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Marine Biology > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

biogenic sedimentary structures

A

biologically produced structures that include tracks, trails, burrows, borings, fecal pellets and other traces made by organisms

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2
Q

hydromechanical and mechanical digging

A

what burrowers use to burrow

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3
Q

thixtropy

A

watery sediment with high silt clay content have this, become more viscous with more movement

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4
Q

hydromechanical burrowing mechanism

A

fluid fills hydrostatic skeleton, circular muscles contract elongating the body while longitudinal muscles contract to bring body together

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5
Q

penetration anchor

A

opposite end of organism that is most likely the shell that anchors the body from moving backward

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6
Q

terminal anchor

A

the head of the foot, that anchors into sediment once stretched to allow for the remaining body to be pulled further into sediment

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7
Q

mechanical displacement burrowing

A

using spade-shaped digging tools to burrow into sediment powered by muscular force

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8
Q

biogenic structures from burrowing

A

-burrowing in mud increases water content of sediment
-increases grain size
-alters vertical and 3D mechanical, chemical structure

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9
Q

biogenic grading of sediment

A

ingests small particles deep in sediment and expels them on surface of sediment

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10
Q

interstitial animals

A

elongated worm like form, live in water between sand grains

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11
Q

soft-sediment microzones

A

strong vertical chemical gradients
-gradient is strongly affected by biological activity

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12
Q

redox potential discontinuity (RPD)

A

boundary between oxygenated zone and anoxic zone

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13
Q

organic

A

particulate organic matter derived from sedimenting phytoplankton, seaweeds, and sea grasses

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14
Q

benthic deposit feeding

A

ingest organic and inorganic matter then release as fecal pellets

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15
Q

head down and surface browsing

A

head down-feed within sediment depth and defecate on surface
surface-feed on surface microorganisms such as diatoms

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16
Q

microbial stripping hypothesis

A

deposit feeders are most efficient at digesting and assimilating benthic microbes like diatoms and bacteria

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17
Q

deposit feeder sediment interactions

A

creates watery surface layer, large grain size, microbial growth and transfer of POM

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18
Q

suspension feeding

A

feed on small particles, low Re within chamber (bivalves) higher Re outside

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19
Q

passive suspension feeding

A

utilize natural flow of water to bring particles to their feeding structures
-needs orientation in current, pressure drag, and particles concentration may be low

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20
Q

active suspension feeding

A

use ciliary or muscular activity to create feeding currents to bring particles to mouth
-high saturation and possible clogging of particles, ability to create current and keep siphon erect

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21
Q

gill feeding bivalves and particle sorting and selection

A

cilia on gills allow for interception of non-nutritional particles to be removed before entering the gut. adaptation to allow for more valuable particles

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22
Q

carnivores issues

A

-low pop size-move to prey patches
-capture of prey
-limitations on depth, sensory etc.
-feeding while avoiding predation themselves

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23
Q

how predators detect prey

A

vision and odor detection

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24
Q

examples of moray eel

A

phyrangeal jaw and sharp teeth to pull prey down throat

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25
Q

lobster

A

crusher and cutter claw

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26
Q

snapping shrimp

A

snaps jaws so quickly becomes a sort of stun gun for prey

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27
Q

conus striatus

A

uses a chiton harpoon to strike prey with venom

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28
Q

herbivore feeding issues

A

need to attack plants, chemical defense of plants. feeding while avoiding predation

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29
Q

cellulose feeding

A

obtains nitrogen with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria

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30
Q

mechanisms leading to spring phytoplankton blooms and declines

A

high amounts of phosphates and nitrates at surface as well as available sunlight make spring highest bloom production season

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31
Q

mixing depth

A

real depth at which all water is thoroughly mixed due to wind

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32
Q

critical depth

A

calculated depth above which total oxygen produced by phytoplankton in the water column equals total consumed

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33
Q

the sverdrup model of spring phytoplankton blooms

A

if mixing depth is less than the critical depth=bloom

mixing depth > critical depth =no bloom

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34
Q

roles of grazers in regulating phytoplankton

A

there are less zooplankton to graze to be able to regulate bloom in winter, creating growth into spring

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35
Q

role of POM sinking in decline of phytoplankton

A

diatoms and POM sink removes nutrients from water and decline of bloom until upwelling next spring

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36
Q

geographic variation in phytoplankton blooms

A

march-september arctic
peak in spring and peak in fall-temperate
steady with decline in summer-tropic

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37
Q

benthic pelagic coupling

A

nutrient exchange between benthic and pelagic in very shallow estuaries that fuel more phytoplankton growth

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38
Q

vertical exchange in fall-winter and spring-summer nutrients

A

cold dense water sinks in fall-winter making mixing depth increase compared to spring/summer

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39
Q

wind storms and upwellings

A

windstorms push surface water away from offshore and upwells nutrient rich water from lower depths

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40
Q

absorption

A

molecular absorption
of light energy

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41
Q

light scattering

A

light interaction with particles

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42
Q

exponential decline of light with depth

A

violet/blue can be absorbed in deepest waters, why everything underwater is tinted more blue

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43
Q

action spectrum

A

utilization of different wavelengths of light by a given species for photosynthesis, use of different light absorbing molecules or “pigments”

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44
Q

chlorophyll a absorption and accessory pigments

A

chlorophyll a- wavelengths >600nm
accessory- wavelengths <600nm

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45
Q

pattern of attenuation of light of different wavelengths with increasing depth

A

depth reduces light attenuation in all wavelengths but is highest in blue/green

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46
Q

relationship between photosynthesis and light intensity

A

there is a peak in net photosynthesis, but then too much light intensity Weill decrease the rate of photosynthesis

47
Q

nutrients

A

substances required by plants. resources that can be limited in supply

48
Q

nitrogen and its forms

A

nitrogen- used for amino acids in proteins
nitrate NO3-most abundant
nitrite NO2
ammonium NH4-excretion product in water column but taken up the fastest

49
Q

new production

A

nutrients for primary production may derive from circulation of nutrients from below the surface waters(upwelling NO3, NO2)

50
Q

generated production

A

nutrients derive from recycling in surface waters from excretion NH4

51
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

process of taking form of nitrogen and making it into a useable form

52
Q

nitrifying bacteria

A

convert NH4 to NO2, or NO2 to NO3

53
Q

denitrifying bacteria

A

convert NO3 to NH4

54
Q

nitrate reducing bacteria

A

return NO3 to atmosphere as N2

55
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

N2 dissolved into water or NH4 in water, fixed between NO2 NO3 or NH4, returns to atmosphere as N2

56
Q

phosphorus

A

occurs dissolved in water mainly as phosphate PO4, required for synthesis of ATP source of energy for cellular reactions

57
Q

phosphorus cycle

A

goes between dissolved inorganic phosphorus-organic phosphorus-external phosphorus sources and sinks

58
Q

limiting nutrient

A

nitrogen limiting oceanic nutrient-limits phytoplankton growth in seawater which limits growth to rest of food chain

59
Q

silicon

A

important limiting element for diatoms because of skeleton construction, much silica taken up in Antarctic Ocean by abundant diatoms

60
Q

iron

A

important cofactor in oxygen production step of photosynthesis. in source of ferredoxin-electron acceptor donor than can enhance phytoplankton growth in high-nitrogen low-chlorophyll regions

61
Q

sources of iron

A

airborne terrigenous iron as dust from the land, volcanoes, along oceanic ridges

62
Q

microbial loop concept

A

bacteria feeds on DOC and POC from other species, introducing energy into food web, then gets eaten by larger creatures, cycle continues

63
Q

biomass

A

the mass of living material present at any time, expressed as grams per unit area/volume= standing stock

64
Q

productivity

A

the rate of production of living material per unit time per area/volume

65
Q

primary productivity

A

productivity due to photosynthesis

66
Q

secondary productivity

A

productivity due to consumers of primary producers

67
Q

food chain

A

linear sequence shown which organisms consume which other organisms

68
Q

trophic levels

A

level/position an organism occupies in a food chain

69
Q

food web

A

more complex diagram showing feeding relationships among organisms, not restricted to a linear hierarchy

70
Q

transfers between trophic levels

A

not complete
- some material not eaten
-not all eaten is converted with 100% efficiency
-metabolic costs are a lot

71
Q

budget for ingested food

A

I=E+R+G
ingested, egested, respired, growth

72
Q

trophic level transfer efficiency and calculation

A

measured by food chain efficiency (E)
amount extracted from a trophic level divided by amount of energy supplied to that level
(range from 10-50%)

73
Q

transfer between trophic level calculation

A

P=BE^n
P=production at highest level
B=primary production
E=food chain efficiency
n=number of links between levels

74
Q

oceanic food webs and the productivity and food chain efficiencies

A

varies on
-primary productivity
-food chain efficiency
-number of trophic levels
-area of ocean covered

75
Q

potential fish production

A

greatest potential is in upwelling zone

76
Q

bottom-up

A

bottom up= control of food chain by amount of primary production

77
Q

top-down

A

control of food chain by variation in top predators

78
Q

GPP

A

gross primary productivity- total carbon fixed during photosynthesis

79
Q

NPP

A

net primary productivity- total carbon fixed during photosynthesis minus that part which is respired, what is available to higher trophic levels

80
Q

oxygen technique

A

there is an addition of O2 from photosynthesis and a subtraction from respiration, can be measured using Winkler method or polarographic oxygen electrode
used when primary production is high ex. shelf

81
Q

light-dark bottle technique

A

1/2 light and 1/2 dark bottles measured over same period of time
light=oxygen from photosynthesis minus respiration
dark=oxygen from respiration only

82
Q

conversion of GPP estimated by oxygen technique to carbon units

A

GPP=375(L-D)x divided by PQ

83
Q

radiocarbon technique for measuring primary production

A

give known amount of bicarbonate to phytoplankton after a time and measure total carbon removed by cells from solution
useful where primary production is low ex. open ocean

84
Q

satellite approaches

A

satellites can use photometers to use wavelength to measure chlorophyll and seawater temperature

85
Q

global patterns of primary production based on oxygen

A

shelfs and coastal areas are nutrient rich, open oceans and gyre centers r poor

86
Q

radiocarbon

A

method of determining age of an object based on radioactive isotope of carbon

87
Q

diversity

A

variety and variability of life on earth

88
Q

speciation and extinction

A

balance of this explains regional patterns- new species and extinction of other species

89
Q

biogeographic patterns of diversity

A

isolate groups of species come from isolation and strong environmental gradients

90
Q

provinces

A

sum of many species coinciding boundaries, or a statistical construct of different species assemblages that co-occur in a region

91
Q

geographic barriers

A

temperature breaks, basins, Panama upheavals

92
Q

geography related to evolutionary history

A

geography can be proven to be related to speciation by evolutionary trees to patterns of geographic occurrence

93
Q

phylogeography

A

study of historical processes that may be responsible for the past to present distributions of lineages

94
Q

importance of barriers

A

different groups of evolutionarily related species found in long isolation periods create new species closely related to each other

95
Q

patterns of extinction and colonization of rocky shore fauna over last 3.5 million years

A

persistent boundary (Florida) can isolate populations of several species

96
Q

major gradients of species diversity

A

latitudinal diversity gradient

97
Q

within-habitat

A

number of species living in the same habitat type

98
Q

between-habitat

A

number of species living in all habitat types

99
Q

latitudinal gradients of diversity

A

number of species increases toward the equator. persistent yet differs for different groups

100
Q

explanations of regional diversity differences

A

presence of predators might enhance coexistence or competitor may drive inferior species to local extinction, recent historical events

101
Q

factors causing high diversity rates

A

greater speciation rate, lower extinction rate, greater area

102
Q

center of origin theory

A

high diversity centers are places where most species are produced and retained

103
Q

species richness and area relationship

A

stable habitat can reduce rate of extinction by persisting in smaller population sizes ex. deep sea

104
Q

mass extinction

A

short period of time where a high percentage of biodiversity dies out

105
Q

estimating diversity and its value

A

the number of species known in a habitats is poorly known making it severely underestimated

106
Q

habitat destruction

A

natural habitat is no longer able to support its native species

107
Q

habitat fragmentation

A

emergence of discontinuities within an organisms habitat that causes fragmentation and ecosystem decay

108
Q

habitat degradation

A

habitat can no longer support species due to pollution, invasions, over-utilization, etc

109
Q

conservation strategies

A

marine protected areas/reserves, legislation

110
Q

foundation species

A

a species that has a large contribution towards creating an ecosystem to support other species ex. corals

111
Q

trophic cascading species

A

when an entire trophic level is suppressed

112
Q

functional redundancy

A

species lost is compensated by other species contributing similarly to functioning

113
Q

marine protected areas

A

reserves set aside to allow population to thrive and spill over into unprotected areas

114
Q

marine invasions

A

arrival of non native species with strong ecological effects

Marine Biology (4 decks)

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