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Histology - Exam 2 > Exam2 - Circulatory System > Flashcards

Exam2 - Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

contents of circulatory system

A

heart, blood vessels, lymphatic system

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2
Q

blood vessel layers

A

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

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3
Q

vasa vasorum

A

smaller vessels branching off large vessels through adventitia and outer part of media

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4
Q

which vessels have more vasa vasorum?

A

veins

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5
Q

nervi vascularis

A

lymphatics and nerves in adventitia of large vessels

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6
Q

tunica intima composition

A

endothelium + underlying subendothelial CT - including internal elastic lamina in larger vessels

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7
Q

tunica media composition

A

mostly smooth muscle cells and external elastic lamina when present

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8
Q

tunica adventitia composition

A

fibroelastic CT

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9
Q

fibroelastic CT

A

dense irregular CT w/ small amounts of elastic fibers

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10
Q

artery classifications

A

large = elastic; medium = muscular; small = arterioles

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11
Q

elastic arteries

A

conducting arteries that conduct blood to muscular arteries

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12
Q

examples of elastic arteries

A

aorta, pulmonary, brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, common iliac arteries

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13
Q

elastic artery internal elastic lamina

A

present but incomplete

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14
Q

elastic artery subendothelial layer composition

A

loose CT w/ collagen, elastic fibers, fibroblasts

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15
Q

elastic artery media

A

thick w/ 40-70 concentric elastic sheets

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16
Q

elastic artery adventitia

A

thin w/ elastic and collagen fibers

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17
Q

elastic artery external elastic lamina

A

no distinct layer

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18
Q

muscular arteries

A

distributing arteries that deliver blood to organs

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19
Q

size of muscular arteries

A

0.5 mm - 1 cm

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20
Q

innervation of muscular arteries

A

postganglionic sympathetic nerves

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21
Q

muscular artery intima

A

thinner than in elastic arteries

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22
Q

muscular artery internal elastic lamina

A

yes -well developed

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23
Q

muscular artery subendothelial CT

A

lacks smooth muscle cells

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24
Q

muscular artery media

A

up to 40 circular layers of smooth muscle interspersed w/ elastic fibers

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25
Q

muscular artery external elastic lamina

A

yes - thick

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26
Q

muscular artery adventitia

A

may be as thick as the media, contains collagen and elastic fibers

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27
Q

size of arterioles

A

diameter less than 0.5 mm

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28
Q

arteriole subendothelial CT

A

very sparse

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29
Q

arteriole internal elastic lamina

A

may or may not be present - consists of a network of fibers not always seen w/ LM

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30
Q

arteriole media

A

1-3 layers of smooth muscle cells w/ occasional elastic fibers

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31
Q

arteriole adventitia

A

layer of loose CT w/ longitudinally arranged collagenous and elastic fibers

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32
Q

size of capillaries

A

7-10 um diameter

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33
Q

capillaries

A

consist of a single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by thin sheath of reticular and collagenous fibers and some pericytes

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34
Q

three types of capillaries

A

continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous

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35
Q

pericytes

A

mesenchymal-like stem cells that differentiate into fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells during wound healing

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36
Q

location of pericytes

A

primarily on post-capillary side of circulation

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37
Q

continuous capillaries

A

somatic capillaries that have continuous endothelium and basal lamina

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38
Q

vesicles in continuous capillaries?

A

numerous pinocytotic vesicles for transcytosis

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39
Q

location of continuous capillaries

A

muscle, CT, CNS, exocrine pancreas, gonads

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40
Q

continuous capillaries in CNS have what type of junctions and why?

A

tight junctions - contribute to BBB

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41
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

visceral capillaries that have attenuated endothelium w/ large 60-80 nm fenestrae closed by thin 4-6 nm diaphragms but a continuous basal lamina

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42
Q

location of fenestrated capillaries

A

mucosa of GI tract, endocrine glands, renal, kidney (glomerular and peritubular capillaries), choroid plexus, ciliary body

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43
Q

special feature of fenestrated endothelium in glomerular capillaries

A

no diaphragms

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44
Q

discontinuous capillaries

A

sinusoidal capillaries that have irregular, tortuous walls and wide gaps b/w cells with an incomplete basal lamina

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45
Q

location of discontinuous capillaries

A

liver and hemopoietic organs (bone marrow, spleen)

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46
Q

veins function

A

return blood to heart

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47
Q

size of venules

A

12 um - 1 mm diameter

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48
Q

venule intima

A

endothelial cells

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49
Q

venule media

A

1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells

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50
Q

venule adventitia

A

several layers of collagen fibers

51
Q

postcapillary venules

A

receive blood from capillaries

52
Q

what cells line postcapillary venules?

A

incomplete layer of pericytes that becomes more complete as vessel enlarges

53
Q

what are postcapillary venules an important site for?

A

activity in inflammation

54
Q

vasoactive compounds

A

histamine and serotonin - affect fluid extravasation and migration of WBCs 12-50 um

55
Q

muscular venules

A

have 1-2 layers of smooth muscle, thin adventitia, and NO pericytes

56
Q

size of small to medium veins

A

1-9 mm diameter

57
Q

S to M veins subendothelial CT

A

may have a thin layer

58
Q

S to M veins media

A

thin w/ some reticular and elastic fibers interspersed w/ smooth muscle cells

59
Q

S to M veins adventitia

A

well-developed w/ multiple layers of collagenous fibers w/ a few smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

60
Q

large vein examples

A

SVC, IVC, portal trunk

61
Q

large vein intima

A

similar to small veins

62
Q

large vein media

63
Q

large vein adventitia

A

thick w/ collagenous fibers adn longitunal arranged smooth muscle cells

64
Q

venous valves

A

paired, semilunar folds of intima covered w/ endothelium that prevent retrograde blood flow

65
Q

location of venous valves

A

in small or medium sized veins primarily in lower limbs

66
Q

arteriovenous anastamoses

A

connections primarily b/w arterioles and venules w/ a specialized tunica media that contains a sphincter to control where blood flows

67
Q

when shunt is closed..

A

arterial blood flows into capillary bed

68
Q

when shunt is open..

A

blood bypasses capillary bed and flows directly into a vein

69
Q

pre-capillary sphincter

A

present in some arteriovenous anastamoses - controls amount of blood flowing into the capillary

70
Q

lymph

A

plasma proteins, fluid, enzymes, lipids, antibodies, hormones, and other macromolecules that leaked from blood vessels and bathe tissues and interstitial spaces

71
Q

flow of lymph

A

one direction only - toward base of neck

72
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

endothelium lined vessels that scavenge fluid filtered by lymph nodes and recycles it back into venous circulation at base of neck

73
Q

lymphatic basal lamina

A

not present

74
Q

origination of lymphatic vessels

A

in CT as closed-end anastamosing capillaries

75
Q

size of lymphatic vessels

A

10-50 um diameter

76
Q

where are lymphatic vessels not present?

A

CNS and bone marrow

77
Q

can lymphatic vessels prevent backflow?

A

yes - have paired cusp valves

78
Q

where are lymphatics located in skeletal muscle?

A

perimysium only

79
Q

lacteals

A

important route of fat absorption in the intestine

80
Q

how do smaller lymphatic vessels remain open?

A

have fine anchoring filaments attached to perivascular collagen to hold vessel open

81
Q

large lymphatic vessel layers

A

have intima, media, adventitia, but may be difficult to discern w/ LM

82
Q

how are thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct structurally similar to veins?

A

are contractile (have smooth muscle) and may be up to 5 mm in diameter

83
Q

what vessel is the main regulator for BP systemically?

A

arterioles

84
Q

capillary function

A

exchange of O2, CO2, waste products

85
Q

atherosclerosis

A

foam cell (lipid laden macrophage) formation and fatty deposits in intima that may block vessel

86
Q

restenosis

A

smooth muscle cell proliferation that follow angioplasty procedures and may occlude vessel

87
Q

aneurysm

A

ballooning out of artery due to weakness in arterial wall

88
Q

what causes aneurysm?

A

atherosclerosis, syphilis, CT disorders like Ehlers-danlos and marfans

89
Q

varicose veins

A

tortuous, dilated veins primarily in legs of old folks due to decrease in muscle tone and failure of venous valves

90
Q

fxn of prostacyclin produced by endothelial cells?

A

inhibit platelet adhesion and clot formation

91
Q

origin of prostacyclin

A

arachidonic acid

92
Q

fxn of NO secretion by endothelial cells?

A

vasodilation in media (smooth muscle relaxation)

93
Q

fxn of endothelin-1 secretion by endothelial cells?

A

vasoconstrictor

94
Q

how do endothelial cells regulate traffic of inflammatory cells?

A

macrophages in surrounding CT secrete cytokines that induce expression of E-selection on endothelial cells -> E-selectin binds to neutrophils, causing them to extravasate by migration through endothelium

95
Q

maternal-fetal circulation

A

mother’s circulatory system not continuous w/ that of fetus - only materials in the blood (no blood) are exchanged b/w mom and fetus where umbilical cord fuses w/ uterine walls (placenta)

96
Q

what does fetal side of circulation consist of?

A

outer layer of multinucleate syncytiotrophoblast cells

97
Q

endocardium

A

inner layer of heart homologous to intima that is lined by endothelium and continuous w/ blood vessels that enter/leave heart

98
Q

endocardial subendothelial layer

A

find collagenous fibers

99
Q

does endocardium contain fibroelastic CT?

A

yes - thin layer of dense fibroelastic CT

100
Q

endocardial subendocardial layer

A

loose CT connected to myocardium containing blood vessels, nerves, purkinje fibers

101
Q

myocardium

A

middle layer of heart homologous to media that contains cardiac muscle tissue

102
Q

myocardium arrangement in ventricles

A

superficial layers w/ spiral course and deep layers w/ circular course

103
Q

epicardium

A

outer layer of heart homologous to adventitia (lipid) formed by mesothelial cells

104
Q

epicardial subepicardial layer

A

loose CT and adipose tissue containing the coronary vessels and nerves

105
Q

fibrous skeleton

A

dense irregular CT that results in electrical discontinuity b/w myocardial cells of atria and ventricles and therefore controls communication b/w them via AV bundle (insulation)

106
Q

components of fibrous skeleton

A

septum membranaceum, annuli fibrosi, trigona fibrosa

107
Q

septum membranaceum

A

fibrous portion of IV septum

108
Q

annuli fibrosi

A

fibrous rings around the origins of the pulmonary artery, aorta and AV canals

109
Q

trigona fibrosa

A

fibrous tissue b/w the arterial foramina and the AV canals

110
Q

how are AV valves connected to papillary muscles of ventricles?

A

fibrous cords called chordae tendineae

111
Q

AV and semilunar valve composition

A

have both dense and loose CT layers surrounded by endothelium

112
Q

SA node

A

pacemaker of heart that contains modified cardiac muscle cells concentrically arranged around a nodal artery

113
Q

AV node

A

node containing cells similar to those in SA node that continues to form a common stem - AV bundle of His

114
Q

AV node location

A

beneath endocardium of the septal wall of RA

115
Q

AV bundle of His

A

formed by purkinje fibers that penetrate skeleton and then branch to form left and right bundle branches

116
Q

purkinje fibers

A

cardiac conduction fibers derived from modified muscle cells that travel in subendocardial layer to heart apex, then reverse direction and branch to make contact and form gap junctions w/ cardiac muscle cells

117
Q

what are purkinje fibers filled with?

118
Q

parasympathetic nerves route and effect on heart

A

from vagus to SA node - slow heart

119
Q

sympathetic nerves effect on heart

A

accelerate heart beat

120
Q

what do cardiac endocrine cells secrete?

A

polypeptide hormones

121
Q

location of cardiac endocrine cells

A

IV septum and atrial cardiac muscle

122
Q

what is atrial natriuretic peptide released in response to?

123
Q

effect of ANP

A

increases sodium and water secretion from kidney

124
Q

ANP gene makes what four hormones?

A
  • long acting natriuretic (sodium) peptide
  • vessel dilator
  • kaliuretic (potassium) peptide
  • ANP

Histology - Exam 2 (6 decks)

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