Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Marine Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

physiological response

A

a short-term change in response to environmental change such as buoyancy change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

adaptive response

A

often reversible response to an environmental change that has evolved to increase fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

environmental change

A

the variation of environmental factors such as temperature or salinity that can effect an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

receptor

A

what sense the change in environment in organisms such as antennae, tentacles, or protein systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

transfer system

A

nervous connections to muscle systems- endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

fitness

A

the ability an organism has to survive and reproduce in its environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

types of adaptive responses

A

behavioral
gene regulation- gene pathways
biochemical-change in conc of enzymes
physiological-systemic level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

acclimation

A

response to an environmental change by establishing a new equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

regulation

A

maintenance of constancy despite environmental change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

conformance

A

internal state changes to match external environmental change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

measures of performance

A

-growth
-activity
-endurance of activity
-circulation/heartbeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

scope for growth

A

excess energy beyond what is needed for maintenance available to be used for growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

effects of temperature on organisms

A

latitudinal distribution of species based on temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

homeothermy

A

regulators-keep body temp at a constant high level, yet lose heat to surrounding environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

poikilothermy

A

conformers-body temp conforms to surrounding environment, fetlock metabolic effiiciency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

adaptations that reduce heat loss

A

insulation (blubber), countercurrent heat exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

countercurrent heat exchange

A

two currents of fluids circulating in opposite directions inside closely associated and parallel structures. The warmest fluid loses heat by conduction transferring it to the coolest one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

effects of heat shock

A

high physiological stress that can cause a decrease in population or difference in growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

heat shock proteins

A

formed during heat stress, prevents proteins from unfolding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ubiquitin

A

a low molecular weight protein that binds to degraded proteins which are then digested by intracellular proteolytic enzymes (garbage disposal system for denatured proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

disruption of membranes

A

caused by heat shock, disrupts the packing of phospholipids, which disrupts transportation through membrane of ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how seasonal temperature extremes affects activity and reproduction

A

different based on latitudinal range of the species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

adaptations to prevent freezing

A

glycoproteins and glycopeptides- act as an antifreeze at very low levels by binding to ice crystals and preventing growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

salinity effects on organisms

A

can create osmotic pressure or uncontrolled ion concentration within cells creating stress on organisms, change their behavior, limit reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

osmosis and diffusion

A

osmosis- movement of pure water across a semipermeable membrane from high conc to low conc

diffusion- movement of dissolved solutes across a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pulling of water molecules to ares of higher concentration, expanding higher salinity cells creating pressure and stress on cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

ion regulation

A

cells exchange ions through channels between cells and circulatory system

best accomplished when body is isolated from seawater ex. crab carapace fish skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

cell volume regulation

A

osmolytes- organic substitutes for inorganic molecules, allows for regulation of cell volume and concentration of inorganic ions

ex. free amino acids in hagfish, urea in sharks, glycerol and sucrose in seaweed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

oxygen as a requirement

A

increases efficiency in production of ATP-energy source in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

limitation of oxygen in aquatic. environments

A

areas of low oxygen:
-low tide(intertidal animals)
-within sediment
-oxygen minimum layers in water column where organic matter collects
-seasonal oxygen changes as in estuaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

oxygen uptake

A

uptake, circulates through body, spread to tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

oxygen consumption and metabolic rate

A

oxygen increases with activity rate, direct correlation with metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

oxygen uptake mechanisms

A

diffusion-orgs a few mm thick
feathery gills-high surface area to uptake more oxygen
lungs-mammals, enormous surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

blood pigments

A

substances that greatly increase blood capacity for transporting oxygen
ex. hemocyanin, hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Bohr effect

A

how acidity of blood affects releasing of oxygen from hemoglobin. when blood is more acidic (more CO2), makes it easier for hemoglobin to release oxygen and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

density of fluids

A

density is equal to mass/volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

dynamic viscosity of fluid

A

molecular stickiness, decreases with increasing temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Reynolds number

A

a measure of the relative importance inertial and viscous effects of a fluid on objects within fluid
increases with increasing velocity and size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

relationship between Reynolds number and swimming velocity

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

implications of Reynolds number for organisms

A

> 1000, inertial forces are predominate
<1, viscous forces are predominante

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

viscous versus inertial forces

A

viscous- stickiness within fluid/internal friction
inertial-outside forces due to mass and acceleration of the fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

laminar and turbulent flow

A

laminar-smooth flow in a straight line without mixing into the fluid
turbulent-irregular overall direction and chaotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

water movement of surfaces

A

flows at a “mainstream velocity’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

no slip condition

A

water velocity will decrease to zero at the bottom surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

principle of continuity

A

the volume of fluid entered must equal the volume of fluid exited, so velocity of a fluid inside a pipe is inversely proportional to the diameter of the pipe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Bernoullis Principle

A

pressure varies inversely with the velocity of fluid, allowing pressure gradients to be made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Principle of continuity affect on marine organisms

A

choanocytes in sponges created water flow to filter feed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Bernoullis affect on marine organisms

A

flat fish shape: upper surface is curved while lower surface is flat creating greater pressure on the lower surface and causing lift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

drag

A

water moving past an object creates drag, a force that operates differently at different Reynolds numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

pressure drag

A

the change in pressure upstream vs downstream of an object in water more seen in high Re

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

skin friction

A

more important at lower Re, a force resulting from the interlayer stickiness (dynamic viscosity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

solutions to friction drag

A

mucus layer, riblets in sharks, flabby skin on dolphins, shape-sphere over cylinder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

drag and fish form

A

less drag in slim fish=laminar flow, fast, yet unable to create quick turns
disk shaped fish=turbulent flow, increased pressure drag slows it down, yet can turn quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

adaptations of sessile organisms to tolerate drag

A

-flexibility to bend with current
-growing into the current
-strengthen body (crossweave in seaweed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

asexual reproduction

A

descendants are genetically identical-clones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

modular growth

A

comprise a module, each module may have arisen from sexually formed zygote. identical clones

57
Q

sexual reproduction

A

reproduction through the fusion of haploid female and male gametes

58
Q

costs and benefits of sexual reproduction

A

-female has to give up all energy on reproduction and finding a male mate

-creates genetic diversity to help fight disease, crossing over helps variable gene combinations

59
Q

natural selection

A

evolution of new traits that increase performance of fitness

60
Q

sexual selection

A

traits that increase mating success, what females look for in males

61
Q

types of sexuality

A

gonochoristic or hermaphroditism

62
Q

hermaphroditism

A

having both sexual functions of a male and female either sequential or simultaneous

63
Q

simultaneous hermaphrodite

A

reproductive organs of both sexes are present simultaneously, not necessarily used at same time

64
Q

sequential hermaphrodite

A

first one sex then switches to another

65
Q

protandry

A

male then female, seen in oysters and clams-size threshold

66
Q

protogyny

A

first female then male, ex. red grouper

67
Q

size advantage model for protandry

A

once female gets to a large enough size to fight and become aggressive, it will become a male to function more efficiently

68
Q

male polymorphism

A

can either occur as aggressive and fighting or non aggressive
non aggressive use sneaky tactics to get females
found in some fish, amphipod or isopod crustaceans

69
Q

eusociality

A

collective society of individuals who work together and raise young as a group. snapping shrimp are only marine org to do so, also naked mole rat

70
Q

fertilization

A

when sperm from male meets with female egg to create a zygote

71
Q

planktonic sperm

A

use free spawning by releasing sperm directly into water and hoping it enters a nearby female. problem of timing

72
Q

direct sperm transfer

A

guarantee of fertilization, yet struggle to find a mate

73
Q

gamete matching

A

necessary for reproduction to occur, gametes from male and female must bind together before becoming a zygote

74
Q

bindin

A

protein in urchins who’s job is to bind easier to egg cell membrane

75
Q

lysin

A

protein in mollusk sperm- creates hole in egg envelope to allow sperm to fuse with egg

76
Q

epidemic spawning

A

seen in mussels, the releasing of one individuals stimulus creates all other individuals to release theirs “trendy”

77
Q

mass spawning

A

seen in coral species, many species spawn on a single night

78
Q

timing of spawning

A

seen in spores in seaweed, waits for quiet times such as low tide to maximize fertilization rates

79
Q

life history theory

A

tactics that maximize population growth in a species dependent on the surrounding environment
-variation in reproductive effort
-age of first reproduction
-whether to reproduce more than once

80
Q

semelparity

A

reproducing only once in a lifetime

81
Q

iteroparity

A

reproducing multiple times within a life time

82
Q

dispersal

A

undirected movement of populations

83
Q

migration

A

directed movement between specific sites for specific reasons

84
Q

diadromous

A

organisms who move between estuaries and the open sea

85
Q

anadromous

A

fish who spawn in freshwater but live as adults in salt water- more common in higher altitudes ex. striped bass, sea lamprey

86
Q

catadromous

A

fish who spawn in salt water but live as adults in fresh water, more common in lower altitudes ex. eel

87
Q

fully oceanic

A

organisms that only live in saltwater for the entirety of their life ex. sea turtle, whales

88
Q

direct release

A

females lay eggs or brood and juveniles crawl/swim away on their own

89
Q

planktotropic dispersal

A

female produces many small eggs, larvae feed on plankton, long dispersal time(weeks), some are teleplanic

90
Q

lectithrotropic larvae

A

females produce less eggs, larvae live on a yolk, less dispersal time (hrs-days)

91
Q

selection of substratum by larvae

A
92
Q

larval adaptations for retention

A

larvae raise on flooding tide, sink to bottom on ebbing tide, allows to move within estuary more and promote retention of larvae ex. mud crab

93
Q

reasons for dispersal

A

local extinction- transport young to new sites
hedging bets- spread over habitat

94
Q

plankton

A

organisms who live in the water column, too small to swim against currents

95
Q

size classes of plankton

A

from viruses (<.2 mm) to jellyfish (>20cm)

96
Q

viruses

A

femtoplankton- strands of DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein coat. very abundant, can affect and destroy phytoplankton

97
Q

phytoplankton

A

autotrophic plankton, key part of fresh and marine water environments.

98
Q

zooplankton

A

heterotrophic plankton community, consume others to thrive

99
Q

mixoplankton

A

hototrophic phytoplankton and phagotrophic zooplankton, recent research shows many actually combine phototrophy and phagotrophy in the one cell

100
Q

holoplankton

A

organisms that are planktic for their entire life cycle.

101
Q

meroplankton

A

lanktic organisms that spend part of their life cycle in the benthic zone.

102
Q

diatoms

A

can occur singular or chained, denser than seawater but don’t swim, size nano-micro plankton, radially symmetrical, binary fission, doubles ones or twice per day

103
Q

diatom life cycle

A

two halves of silica shell-keeps reproducing smaller than before(asexually)-when too small begins sexual reproduction and zygote grows to full size before splitting again.

104
Q

dinoflagellates

A

can swim with two flagella, nano to micro plankton, asexual and sexual reproduction,heterotrophic, abundant in tropics, mid latitudes in summer.

105
Q

brevitoxin

A

less toxic but interferes with sodium transport, responsible for most red tides in gulf near Florida

106
Q

saxitoxin

A

potent toxin that is harmful when humans eat shellfish who have eaten this algae bloom

107
Q

red tides

A

harmful algae bloom overproduction that harms organisms

108
Q

cyanobacteria

A

blue green, nitrogen fixation, about 1nanometer, abundant in tropical ocean

109
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

takes nitrogen from atmosphere and makes it into a form of nitrogen that can be used for many biochemical processes

110
Q

heterocyst

A

nitrogen fixing cells within cyanobacteria

111
Q

coccolithophores

A

unicellular, nano-micro plankton, spherical and covered with calcium, turns carbon from atmosphere into calcium and sinks to ocean floor

112
Q

silicoflagellates

A

unicellular, biflagellate, internal silica skeleton, common in antarctic and open ocean

113
Q

diversity

A

numerous groups of phytoplankton that cause major blooms

114
Q

differential nutrient requirements

A

all phytoplankton have different needs, Fe, Si, Ca, P, N, heterotrophy

115
Q

crustacean zooplankton (arthropods)

A

external chitin skeleton, segmentation, paired joints/appendages, naupiler or compound eyes

116
Q

copepods

A

largest group of crustaceans in zooplankton, micro plankton, long antennae, swim with 5 pairs off appendages, medial napiler eye, feed on phytoplankton or smaller zooplankton

117
Q

maxilliped structure

A

small secondary appendages that are necessary for crustacean feeding

118
Q

copepod feeding

A

create current with legs, maxilliped pulls food into mouth

119
Q

krill

A

up to 5cm, abundant in antarctic and upwelling regions, main food for baleen whales

120
Q

krill feeding mechanism

A

group of appendages form a basket, appendages have small hairs that catch food particles

121
Q

gelatinous zooplankton

A

jellies have a wide variety of distant related groups, all have gelatinous material or hydrostatic skeleton

122
Q

cnidaria

A

gelatinous zooplankton, mainly carnivores, use nemaocysts or tentacles to sting, colonial species

123
Q

hydrozoa

A

by the wind sailor, colonial

124
Q

scyphozoa

A

muscular bell and tentacles

125
Q

siphonophores

A

colonial, very abundant in ocean, polymorphic

126
Q

nematocysts

A

specialized cell in tentacles that are barbed or venomous to be used in self defense or prey hunting

127
Q

ctenophores (comb jellies)

A

micro carnivores, 8 rows of meridional plates, two long tentacles, flashing light and bioluminescence

128
Q

meridional plates

A

external rows lines with cilia to trap prey and move to its mouth

129
Q

newton rings

A

a phenomenon in which an interference pattern is created by the reflection of light between two surfaces; a spherical surface and an adjacent touching flat surface.

130
Q

luciferin-luciferase

A

enzymes that produce bioluminescence through photoproteins

131
Q

salps

A

have in current and exit current siphons at opposite ends of its body, solitary or colonial, up to 2m long

132
Q

larvaceans

A

have a tail, only a few mm long, tail generates current that trap food in its mucus mesh and flows into mouth

133
Q

arrow worms

A

torpedo shaped, few mm long, rapid swimmers, carnivorous

134
Q

pteropods (sea butterfly)

A

holoplanktonic snails in danger to acidification due to calcium shell, swim by lateral projection of foot, suspension feed or carnivorous

135
Q

polychaetes

A

have a very well developed parapodia

136
Q

parapodia

A

small feet on worms used for swimming

137
Q

foraminifera

A

secrete skeleton chambers of calcium carbonate, common in plankton, couple mm, foram ooze, trap food particles

138
Q

radiolaria

A

silica skeleton, similar to foraminifera, also secretes ooze but deeper

139
Q

ciliata

A

covered in cilia, shorter but very common

Marine Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions