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Histology - Exam 2 > Exam 2 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

conducting portion function

A

delivers air to lungs - warms, moistens, and filters air

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2
Q

conduction portion contents

A

nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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3
Q

respiratory portion

A

structures within lungs where O2 is exchanged for CO2 in the blood

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4
Q

respiratory portion contents

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveolus

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5
Q

nasal cavity contents

A

vestibule, olfactory segment, respiratory segment

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6
Q

nares

A

nostril openings - outer portion is thin skin

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7
Q

vestibule

A

first internal nasal cavity with a vascular lamina propria containing seromucous glands

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8
Q

vestibule lining

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium that changes to pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium posteriorly

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9
Q

vibrissae location and function

A

short hairs in vestibule that filter out large particles

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10
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

very small region of pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing olfactory cells, supporting/sustentacular cells, and basal cells

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11
Q

lamina propria of olfactory epithlium

A

has many veins, unmyelinated nerves, bowman’s glands

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12
Q

olfactory cells

A

bipolar nerve cells with a 30-60 day lifespan that contain bulbous apical projections (olfactory vesicles) with modified cilia

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13
Q

olfactory cilia

A

very long, nonmotile cilia that extend over the olfactory epithelium surface and function as odor receptors

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14
Q

olfactory cilia microtubule pattern

A
  • prox 1/3: 9x2+2

- distal 2/3: 9x1+2

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15
Q

supporting/sustentacular cells

A

provide physical and metabolic support to olfactory cells

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16
Q

description of sustentacular cells appearance

A

apically located nuclei with many microvilli and a prominent terminal web

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17
Q

basal cells

A

stem cells for other cells in olfactory epithelium that are in contact w/ basal lamina, forming an incomplete cell layer that does not extend to the surface

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18
Q

bowman’s glands

A

exocrine glands that secrete thin, watery secretions to flush surface of olfactory epithelium and prepare the odor receptors to receive new stimuli

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19
Q

what detects odor?

A

olfactory cilia detect dissolved odorous substances

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20
Q

nasopharynx location

A

posterior continuation of nasal cavities that becomes the oropharynx at the level of the soft palate - contains lymphoid tissue (adenoids)

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21
Q

what is nasopharynx lined by?

A

respiratory epithelium

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22
Q

larynx

A

connects pharynx w/ trachea and contains striated muscle, CT, and glands w/i its walls

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23
Q

what supports wall of larynx?

A

hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage

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24
Q

what in larynx is hyaline cartilage?

A

thyroid, cricoid, and lower part of arytenoid cartilages

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25
Q

what in larynx is elastic cartilage?

A

epiglottis, corniculate, and tips of arytenoids

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26
Q

vocal cords

A

consist of skeletal muscle (vocalis), vocal ligament (elastic fibers), and a covering of stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

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27
Q

vestibular folds

A

folds of loose Ct containing glands, lymphoid aggregations, and fat cells

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28
Q

what lines vestibular folds?

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

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29
Q

location of vestibular folds

A

lie superior to vocal cords

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30
Q

trachea layers

A

mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria) + submucosa + cartilage + adventitia - lamina propria ends and submucosa begins w/ poorly defined elastic membrane

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31
Q

what supports walls of trachea?

A

C-shaped hyaline cartilages with trachealis (smooth muscle) extending b/w open ends of the cartilages

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32
Q

what lies b/w adjacent C-rings of the trachea? purpose?

A

dense fibroelastic CT - permits trachea elongation during inhalation

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33
Q

tracheal epithelium

A

ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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34
Q

cell types in tracheal epithelium

A

ciliated cells, mucus cells, brush cells, small granule cells, and basal cells

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35
Q

brush cell

A

columnar receptor cell with blunt microvilli on surface - basal portion may be in contact w/ afferent nerve ending

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36
Q

small granule cell

A

bronchial cells of Kulchitsky that contain dense granules w/ catecholamine or other polypeptide hormones (members of diffuse endocrine system) - similar in size and location to basal cells

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37
Q

primary bronchi structure

A

structurally similar to trachea, but cartilage rings and spiral bands of smooth muscle completely encircle bronchi

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38
Q

in which bronchus are foreign objects more likely to lodge and why?

A

right - more vertical path

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39
Q

intrapulmonary bronchi

A

arise from subdivisions of primary bronchi and have irregular cartilage plates in walls, spiraling smooth muscle bundles that separate lamina propria from submocosa w/ seromucous glands

40
Q

what are intrapulmonary bronchi lined by?

A

respiratory epithelium

41
Q

layers of bronchi

A
  • mucosa
  • muscularis
  • submucosa
  • cartilage layer
  • adventitia
42
Q

primary bronchiole size

A

1 mm or less diameter

43
Q

primary bronchiole walls

A

walls have smooth muscle instead of cartilage plates and lack glands in submucosa

44
Q

primary bronchiole epithelium

A

larger airways: ciliated columnar w/ goblet cells

smaller airways: ciliated columnar w/ Clara cells

45
Q

when do primary bronchioles divide?

A

after entering pulmonary lobules

46
Q

terminal bronchiole size

A

less than 0.5 mm diameter

47
Q

terminal bronchiole walls

A

smooth muscle, no cartilage, lack glands in submucosa

48
Q

terminal bronchiole epithelium

A

simple cuboidal epithelium containing mostly Clara cells, some ciliated cells, NO goblet cells

49
Q

Clara cells function

A

secrete GAGs to protect bronchiolar lining and metabolize airborne toxins w/ cyt P450 enzymes in sER

50
Q

Clara cell appearance

A

dome-shaped apical surface w/ NO cilia

51
Q

respiratory bronchiole epithelium

A

simple cuboidal lining: prox - clara cells and ciliated cells; dist - mostly clara cells; occasional brush and dense-core granule cells

52
Q

how do you differentiate terminal bronchioles from respiratory bronchioles?

A

respiratory bronchiole walls are interrupted by alveoli

53
Q

alveolar duct walls

A

adjacent alveoli separated from one another by an inter alveolar septum

54
Q

what is the most distal portion of the respiratory system to contain smooth muscle?

A

alveolar ducts - present in walls at openings of adjacent alveoli

55
Q

alveolar duct lining

A

simple squamous epithelium consisting of type I and II pneumocytes

56
Q

alveolar sacs

A

outpouchings of numerous alveoli located at distal end of the alveolar duct

57
Q

alveoli

A

pouch-like evaginations in respiratory bronchiole walls, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

58
Q

alveoli function

A

site of O2 and CO2 diffusion b/w air and blood

59
Q

how are alveoli separated from each other?

A

inter alveolar septa that may contain 1 or more alveolar pores for pressure equalization b/w alveoli

60
Q

what types of fibers do alveoli have?

A

elastic fibers at openings and many reticular fibers in the walls

61
Q

alveoli lining

A

simple squamous epithelium of type I and II pneumocytes

62
Q

type I pneumocyte fxn

A

form tight junctions with adjacent cells

63
Q

what type of pneumocyte covers 95% of alveolar surface?

A

type I

64
Q

can type I pneumocytes divide?

A

no

65
Q

type II pneumocyte alternative names

A

type II alveolar cells, great alveolar cells, granular pneumocytes, septal cells

66
Q

type II pneumocyte description

A

cuboidal cells usually found near septal intersections that hae apical cytoplasm w/ short microvilli

67
Q

type II pneumocyte fxn

A

contain cytoplasmic lamellar bodies that store pulmonary surfactant

68
Q

can type II pneumocytes divide?

A

yes - can divide and regenerate both types of alveolar pneymocytes

69
Q

interalveolar septum

A

partition b/w two adjacent alveoli that contains continuous capillaries in the central/interior region

70
Q

interalveolar septum fxn

A

accomodates blood-gas barrier, which separates the alveolar airspace from the capillary lumen

71
Q

blood-gas barrier

A

type I pneumocyte + surfactant layer 0.2 um or less thick with fused basal lamina of pneumocytes and capillary endothelial cells and endothelium of continuous capillaries

72
Q

pulmonary surfactant composition

A

4 proteins (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D) and a phospholipid called DPPC (dipalmitoyl-phospholipidcholine)

73
Q

lung macrophages

A

cells found in airways and interstitial septal CT that clean up debris, bacteria, etc. and can move from septa to alveoli and back

74
Q

what percent of the cells in airways are alveolar macrophages normally?

A

70-85%

75
Q

how do inflammatory conditions affect macrophages in lungs?

A

increase in number and activation of both types of macrophage

76
Q

Hyaline membrane disease

A

neonatal RSD - not enough surfactant, causing labored breathing due to difficulty expanding alveoli

77
Q

what cells make surfactant and when?

A

type II pneumocytes after 25th week of gestation

78
Q

can HMD be treated?

A

if detected before birth - treat with glucocorticoids

79
Q

glucocorticoids

A

induce surfactant synthesis

80
Q

what type of emphysema gives you destruction of just respiratory bronchioles?

A

in smokers

81
Q

what type of emphysema gives you destruction of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar walls?

A

emphysema w/ alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency

82
Q

emphysema

A

formation of cyst like sacs that reduce gas exchange SA, causing decreased lung elasticity - can’t recoil adequately during expiration

83
Q

what is barrel chest a symptom of?

A

emphysema - lungs eventually expand and enlarge thoracic cavity

84
Q

alpha 1-antitrypsin

A

protein that protects lungs from elastase produced by neutrophils

85
Q

pulmonary edema

A

when fluid leaks into interstitial tissue and alveoli

86
Q

what cardiogenic dysfunction causes pulmonary edema?

A

LV dysfunction that causes dilation of pulmonary capillaries and increase in hydrostatic pressure

87
Q

what endothelial issue causes pulmonary edema?

A

destruction of endothelial lining by bacteria (endotoxin), trauma, or other agents (water - near drowning, chemical agents)

88
Q

asthma

A

constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle associated w/ difficult air expiration, mucus accumulation in airways, and inflammatory cell infiltration that is often progressive and associated w/ allergic rxn

89
Q

asthma treatment

A

epinephrine and isoproterenol or other bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxants

90
Q

effects of allergens

A

cause mast cell degranulation, releasing histamine and other inflammatory substances

91
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

defect in Cl channel that causes thick mucus build up in lungs

92
Q

lung pleura

A

consists of thin mesothelial layer attached to lung that seals the lung

93
Q

what lies under mesothelium of lung pleura?

A

CT layer w/ blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves

94
Q

hydrothorax

A

fluid in pleural cavity

95
Q

pneumothorax

A

air in pleural cavity

Histology - Exam 2 (6 decks)

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