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Neurosciences > Exam1Lec8IntrotoNeurologicalSciences > Flashcards

Exam1Lec8IntrotoNeurologicalSciences Flashcards

1
Q

Few dendrites on a neuron represents what?

A

Specificity

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2
Q

Many dendrites on a neuron represents what?

A

Intensity/ Integration

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3
Q

Chemical synapse allows for what of a neuron?

A

Adaptability

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4
Q

Electrical synapse allows for what of a neuron?

A

Speed

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5
Q

The human brain has how many neurons and synpases?

A

100 B neurons and 100 T synpases

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6
Q

What are the 3 cortex’s of the brain?

A

Neocortex, Mesocortex, Allocortex

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7
Q

The neocortex is generally responsible for what?
How many layers?

A

Highly evolved and responsible for decision making, personality, and other higher order thinking

layers: 6

isocortex=neocortex

Isocortex
what is in the layer: 90% of cerebral hemisphere (sensory, motor and association areas)

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8
Q

The mesocortex is generally responsible for what?
How many layers?

A

Limbic system responsible for emotion and memory function
layers: 3-6

what in the layers: Majority of limbic lobe

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9
Q

The allocortex is generally responsible for what?
How many layers?

A

Within the mesocortex and critical for creating new memories

whats in the layers: Hipocampal formation (archicortex)
Primary olfactory areas (paleocortex)

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10
Q

A signgle genetic mutation can cause what diseases?

A
  • Microcephaly
  • Huntingtons
  • Neurofibromatosis
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11
Q

What is rostral/caudal?

A

Rostral: towards nose of brain
Caudal: towards back of brain

rostral: more superior to spine
caudal: towards tail of spine

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12
Q

What are Afferent /Efferent neurons

A

Afferent: towards CNS
Efferent: away from CNS

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13
Q

What are the 4 cortical lobes of the Neocortex?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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14
Q

Frontal lobe fxn

A

-Movement (motor cortex – posterior portion of frontal lobe)
-Complex behaviors: planning, changing strategies, self awareness, attention to emotionally related stimuli and spontaneity of behavior.
-Production of speech (Broca’s area)

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15
Q

Parietal lobe fxn

A

-Somatosensory perception
-Some visually and acoustically related functions.
-Perception of space and in monitoring the body’s position in space.n (propriocepttion)

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16
Q

Occipital lobe fxn

A

Vision

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17
Q

Temporal lobe fxn

A

-Hearing
-Some functions in vision, memory and factors of personality and social behavior.
-Comprehending spoken words (Wernicke’s area)

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18
Q

What are the subcortical structures and their fxn?

A
  • Thalamus: Information “relay station”
  • Hypothalamus: Maintain homeostasis via hormones
  • Limbic System: Emotion and memory
    -Hippocampus & Amygdala
  • Basal Ganglia: Decide whether to initiate movement or not.

Thalamus: All information from your body’s senses (except smell) must be processed through your thalamus before being sent to your brain’s cerebral cortex for interpretation.

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19
Q

What is the fxn of the cerebellum?

A

Motor control and coordination
Has its own cortex and subcortical structures (deep nuclei)

20
Q

What is part of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

21
Q

What cranial nerves are located at the Cerebrum?

A

CN I (Olfactory)
CN II (Optic)

1-2
Oh (L), Oh (p), Oh (c), To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Ah Heaven

22
Q

What cranial nerves are located at the midbrain?

A

CN III (Oculomotor)
CN IV (Trochlear)

3-4
Oh (L), Oh (p), Oh (c), To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Ah Heaven

23
Q

What cranial nerves are located at the pons?

A

CN V (Trigeminal)
CN VI (Abducens)
CN VII (Facial)
CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear)

5-8
Oh (L), Oh (p), Oh (c), To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Ah Heaven

24
Q

What cranial nerves are located at the medulla oblongata?

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
CN X (Vagus)
CN XI (Accessory)
CN XII (Hypoglossal)

9-12
Oh (L), Oh (p), Oh (c), To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Ah Heaven

25
Q

Where does the midbrain sit? And what does it contain?

A

Sits on the dorsal surface of the brainstem, behind the cerebellum.
Quadrigeminal Plate

26
Q

Fxn of these structures in the MIDBRAIN
1. Red nucleus
2. Tecto-spinal tract
3. Central tegmental tract
4. Raphe nuclei
5. Reticular formation
6. Inf colliculis
7. Superior colliculus

A

1. Red nucleus: upper ext, flexion
2. Tecto-spinal tract: head turn
3. Central tegmental tract: arousal, triangle of GM
4. Raphe nuclei: serotinon psychotropic medications
5. Reticular formation: wakefulness
6. Inf colliculis : auditory fxn
7. Superior colliculus: Vision

bolded=unique to mid brain

27
Q

Where is the pons located?

A

Floor of 4th ventricle

28
Q

What does the pons consist of?

A

Consists of cerebellar peduncles which connect the hemispheres of the cerebellum.
* Superior (Under the colliculi)
* Middle (Bridge of the pons)
* Inferior (Inferior/medial to middle)

29
Q

Fxn of these structures in the Pons
1. Rubro-Spinal tract
2. Tecto-spinal tract
3. Central tegmental tract
4. Raphe nuclei
5. Reticular formation
6. Locus Coeruleus
7. Lateral Meniscus, Trapezoid body, Supeior olivary complex

A
  1. Rubro-Spinal tract: upper ext, flexion
  2. Tecto-spinal tract: head turn
    3. Central tegmental tract: arousal, triangle of GM
  3. Raphe nuclei: serotinon psychotropic medications
  4. Reticular formation: wakefulness
  5. Locus Coeruleus: Noradrenaline (nor epi)
  6. Lateral Meniscus, Trapezoid body, Supeior olivary complex: auditory fxn

bolded=unique to pons

30
Q

The medulla has ____ and ____ decussations. What are the nuclei and the fxn?

A

pyramidal and lemniscal
gracile nucleus: lower body sensation
cuneate nucleus: upper body sensation

31
Q

Name the fxn of these structures in the medulla
1. Inferior olive
2. Reticular formation
3. Obex

A
  1. Inferior olive – motor control
  2. Reticular formation – arousal, consciousness (Extends into pons and midbrain)
  3. Obex (4th ventricle narrows to central canal)
32
Q

Fxn of these structures in the MEDULLA
1. Inferior olive
2. Rubro-spinal tract
3. Tecto-spinal tract
4. Raphe nuclei
5. Reticular formation
6. Cuneate nucleus:
7. Gracile nucleus:
8. Area postrena

A
  1. Inferior olive: climbing fibers, triangle of GM
  2. Rubro-spinal tract: upper ext, flexion
  3. Tecto-spinal tract: head turn
  4. Raphe nuclei: serotonin, psyhotropic medication
  5. Reticular formation: wakefullnes
  6. Cuneate nucleus: upper body (large fiber, sensory)
  7. Gracile nucleus: lower body (large fiber, sensory)
    8. Area postrena: vomiting

bolded=uniqute to medulla

33
Q

What part of the spinal cords receives sensory info?

A

DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA

affferent fibers entrer sc at dorsal root ganglia

34
Q

What part of the spinal cord sends out motor info?

A

VENTRAL HORN

efferent tracts leaves sc at venral horm

35
Q

Where do upper motor neurons originate and what is their fxn?? What occurs when injured?

A

Originate in the motor cortex/brainstem
fxn: They CONTROL signal output
Spastic paresis during injury

36
Q

Where do lower motor neurons originate and what is their fxn?? What occurs when injured?

A

originate: in Spinal nerves and motor cranial nerves
fx: Signal output
Flaccid paralysis during injury

sends out acutal signal. With flaccid, you still have control, signal wont be sent out

37
Q

What cells make up the BBB?

A

Astrocytes + Endothelial Cells

38
Q

What are the meninges of the brain?

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

39
Q

Namer 3 fxns of the CSF

A

Cushion/buoyancy
Maintains intracranial pressure
Waste clearance

40
Q

CT scans
how does is show brain info?
what does hypodense (dark) show?
what does hyperdense (bright) show?

A

360 degree x-ray
Hypodense (dark) = edma/infarction
Hyperdnse (bright) = calcifications, hemorhage, and bone trauma

41
Q

What does the EEG show?

A

Brain waves from an electrode array

42
Q

What does the fMRI show?

A

Shows oxygenated blood flow activity

43
Q

What does a PET scan show?

A

Positron-emitting radioactive molecules are fused with substance of interest and consumed/applied.
* Glucose > detcts activity
* Precursors (i.e. AA’s) > detect proteins
* Ligands > detect receptor activity

44
Q

What does the MEG show?

A

Very high temporal and spatial resolution (millimeter precision)
Better than fMRI, PET, and SPECT

45
Q

What does an MRI show?

A

MRI shows anatomical structures, TISSUE and FLUID
Magnetic field excites atoms, which release radio frequency, which is absorbed and recorded

46
Q

Which imaging technique has the highest temporal and spatial resolution?

A

MEG

Neurosciences (28 decks)

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