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Histology - Exam 2 > Exam 2 - Integument > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Integument Flashcards

1
Q

functions of integument (5)

A
  • protection
  • thermoregulation
  • sensory organ
  • metabolism (vit D synthesis, energy storage)
  • excretion (excess water, salt, nitrogenous metabolic wastes through sweat)
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2
Q

where is thick skin found?

A

palms of hand and soles of feet

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3
Q

what is special about thick skin?

A

no hair follicles

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4
Q

where is thin skin found?

A

skin other than palms and soles

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5
Q

epidermis

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that contains keratinocytes

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6
Q

what is the pattern of keratin accumulation in epidermal cells?

A

accumulate more keratin as they migrate from basal layer

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7
Q

maturation time for epidermal cell maturation/desquamation?

A

25-50 days

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8
Q

layers of epidermis

A
  • stratum basale/germinativum
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum corneum
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9
Q

stratum basale/germinativum

A

single layer of columnar to cuboidal cells that has many mitotic figures and contains intermediate filaments, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes

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10
Q

what type of intermediate filaments are found in stratum basale?

A

10 nm tonofilaments

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11
Q

where are desmosomes found in stratum basale?

A

lateral and upper surface of cells

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12
Q

where are hemidesmosomes found in stratum basale?

A

bind cells to basal lamina

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13
Q

stratum spinosum

A

cuboidal, polygonal to slightly flattened cells with processes filled with intermediate filaments that terminate with desmosomes and has mitotic figures

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14
Q

what do stratum spinosum cells accumulate?

A

fibrillar protein cytokeratin that aggregates to form tonofibrils

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15
Q

stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flattened polygonal cells with basophilic keratohyaline granules and oval/rod-like lamellar granules in cytoplasm

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16
Q

lamellar granules/keratinosomes

A

granules formed by lipid bilayers which that fuse with cell membrane and exocytose contents into intercellular spaces of stratum granulosum

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17
Q

function of lamellar granules?

A

penetration barrier to foreign materials and maintain hydration of body

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18
Q

product of lamellar granules?

A

glycolipid - acylglucoceramide

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19
Q

stratum lucidum

A

thin layer of eosinophilic, newly keratinized cells w/ no organelles or nuclei

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20
Q

where is stratum lucidum found?

A

only in thick skin, but not in all thick skin

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21
Q

what is eleidin?

A

transformation product of keratohyalin

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22
Q

where is eleidin found?

A

stratum lucidum cells

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23
Q

stratum corneum

A

15-20 layers of flattened, non-nucleated cells filled w/ keratin

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24
Q

squames

A

dead flattened cells

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25
Q

how does skin heal if epidermis injured?

A

surrounding basal cells migrate and divide to cover wound - retinol/vitamin A needed for keratinocyte differentiation

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26
Q

retinol

A

vitamin A

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27
Q

how far do first degree burns extend?

A

statum lucidum

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28
Q

how far do second degree burns extend?

A

stratum basale

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29
Q

how far do third degree burns extend?

A

dermis

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30
Q

where does keratinocyte differentiation occur?

A

from basal layer to spinosum or granulosum

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31
Q

what happens w/ keratinocytes in granulosum?

A

glycolipids secreted to form multilayered lipid layer on outside of cell membrane

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32
Q

what happens w/ keratinocytes in corneum?

A

protein complex of involucrin-small Pro-rich-loricrin and keratin-filagrin aggregates link to inside of cell membrane

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33
Q

melanocytes

A

pigment producing cells of stratum basale

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34
Q

what are melanocytes derived from?

A

neural crest cells

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35
Q

location of melanocytes

A

rest on basal lamina and send processes into spinosum

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36
Q

function of melanocytes

A

distribute melanin to other cells/hair by exocytosis (cytocrine secretion)

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37
Q

how do keratinocytes obtain pigment granules?

A

endocytosis

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38
Q

where does melanin formation occur?

A

within melanosomes - organelles derived from golgi

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39
Q

how is melanin produced?

A

oxidation of tyrosine to 3,4-DOPA by tyrosinase and transformation of DOPA into melanin

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40
Q

how does number of melanocytes differ b/w people of varying skin colors?

A

same number of melanocytes in everyone - difference is in melanin production

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41
Q

addison’s disease

A

lack of cortisol from adrenal cortex which causes overproduction of ACTH -> increases skin pigmentation

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42
Q

albinism

A

melanocytes do not make melanin

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43
Q

what causes vision problems in albinism?

A

abnormal retina development and abnormal nerve connections b/w eye and brain

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44
Q

vitiligo

A

loss of melanocytes - depigmentation; patchy areas on skin that lose pigment

45
Q

what causes vitiligo?

A

unknown - possibly autoimmune or from sunburn

46
Q

langerhans cells

A

star shaped cells mainly in spinosum but occasionally in dermis near blood vessels that contain Fc and complement C3 receptors

47
Q

what are langerhans cells derived from?

A

bone marrow - macrophage lineage

48
Q

function of langerhans cells

A

can migrate out of epidermis to lymph nodes and present antigens to T cells and/or differentiate into activated dendritic cells

49
Q

what type of attachments do langerhans cells NOT form?

A

desmosomal attachments with other cells

50
Q

what type of granules do langerhans cells contain?

A

Birbeck/vermiform granules

51
Q

Birbeck/vermiform granules

A

membrane-bound, rod-like to racquet shaped granules that contain proteins (langerin) necessary for antigen uptake

52
Q

merkel’s cells

A

tactile epithelium cells associated w/ sensory nerve endings that participate in 2-pt discrimination

53
Q

location of merkel’s cells

A

primarily in thick skin of palms/soles

54
Q

what does merkel cell cytoplasm contain?

A

small dense granules that are catecholamine-like neurosecretory granules

55
Q

what is base of merkel cell in contact with?

A

peripheral neuron terminal

56
Q

dermis composition

A

CT divided into papillary layer and reticular layer containing follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerves, extensive capillary network

57
Q

dermis function

A

supports epidermis and binds it to subQ (hypodermis)

58
Q

dermal papillae

A

capillary network for thermoregulation and provides blood supply to epidermis by diffusion

59
Q

dermal papillae counterpart in epidermis

A

epidermal ridges or rete ridges

60
Q

what binds dermis to epidermis?

A

collagenous anchoring fibrils extending from basal lamina into anchoring plaques

61
Q

papillary layer composition

A

loose CT w/ fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages

62
Q

reticular layer composition

A

dense irregular CT that is thicker than papillary layer

63
Q

hypodermis

A

deeper continuation of dermis made of loose CT and adipose tissue

64
Q

location of pacinian corpuscles

A

hypodermis near dermis-hypodermis jxn

65
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

pressure/vibration sensors (look like onions)

66
Q

hair follicle

A

invagination of epidermis that terminates in hair bulb

67
Q

dermal papilla

A

projects into hair bulb

68
Q

what forms hair root?

A

epidermal cells covering hair bulb form hair root that produces and is continuous w/ hair shaft

69
Q

hair medulla

A

cells at apex of dermal papilla that produce large, vacuolated, moderately keratinized cells

70
Q

hair cortex

A

other cells around the papilla that differentiate into fusiform, heavily keratinized cells

71
Q

hair cuticle

A

produced by cells more peripheral in the hair root

72
Q

internal and external root sheath

A

produced by most peripheral root cells of hair

73
Q

glassy membrane

A

thickened basal lamina that separates hair follicle from dermis

74
Q

arrector pili muscles

A

smooth muscle bundles extending from dermis papillary layer to hair follicle CT sheath

75
Q

hair follicle and wound healing

A

clonogenic keratinocyte stem cells migrate up the hair follicles to heal wound

76
Q

sebaceous glands

A

holocrine glands that secrete oil

77
Q

sebaceous gland distribution

A

100 glands/cm2 of skin, but face, forehead, scalp have 400-600 glands/cm2 - none on palms and soles

78
Q

sebum

A

dead sebaceous gland cells + cell contents

79
Q

holocrine gland secretion

A

as cells proliferate and differentiate, gland acini fills with cells containing fat droplets -> nuclei become pyknotic -> cells burst and release contents

80
Q

acini

A

basal layer of undifferentiated flattened epithelial cells on basal lamina

81
Q

sudiferous glands

A

eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands that open onto skin surface

82
Q

what is the shape of sudiferous glands?

A

simple coiled tubuler gland

83
Q

what nerve fibers do sudiferous glands receive?

A

cholinergic nerve fibers

84
Q

where is secretory portion of sudiferous glands?

A

deep in dermis

85
Q

cell types in sudiferous glands?

A

myoepithelial cells (contractile), dark cells, clear cells

86
Q

secretion from sudiferous glands?

A

non-viscous secretion w/ little protein, but contains water, NaCl, urea, ammonia, uric acid (ultra filtrate of plasma)

87
Q

dark cells of sweat glands

A

mucoid, pyramidal cells that secrete glycoproteins

88
Q

clear cells of sweat glands

A

no secretory granules, but abundant glycogen - secrete water and electrolytes into intercellular canaliculi

89
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

sweat glands containing only one kind of secretory cell whose ducts open into hair follicles

90
Q

apocrine sweat gland location

A

axillary, areolar, anal regions

91
Q

apocrine sweat gland secretion

A

viscous, protein-containing secretion

92
Q

what nerve fibers do apocrine sweat glands receive?

A

adrenergic nerve fibers

93
Q

mechanism of secretion for apocrine sweat glands

A

merocrine mechanism of secretion

94
Q

nails

A

plates of keratinized epithelial cells

95
Q

where is nail root?

A

embedded in fold of skin

96
Q

eponychium

A

cuticle - s. corneum of epithelium over nail root

97
Q

nail plate

A

from nail matrix, lies on nail bed

98
Q

nail bed

A

only s. basale and s. spinosum

99
Q

nail matrix

A

extends from nail root to lunula

100
Q

lunula

A

white crescent at base of nail

101
Q

liver spots

A

big freckles on skin of older folks (lentigos) due to sun exposure - NOT related to liver

102
Q

actinic keratosis

A

precancerous condition that presents w/ thick, scaly patches of skin

103
Q

removal of actinic keratosis?

A

with liquid N

104
Q

what cancer makes up 90% of skin cancers?

A

basal cell carcinoma - slow growing and treatable if found early

105
Q

what cancer often develops from sun damaged areas?

A

squamous cell carcinoma - actinic keratosis due to sun damage

106
Q

malignant melanoma

A

cancer derived from melanocytes that is hard to treat once metastasized

107
Q

psoriasis

A

immune-mediated, genetic disease that presents w/ red, scaly patches of skin due to inflammation and hyperplasia -

108
Q

what other clinical manifestations is psoriasis often seen with?

A

joint problems

Histology - Exam 2 (6 decks)

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