Exam1Lec8IntrotoNeurologicalSciences Flashcards
Few dendrites on a neuron represents what?
Specificity
Many dendrites on a neuron represents what?
Intensity/ Integration
Chemical synapse allows for what of a neuron?
Adaptability
Electrical synapse allows for what of a neuron?
Speed
The human brain has how many neurons and synpases?
100 B neurons and 100 T synpases
What are the 3 cortex’s of the brain?
Neocortex, Mesocortex, Allocortex
The neocortex is generally responsible for what?
How many layers?
Highly evolved and responsible for decision making, personality, and other higher order thinking
layers: 6
isocortex=neocortex
Isocortex
what is in the layer: 90% of cerebral hemisphere (sensory, motor and association areas)
The mesocortex is generally responsible for what?
How many layers?
Limbic system responsible for emotion and memory function
layers: 3-6
what in the layers: Majority of limbic lobe
The allocortex is generally responsible for what?
How many layers?
Within the mesocortex and critical for creating new memories
whats in the layers: Hipocampal formation (archicortex)
Primary olfactory areas (paleocortex)
A signgle genetic mutation can cause what diseases?
- Microcephaly
- Huntingtons
- Neurofibromatosis
What is rostral/caudal?
Rostral: towards nose of brain
Caudal: towards back of brain
rostral: more superior to spine
caudal: towards tail of spine
What are Afferent /Efferent neurons
Afferent: towards CNS
Efferent: away from CNS
What are the 4 cortical lobes of the Neocortex?
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
Frontal lobe fxn
-Movement (motor cortex – posterior portion of frontal lobe)
-Complex behaviors: planning, changing strategies, self awareness, attention to emotionally related stimuli and spontaneity of behavior.
-Production of speech (Broca’s area)
Parietal lobe fxn
-Somatosensory perception
-Some visually and acoustically related functions.
-Perception of space and in monitoring the body’s position in space.n (propriocepttion)
Occipital lobe fxn
Vision
Temporal lobe fxn
-Hearing
-Some functions in vision, memory and factors of personality and social behavior.
-Comprehending spoken words (Wernicke’s area)
What are the subcortical structures and their fxn?
- Thalamus: Information “relay station”
- Hypothalamus: Maintain homeostasis via hormones
- Limbic System: Emotion and memory
-Hippocampus & Amygdala - Basal Ganglia: Decide whether to initiate movement or not.
Thalamus: All information from your body’s senses (except smell) must be processed through your thalamus before being sent to your brain’s cerebral cortex for interpretation.
What is the fxn of the cerebellum?
Motor control and coordination
Has its own cortex and subcortical structures (deep nuclei)
What is part of the brainstem?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
What cranial nerves are located at the Cerebrum?
CN I (Olfactory)
CN II (Optic)
1-2
Oh (L), Oh (p), Oh (c), To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Ah Heaven
What cranial nerves are located at the midbrain?
CN III (Oculomotor)
CN IV (Trochlear)
3-4
Oh (L), Oh (p), Oh (c), To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Ah Heaven
What cranial nerves are located at the pons?
CN V (Trigeminal)
CN VI (Abducens)
CN VII (Facial)
CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear)
5-8
Oh (L), Oh (p), Oh (c), To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Ah Heaven
What cranial nerves are located at the medulla oblongata?
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
CN X (Vagus)
CN XI (Accessory)
CN XII (Hypoglossal)
9-12
Oh (L), Oh (p), Oh (c), To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Ah Heaven
Where does the midbrain sit? And what does it contain?
Sits on the dorsal surface of the brainstem, behind the cerebellum.
Quadrigeminal Plate
Fxn of these structures in the MIDBRAIN
1. Red nucleus
2. Tecto-spinal tract
3. Central tegmental tract
4. Raphe nuclei
5. Reticular formation
6. Inf colliculis
7. Superior colliculus
1. Red nucleus: upper ext, flexion
2. Tecto-spinal tract: head turn
3. Central tegmental tract: arousal, triangle of GM
4. Raphe nuclei: serotinon psychotropic medications
5. Reticular formation: wakefulness
6. Inf colliculis : auditory fxn
7. Superior colliculus: Vision
bolded=unique to mid brain
Where is the pons located?
Floor of 4th ventricle
What does the pons consist of?
Consists of cerebellar peduncles which connect the hemispheres of the cerebellum.
* Superior (Under the colliculi)
* Middle (Bridge of the pons)
* Inferior (Inferior/medial to middle)
Fxn of these structures in the Pons
1. Rubro-Spinal tract
2. Tecto-spinal tract
3. Central tegmental tract
4. Raphe nuclei
5. Reticular formation
6. Locus Coeruleus
7. Lateral Meniscus, Trapezoid body, Supeior olivary complex
- Rubro-Spinal tract: upper ext, flexion
- Tecto-spinal tract: head turn
3. Central tegmental tract: arousal, triangle of GM - Raphe nuclei: serotinon psychotropic medications
- Reticular formation: wakefulness
- Locus Coeruleus: Noradrenaline (nor epi)
- Lateral Meniscus, Trapezoid body, Supeior olivary complex: auditory fxn
bolded=unique to pons
The medulla has ____ and ____ decussations. What are the nuclei and the fxn?
pyramidal and lemniscal
gracile nucleus: lower body sensation
cuneate nucleus: upper body sensation
Name the fxn of these structures in the medulla
1. Inferior olive
2. Reticular formation
3. Obex
- Inferior olive – motor control
- Reticular formation – arousal, consciousness (Extends into pons and midbrain)
- Obex (4th ventricle narrows to central canal)
Fxn of these structures in the MEDULLA
1. Inferior olive
2. Rubro-spinal tract
3. Tecto-spinal tract
4. Raphe nuclei
5. Reticular formation
6. Cuneate nucleus:
7. Gracile nucleus:
8. Area postrena
- Inferior olive: climbing fibers, triangle of GM
- Rubro-spinal tract: upper ext, flexion
- Tecto-spinal tract: head turn
- Raphe nuclei: serotonin, psyhotropic medication
- Reticular formation: wakefullnes
- Cuneate nucleus: upper body (large fiber, sensory)
-
Gracile nucleus: lower body (large fiber, sensory)
8. Area postrena: vomiting
bolded=uniqute to medulla
What part of the spinal cords receives sensory info?
DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA
affferent fibers entrer sc at dorsal root ganglia
What part of the spinal cord sends out motor info?
VENTRAL HORN
efferent tracts leaves sc at venral horm
Where do upper motor neurons originate and what is their fxn?? What occurs when injured?
Originate in the motor cortex/brainstem
fxn: They CONTROL signal output
Spastic paresis during injury
Where do lower motor neurons originate and what is their fxn?? What occurs when injured?
originate: in Spinal nerves and motor cranial nerves
fx: Signal output
Flaccid paralysis during injury
sends out acutal signal. With flaccid, you still have control, signal wont be sent out
What cells make up the BBB?
Astrocytes + Endothelial Cells
What are the meninges of the brain?
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
Namer 3 fxns of the CSF
Cushion/buoyancy
Maintains intracranial pressure
Waste clearance
CT scans
how does is show brain info?
what does hypodense (dark) show?
what does hyperdense (bright) show?
360 degree x-ray
Hypodense (dark) = edma/infarction
Hyperdnse (bright) = calcifications, hemorhage, and bone trauma
What does the EEG show?
Brain waves from an electrode array
What does the fMRI show?
Shows oxygenated blood flow activity
What does a PET scan show?
Positron-emitting radioactive molecules are fused with substance of interest and consumed/applied.
* Glucose > detcts activity
* Precursors (i.e. AA’s) > detect proteins
* Ligands > detect receptor activity
What does the MEG show?
Very high temporal and spatial resolution (millimeter precision)
Better than fMRI, PET, and SPECT
What does an MRI show?
MRI shows anatomical structures, TISSUE and FLUID
Magnetic field excites atoms, which release radio frequency, which is absorbed and recorded
Which imaging technique has the highest temporal and spatial resolution?
MEG
