EXAM2- Review of CV Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
the circulatory system works with what system
A
pulmonary system
2
Q
names for circulatory + pulmonary system when working together
A
-cardiopulmonary system
-cardiorespiratory system
3
Q
3 purposes of the cardiorespiratory system
A
-transport O2 + nutrients to tissues
-removal of CO2 wastes from tissues
-regulation of body temperature
4
Q
when we exercise, our vessels dilate/constrict
A
dilate
-because body temp goes up
5
Q
in a cold setting, our vessels dilate/constrict
A
constrict
-our body initiates shivering, rapid muscle contraction to give off heat)
-constrict to keep heat within the body
6
Q
heart
A
creates pressure to pump blood
7
Q
arteries + arterioles
A
carry blood away from the heart
8
Q
veins + venules
A
carry blood toward the heart
9
Q
capillaries
A
responsible for all exchange of O2, CO2, + nutrients with tissues
10
Q
blue part of the heart represents
A
deoxygenated blood
11
Q
**be able to label R atrium, L atrium, R ventricle, L ventricle, + interventricular septum on slide 4
A
12
Q
left ventricle
A
pushes blood to the rest of the body
13
Q
top segments of heart
A
R atrium + L atrium
14
Q
bottom segments of heart
A
R ventricle + L ventricle
15
Q
3 parts of the heart wall
A
-epicardium
-myocardium
-endocardium
16
Q
myocardium
A
“muscle” responsible for heart contraction
-essentially, the muscle of the heart
17
Q
myocardium receives blood supply via ____
A
coronary arteries
18
Q
coronary arteries are responsible for
A
meeting high demands of oxygen + nutrients
19
Q
myocardial infarction (MI)
A
aka a heart attack
-blockage in coronary blood flow results in cell damage
-cardiac tissue dies; once cardiac tissue is dead, we cannot do anything to regenerate it, which can have extreme effects on a person’s ability to function after a MI
20
Q
what protects against heart damage during a MI
A
exercise training
-individuals that exercise + have an MI are much more likely to survive + function after
21
Q
epicardium is also called
A
visceral pericardium
22
Q
epicardium characteristics
A
serous membrane including blood capillaries, lymph capillaries, + nerve fibers
23
Q
epicardium function
A
serves as lubricative outer covering
24
Q
myocardium characteristics
A
cardiac muscle tissue separated by connective tissues and includes blood capillaries, lymph capillaries + nerve fibers
25
myocardium function
provides muscular contractions that eject blood from the heart chambers
26
endocardium characteristics
endothelial tissue + a thick subendothelial layer of elastic + collagenous fibers
27
endocardium function
serves as protective inner lining of the chambers + valves
28
blood is made up of what 2 things
-plasma
-cells
29
plasma
liquid portion of blood
-contains ions, proteins, hormones
30
3 types of blood cells
-RBC
-WBC
-platelets
31
red blood cells (RBC)
contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen
32
the largest % of cells in the blood are what
red blood cells
33
white blood cells
important in preventing infection
34
platelets
important in blood clotting
-if you get a scrape, helps scab
35
hematocrit
% of blood composed of RBC
36
centrifuge
machine that breaks blood into its 2 components (plasma + blood cells)
37
if someone has an infection, what levels do we expect to go up
WBC
38
typical hemaocrit of blood
42%
39
systole
-contraction phase
-ejection of blood
40
how much blood is ejected from ventricles per beat
2/3 blood
41
why is 1/3 blood left in ventricle after contraction
because you must have a little blood leftover to maintain the structural integrity of the ventricle
-if we took all the blood out, the ventricle would collapse
42
diastole
-relaxation phase
-filling with blood
43
at rest, diastole or systole is longer
diastole
-makes sense because our heart wants to do least work required
44
**during exercise, what happens to systole + diastole
both become shorter
-the higher the intensity of the exercise, the more the phases will shorten
45
pressure in diastole
pressure in ventricles is LOW
-things want to travel from high to low pressure, so having low pressure in ventricle during diastole facilitates it filling up with blood
46
during diastole, ventricles are filling with blood from ____
atria
47
pressure in systole
pressure in ventricles rises
48
during systole, blood is ejected in ____
pulmonary + systemic circulation
49
first heart sound
systole
-closing of AV valves
50
second heart sound
diastole
-closing of aortic + pulmonary valves
51
how is arterial BP expressed
systolic/diastole
52
normal BP
<120/<80 mmHg
53
systolic pressure
pressure generated during ventricular contraction
54
diastolic pressure
pressure in arteries during cardiac relaxation
55
pulse pressure
difference between systolic + diastolic
ex: 120/80
pulse pressure = 120-80 = 40
56
what would a BP of 120/120 mean
no resting period for the heart because pressure is staying consistent the entire time
57
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
average pressure in the arteries during cardiac cycle AT REST
58
MAP equation
MAP = DBP + (0.33)(SBP-DBP)
59
what does contraction of the heart depend on
electrical stimulation of the myocardium
60
describe heart contraction
automatic contraction
-need for electrical stimulation
61
describe skeletal muscle contraction
voluntary contraction
-brain must send signal to do so
62
sinoatrial node (SA node)
-pacemaker
-initiates depolarization
63
atrioventricular node (AV node)
-passes depolarization to ventricles
-brief delay (called AV delay) to allow for ventricular filling (blood transfer from atria to ventricle)
64
why does AV delay occur
so that atria + ventricles do not contract at same time
-if they were stimulated at the same time, no blood would move
65
bundle branches extend from
AV node
66
bundle branches
connect atria to L + R ventricle
-splits into 2 so the wave of depolarization can affect L + R side of heart
67
purkinje fibers
spread depolarization throughout ventricles
68
4 steps of conduction system of the heart
1. APs originate in the SA node (the pacemaker) + travel across the wall of the atrium from the SA node to the AV node
2. APs pass through the AV node + along the AV bundle, which extends from the AV node, through the fibrous skeleton, into the interventricular septum
3. the AV bundle divides into R + L bundle branches, + APs descend to the apex of each ventricle along the bundle branches
4. APs are carreid by the purkinje fibers from the bundle branches to the ventricular walls
69
regulation of HR
a mix/coordination between parasympathetic + sympathetic nervous system
70
parasympathetic nervous system regulates HR via what
vagus nerve
71
how does parasympathetic nervous system regulate HR
-slows HR by inhibiting SA + AV node
-decrease in parasympathetic tone = increase in HR (typically causes rise in HR up to 100 bpm)
72
sympathetic nervous system regulates HR via what
cardiac accelerator nerves
73
how does sympathetic nervous system regulate HR
increases HR by stimulating SA + AV node (typically causes rise in HR BEYOND 100 bpm)
74
there is a decrease/increase in HR at onset of exercise
increase
75
describe increase in HR at onset of exercise
-INITIAL increase (at onset) is due to parasympathetic withdrawal
-LATER increase (a few seconds later) is due to increased sympathetic stimulation
76
**see diagram on slide 16
77
what happens when parasympathetic nerve is stimulated
-causes release of ACh in little junctions
-ACh then binds to receptors on SA node, which will inhibit HR
-when you need HR to go down, that is when parasympathetic kicks in
78
what happens when sympathetic nerve is stimulated
-also goes to SA node
-when cardiac accelerator nerves are stimulated, they release norepinephrine into gap
-stimulatory, will increase HR
79
heart rate variability
the time between heart beats
80
HR variability is the standard deviation of what on an EKG
R-R interval
81
HR variability is the balance between what
between SNS + PNS
82
wide/high variation in HR variation is good/bad
higher HR variability = good
-tells us that PNS kicks in when it needs to + same with SNS
83
wide variation in HRV reflects ____
autonomic balance
-considered healthy
84
low HRV is a predictor of what
cardiovascular morbidity + mortality
-in patients with existing cardiovascular disease
85
what does low HR variability tell us
either PNS or SNS is overriding
86
cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute
87
cardiac output is the product of what
HR x SV
(heart rate x stroke volume)
88
cardiac output equation
Q = HR x SV
89
heart rate
number of beats per minute
90
stroke volume
amount of blood ejected in each beat
91
what 2 things does cardiac output depend on
-training state
-gender
92
males/females have higher cardiac output
males
-because bigger build so typically need more
93
one of the key benefits of training
greater cardiac output
94
end-diastolic volume (EDV)
volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole
-basically how good your ventricle is at filling with blood
95
what is another name for EDV
preload
96
the more EDV you have...
greater contraction
-because more stretch (when ventricle is optimally filled) which facilitates a stronger contraction
97
Frank-Starling mechanism
greater EDV results in a more forceful contraction
-due to stretch of ventricles
98
what is EDV dependent on
venous return
99
venous return
how much blood is coming into the heart
100
what 3 things increase venous return
-venoconstriction
-skeletal muscle pump
-respiratory pump
101
how does venoconstriction increase venous return
increased pressure in veins
102
how does skeletal muscle pump increase venous return
-rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions force blood in the veins toward the heart
-one-way valves in veins prevent backflow of blood
103
how does respiratory pump increase venous return
changes in thoracic pressure pull blood toward heart
104
stroke volume is dependent on what 3 factors
-EDV
-MAP
-strength of ventricular contraction (contractility)
105
how is stroke volume dependent on MAP (average aortic BP)
pressure of heart must pump against to eject blood (afterload)
-meal arterial pressure
106
how is stroke volume dependent on strength of ventricular contraction (contractility)
enhanced by:
-circulating epinephrine + norepinephrine
-direct sympathetic stimulation of heart
107
oxygen demand by muscles during exercise is ___x greater than at rest
15-25x greater
108
what 2 ways is increased O2 delivery accomplished by
-increased cardiac output
-redistribution of blood flow (from inactive organs to working skeletal muscle)
109
as soon as we begin to exert ourselves, ___ demands increase
oxygen
110
cardiac output increases due to what 2 things
-increased HR
-increased SV
both of these increase during exercise
111
describe increase in HR during exercise
linear increase until reaches max
112
how to calculate max HR
220 - age for adults
-KNOW there is an equation for children, but don't need to know specific equation
113
describe increase in SV during exercise
increase, then plateau at 40-60% VO2 max
-no plateau in HIGHLY trained subjected
114
what does plateau in SV mean
after 40-60%, if cardiac output continues to increase it must come from increased HR
115
**see slide 23 graphs
116
circulatory responses to exercise
changes in HR + BP
117
circulatory responses to exercise (changes in HR + BP) depend on what 4 things
-type, intensity, + duration of exercise
-environmental condition
-emotional influence
-training status
118
there is an equal/more/less exaggerated response if you are hitting lower vs upper body
LESS exaggerated response for lower body
119
what happens anytime heat/humidity becomes part of the equation...
we get a very different response + can disregard typical responses
120
one of the key benefits of being TRAINED (in regards to HR + BP)
we see a LOWER change in HR + BP
121
at the same oxygen uptake, arm work results in higher of what 2 things
-HR
-BP
122
at the same oxygen uptake, arm work results in higher HR due to what
higher sympathetic stimulation
123
at the same oxygen uptake, arm work results in higher BP due to what
vasocontriction of large inactive muscle mass
124
when you hit lower body, which muscles constrict
upper body muscles
-opposite is true for when you hit upper body
125
steady state
physiologically means that body is able to meet demands being placed on it
126
transition from rest to exercise- what occurs at the onset of exercise
-rapid increase in HR, SV, cardiac output
-plateau in submaximal (below lactate threshold) exercise
127
transition from exercise to recovery- what occurs during recovery
-decrease in HR, SV, + cardiac output toward resting levels
-depends on:
* duration + intensity of exercise
* training state of subject
128
trained vs untrained people in recovery
trained people return to recovery much faster than regular individuals
129
**see graph on slide 27
130
regular exercise is ____
cardioprotective
131
2 reasons why regular exercise is cardioprotective
-reduces incidence of heart attacks
-improves survival from heart attack
132
what does exercise reduce during a heart attack
reduces amount of myocardial damage from heart attack
133
how does exercise reduce the amount of myocardial damage from heart attack
-improvements in heart's antioxidant capacity (ability to remove free radicals, repair tissue damage, etc.)
-improved function of ATP-sensitive potassium channels
134
when tissues are more sensitive to ATP, what does this mean
they require LESS ATP
-beneficial to be better at using ATP in the context of a heart attack
-when cells become necrotic/start to die, heart uses a ton of ATP to counteract the dying cells
135
endurance exercise protects against cardiac injury during heart attack graph- how did untrained compare to trained
roughly 1/3 of untrained damage occurred in trained
136
when heart tissue dies can it be regenerated
no, nothing can be done to regenerate necrotic tissue
137
**see graph on slide 30
