientific hypothesis
Michael Sars
naturalist, disproved azoic theory in 1850 by finding 19 new species below 1800 ft
Charles Darwin
naturalist sailed on Beagle for 6 years, studied barnacles
Charles Darwin theory
2nd marine scientific hypothesis: coral reef on sea floor would constantly grow up while sea floor subsided, creating atolls. Confirmed by drilling 100 yrs later, only case for atolls and volcanic rock
W.B. Carpenter and Wyville Thomson
led major expedition and also disproved azoic theory
Wyville Thomson and John Murray
led Challenger expedition and circumnavigated globe. sampled all waters but arctic. gave global perspective on marine biology and found 50 volumes worth of new species
John Buchanan
disproved primordial slimes (bathybius) ability to preserve and give rise to life forms, was just side effect of preserving sea water with alcohol
Jacques Cousteau
famous oceanographer who directed oceanography institute and museum in Monaco. helped patent aqua-lung and spread awareness of ocean conservation
developments that led to advancement of marine biology and oceanography
Scuba equipment, submarines, ROVs, submersible, ocean observatories
hypothesis
a statement that can be tested
experiment vs distributional test
experiments are preferred but distributional tests can also help falsify or confirm hypothesis
nueston
organism attached to ocean surface
nekton
organism swimming in ocean, capable of swimming against the current
plankton
organism floating in ocean, unable to swim against current
boring
organism inserted into wall/ledge with appendage sticking out
epifaunal
organisms that live on seabed
infaunal
organisms that live under sea floor and dig into sediment
semi-infaunal
organisms that dig into sediment but leave some extremities out
demersal
bottom feeders who hang on ocean floor
benthos
all bottom dwelling organisms including infaunal, epifaunal, and demersal
intertidal zone
area between high and low tide
subtidal zone
ares between low tide and shelf break, always underwater
neritic
continental shelf area, shallow
pelagic zone
includes epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, and abyssopelagic areas
epipelagic (oceanic)
top layer of open ocean, 0-200m deep
mesopelagic
200-1000 m in depth, underneath epipelagic zone
bathypelagic
1,000-4,000m in depth, where it gets incredibly dark
abyssopelagic
4,000-6,000m in depth, deepest zone
hadal
zones under seabed, trenches that exceed 6,000m in depth
how much of oceans cover earth
71%, greater in Southern Hemisphere
how deep is ocean
84% is deeper than 2000m
deepest point in ocean
Marinas Trench, 11,000m
marginal sea
sea connected to ocean in moderation. affected by regional climate and precipitation
sill
shallow water barrier that prevents ocean and sea water connection
features all oceans share
continental shelf, continental slop, deep sea floor, oceanic ridge system
oceanic ridge
mountain range underwater parallel to transverse faults and formed by plates separating and lava coming up and pushing outward
continental shelf
shallow area outside of continents with 1degree slopes
continental slope
where the shelf drops off to extreme slope
continental rise
at bottom of slope, small rise that is collection of sediment
abyssal plain
flat region on ocean floor at base of continental rise
trenches
deep long and narrow slopes in sea floor that can go up to 11,000m deep
rift
crack in earths crust
transverse faults
perpendicular breaks in earths crust such as San Andreas fault
continental drift
plate tectonics slowing pushing continents away from each other
plates
ocean floor divided into large sections
magnetism in crust
as rocks crystalize, iron rich minerals form to magnetic field at the time of formation, which has been known to switch over thousands of years causing banding
seafloor spreading
crust formed at ridge was displaced in both directions moving outward from ridge
mantle
layer of earth beneath crust
subduction zone
where crust moves underneath trenches and is melted into mantle
properties of water
-polar
-good solvent
-high specific heat
-high transparency
seawater temperature
-2 to 40 degree C
-smaller range than terrestrial
-deep ocean is cold only 2-4 degrees
salinity
the measure of dissolve inorganic solids in seawater
residence time
the average time a unit weight of a substance spends in the ocean before it is lost to sediment or continents
major elements
chlorine, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, calcium, potassium
minor elements
bromine, carbon
chlorinity
total concentration of chloride in seawater
about 1.81x chlorinity=salinity
conductivity
ability to carry an electric current- very high in saltwater
latitudinal variation
the balance of precipitation and evaporation based on latitude
-more salinity at 30 N and S of equator
oxygen in sea
added by mixing from atmosphere and photosynthesis
lost by respiration and chemical oxidation of compounds
oceanic circulation
-wind driven
-density driven
estuary
where freshwater and saltwater mix
stratification
vertical separation of water by salinity
longshore current
energy from waves moving parallel to shoreline
rip current
very strong and dangerous longshore current
climate oscillation
climate can exhibit predictable fluctuations over decades
climate trend
climate can change in same direction over millennia or centuries
el-nino
winds shut down, warm water moves east, thermocline deepens, warmer water and low productivity in pacific, every
5-7years
Pacific Decadal Oscillation
switches about every 10 years, alternating warm and cold water, long term climate fluctuation
greenhouse effect
trapped gases in atmosphere prevent heat from rising to space, overall warming up earths surface
climate change predictions on ocean
warmer water, sea level rising, water becoming more acidic
acidification of ocean
increased co2 in atmosphere will be dissolved in ocean, decreasing pH making more acidic
calcifying organisms
strongly affecting by a more acidic ocean, high acidity leads to undersaturation when making skeletons of calcium carbonate
aragonite
less stable calcium carbonate, in corals and mollusks
calcite
more stable calcium carbonate, seen in pteropods, plankton, snails
ecology
the study of interactions between organisms and their environment and how these interactions determine distribution and abundance
biotic interactions
between organisms
abiotic interactions
between organisms and abiotic factors ex, temp
ecological hierarchy
individual-population-species-community-ecosystem-biosphere
ecological niche
range of environments in which a species is found
(+,-) interactions
territoriality, predation, parasitism
(+,+) interactions
mutualism
(+,0) interaction
commensalism (shark and remora)
sessile/stationary predation
non-mobile such as anemones
mobile predation
any fish, sea star, crabs, gastropods that use mobility to locate prey
optimal foraging theory
predators will change hunting behavior to optimize rate of ingestion of prey
diet-breadth model
when food resources are high, pays off to go for the good items and ignore low quality items. yet when resources are low, broadening range of prey will pay off better
time-in-patch model
the time spent in a patch of prey should increase with an increase of travel time between patches
escapes from predation
cryptic coloring, escape behavior, chemical warning, refuge habitat, refuge time
mimicry
another escape from predation, batesian-mimic a dangerous species to the predator
mullerian- all dangerous prey have same color patterns, not well known in marine organisms
population level
a group of individuals that are affected by the same environment and have no connection with other population of the same species
factors of population size
birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration
modes of population change
exponential, logistic, random
dispersion patterns
random, uniform, aggregated
metapopulation
a group of populations connected through dispersal
source
a population that contributes individuals to other subpopulations
sink
a subpopulation that take immigrants from others but doesn’t give individuals
foundation species
species that have a strong roll in supporting a community ex. reefs and sponges
competition
occurs from limited resources, both renewable and nonrenewable
outcomes of competition
-competitive displacement
-coexistence
interference
one species overgrows another, interspecific territoriality, agonistic interaction (fighting)
exploitation
competition when one species eats a prey more efficiently than another
consequences of competition
-extinction or local extinction
-coexistence
-variable environment
paradox of the plankton
situation despite the competition and limited resources, many species of plankton are able to coexist
interspecific competition
competition between two species
infraspecific competition
competition between individuals of same species
keystone species
normally apex predators, a species that has a large impact on abundance of environment
predation affect on competition
affects success of superior species on inferior species, especially if predator prefers superior species
disturbance
a physical change in environment ex. ice storm
intermediate disturbance-predation effect
a disturbance in an environment can have same effect on competition as predation
top down effects
top predators have effects on food chain
bottom up effects
primary producers have effects on food chain
saprophytic cycle
dead material escaping food chain gets decomposed by saprophytes
