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Histology - Exam 2 > Exam 2 - Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

how does cartilage get nutrients

A

nutrients/waste pass to/from cell through matrix - avascular

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2
Q

what does cartilage contain

A

chondrocytes embedded in ECM

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3
Q

functions of cartilage

A

supports soft tissues, guides development/growth of long bones

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4
Q

where is hyaline cartilage located

A

at articular ends of long bones in adults, walls of respiratory system (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi), ventral ends of ribs; also temporary skeleton for fetus until replaced by bone

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5
Q

type of collagen in hyaline cartilage

A

type 2

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6
Q

hyaline cartilage matrix

A

homogenous, amorphous ground substance w/ proteoglycan aggregates (w/ chondroitin, keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid) and chondronectin embedded type 2 collagen + territorial/capsular matrix

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7
Q

where is territorial matrix found

A

adjacent to chondrocytes

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8
Q

composition of territorial matrix

A

low collagen, high GAGs

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9
Q

staining of territorial matrix

A

very basophilic and metachromatic; more intense with PAS stain than intercapsular matrix - due to sulfate groups on proteoglycans

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10
Q

perichondrium composition

A

dense irregular CT

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11
Q

perichondrium location

A

surrounds hyaline cartilage except at articular surfaces

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12
Q

perichondrium layers

A

outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer

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13
Q

perichondrium function

A

provides blood supply for avascular cartilage

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14
Q

outer fibrous layer of perichondrium

A

type 1 collagen, fibroblasts, blood vessels

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15
Q

inner cellular layer of perichondrium

A

chondrogenic cells

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16
Q

what are chondrocytes

A

mature cartilage cells (chondroblasts that have been completely surrounded by matrix)

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17
Q

chondrocyte location

A

embedded in lacunae in matrix

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18
Q

chondrocyte function

A

maintain cartilage matrix

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19
Q

chondroblast function

A

produce cartilage matrix

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20
Q

isogenous groups

A

groups of 2-8 chondrocytes in the same lacunae

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21
Q

elastic cartilage composition

A

matrix w/ network of elastic fibers (yellowish color)

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22
Q

elastic cartilage location

A

where flexible support needed - external ear, Eustachian tube, epiglottis, larynx

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23
Q

elastic vs. hyaline cartilage degeneration

A

elastic less prone to degeneration

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24
Q

type of collagen in elastic cartilage

A

type 2

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25
elastic cartilage perichondrium
similar to that of hyaline cartilage
26
fibrocartilage perichondrium
doesn't exist
27
composition of fibrocartilage
alternating rows of fibroblast-derived chondrocytes and thick bundles of type 1 collagen fibers - properties b/w dense CT and hyaline cartilage
28
location of fibrocartilage
may align along lines of stress - found where support and tensile strength needed in conjunction w/ hyaline cartilage: IV discs, articular discs, pubic symphysis, tendon and ligament insertions, knee joint menisci
29
what is fibrocartilage easily confused with
dense regular CT
30
in general, what is bone
calcified ECM with osteocytes embedded in matrix
31
three main functions of bone
protects vital organs, supports fleshy structures, provides calcium reserve
32
how is bone dynamic
constant shape change, absorption, resorption in response to biomechanical forces
33
inorganic calcified portion of bone matrix
- contains calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, sodium - primarily hydroxyapatite crystals - minerals are 50% of dry weight
34
organic portion of bone matrix
mainly type 1 collagen with ground substance containing chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate
35
primary bone
immature, woven bone that is the first bone formed in fetal development and in bone repair
36
primary bone mineral content
lower than secondary bone
37
secondary bone
mature, lamellar bone - two types: compact, spongy
38
compact bone
dense, outer portion of bone with outer and inner circumferential lamellae and osteons around haversian canals
39
volkmann's canals
connect osteons to each other
40
what is outer circumferential lamellae adjacent to
below periosteum
41
what is inner circumferential lamellae adjacent to
marrow cavity
42
spongy bone
meshwork of trabeculae in bone interior that helps distribute weight
43
spongy bone changes in osteoporosis?
becomes narrower
44
bone periosteum
layer of non-calcified CT covering bone on external surfaces, except synovial articulations, w/ outer fibrous, dense collagenous layer and inner cellular (osteogenic) layer
45
bone periosteum function
distribute blood vessels to bone
46
sharpey's fibers
type 1 collagen - attach periosteum to bone
47
haversian canals
hold blood vessels in the bone
48
canaliculi
microchannels b/w cells so cells can make contact w/ each other - have gap junctions
49
endosteum - what and where
thin specialized CT that lines marrow cavities
50
endosteum function
source of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts for bone growth and repair
51
cement line
region where remodeling has occurred - highly mineralized line
52
osteoid
non-mineralized bone matrix laid down first by osteoblasts
53
osteoprogenitor cells
flattened/spindle shaped cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts
54
osteoprogenitor cell location
inner layer of periosteum and endosteal cells that line marrow cavity
55
osteoblast shape and function
cuboidal/polygonal shaped cells that secrete collagen, ground substance, osteoid - regulate mineralization of bone
56
osteoblast location
single layer of cells in regions where bone is being formed
57
osteocyte function
maintain bone matrix - to limited extent can both synthesize and resorb bone
58
osteocyte location
in lacuna
59
how do osteocytes communicate w/ each other/osteoblasts
via processes that extend through canaliculi
60
osteoclasts description and function
multinucleated, acidophilic, phagocytic cells that actively resorb bone by releasing lysosomes into extracellular space - seal off area, acidifies and secretes acid hydrolases that resorb bone
61
Howship's lacunae
depression in bone created by osteoclast
62
osteoporosis
decrease in bone mass associated with normal ratio of mineral to matrix - due to decreased bone formation, increased bone resorption, or both
63
osteoporosis with old age
due to lower secretion of GH
64
osteoporosis in immobile patients
due to lack of physical stress on bone
65
osteoporosis in PMS women
due to lower estrogen secretion
66
osteomalacia
bone disorder due to calcium deficiency in adults - deficient calcification of newly formed bone and decalcification of calcified bone
67
osteomalacia and pregnancy
may be severe in pregnancy - calcium requirements of fetus may cause calcium losses from mom
68
Rickets
osteomalacia in children - mostly vitamin D deficiency, but calcium deficiency can contribute - deficient calcification in newly formed bone usually accompanied by deformation of bone spicules in epiphyseal plates - slow growth, deformation
69
Paget's disease
osteitis deformans - dysfunctional bone remodeling leading to bone that is abnormal, enlarged, not as dense, brittle and prone to breakage
70
acromegaly
excessive pituitary growth hormone in adults - very thick bones in extremities and in parts of facial skeleton

Histology - Exam 2 (6 decks)

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