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Neurosciences > Exam1Lec7AutonomicNS > Flashcards

Exam1Lec7AutonomicNS Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS consist of

A

Brain + spinal cord

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2
Q

What the PNS break down into

A
  1. Somatic: Voluntary control of skeletal muscle
  2. Autonomic: Involuntary control of viscera
    * Sympathetic: ”Fight or flight”
    * Parasympathetic: ”Rest, digest and repair”
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3
Q

Where is the distal synapse location for autonomic and somatic

A

Autonomic: Peripheral ganglia ->GPA
Somatic: cerebrospinal Axia-> CAS

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4
Q

Are the post synaptic nerve myelinated or not in autonomic and somatic

A

Automonic: non-myelinated
Somatic: myelinated

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5
Q

What happens when denervation happens in autonomic and somatic

A

Auto: Spontaneous activity
Somatic: paralysis, atrophy

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6
Q

For the Sympathetic division, where are the paravertebral ganglia located

A

Lay close to the spinal cord

lay close to CNS

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7
Q

For the Sympathetic division, what are the pre-ganglionic neurons and what do they innervate

A

Short cholinergic (ACh) projections leave CNS to innervate ganglia

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8
Q

For sympathetic division, what are the post-ganglionic neurons and where do they innervate

A

Long adrenergic (NE) projections leave ganglia to innervate effector

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9
Q

What is the exception of the post ganglionic neurons for sympathetic response

A

Exception: Kidney has dopaminergic innervation

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10
Q

What is the response to sympathetic stimulation?

A

Think of these reactions in term of “fight or flight.”

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11
Q

For the parasymapthetic, what are the pre-gang neurons and where do they inverate

A

Long cholinergic projections which innervate ganglia NEAR target organ.

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12
Q

For the parasymapthetic, what are the post-gang neurons and where do they inverate

A

Short cholinergic projections to target organ.

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13
Q

All projections of the parasympathetic division are _

A

cholinergic

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14
Q

What is the reponse to parasympathetic stimulation?

A

Think of these reactions in term of “Rest, digest, and repair.”

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15
Q

Most organs receive _ _

A

dual innervation (sympathetic + parasympathetic)

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16
Q

How does the human eye recieve dual innervation

A
  • Sympathetic – Radial muscle contracts dilating the pupil
  • Parasympathetic – Circular muscle contracts constricting the pupil
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17
Q

What does not recieve parasympathic innervation

A

Blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands

When I sweat, my hair bleeds- not para

18
Q

What is the precursor, enzyme of actylcholine and how is it terminated

A
  • Precursors: choline + acetyl CoA
  • Enzyme: choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
  • Terminated: hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
19
Q

What are the locations of cholinergic receptors

A
  • ALL pre-ganglionic neurons (parasympathetic and sympathetic) are cholinergic
  • ALL post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic are cholinergic
  • ALL somatic (skeletal muscle) neurons are cholinergic
20
Q

What are the subtype of cholinergic receptor

A
  1. Nicotinic Receptors
    * Ligand-gated (FAST)
    * NM & NN
  2. Muscarinic Receptors
    * G Protein-Coupled (SLOW)
    * M1, M2, M3, M4, M5
21
Q

Where is nicotinic acetylcholine receptors found? What is the speed of transmission and via what?

A
  • Found in the ganglia + skeletal muscle
  • FAST transmission via ligand-gated ion channels
22
Q

What are nicotinic agonists

A

Nicotine, DMPP, & Epibatidine

23
Q

What are the subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors? Location and physiological response?

A
  • Nm: in NMJ to have skeletal muscle contraction
  • Nn: in Autonomic ganglia, brain to have ganglionic transmission
24
Q

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are exclusively where?

A

post-ganglionic neurons of parasympathetic system
* Cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminals

Some post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system
* Sweat glands, vascular smooth muscle

25
Q

What are muscarinic agonists

A

Muscarine, Pilocarpine, & Oxotremorine

26
Q

What is the conduction of ODD muscarinic acetylcholine receptors? what do they cause?

A
  • Odd numbered Muscarinic receptors = EXCITATORY
  • Elevate intracellular [Ca2+]

These receptors modulate a parasympathetic response

27
Q

What is the conduction of EVEN muscarinic acetylcholine receptors? what do they cause?

A
  • Even numbered Muscarinic receptors = INHIBITORY
  • Inhibit Adenylyl Cyclase = Decrease cAMP

These receptors modulate a parasympathetic response

28
Q

Explain NE metabolism

A
  • Dopamine synthesized from tyrosine by enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase
  • Dopamine transported into vesicle by VMAT2
  • Dopamine β-hydroxylation (DßH) to Norepinephrine
29
Q

How is NE action terminated

A
  1. Reuptake into pre-synaptic terminal
  2. . Catabolized by MAO-A and COMT
30
Q

Where are the locations of adrenergic receptors

A

Post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system
* Cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminals

31
Q

What are the subtypes of adrenergic receptors

A
  1. Alpha Receptors (GPCR)
  2. Beta Receptors (GPCR)
32
Q

What do the alpha one and two resemble

A

a1 resemble odd muscarinic ACh receptors
* Increase intracellular Ca2+
* in vascular smooth muscle, heart, liver
* Causes vasoconstriction, increase contractile force, glycogenolysis, gluconegenesis

a2 resemble even muscarinic ACh receptors
* Inhibit adenylyl cyclase
* In pancrease islets (b cells)
* Decrease insulin secretion

These receptors modulate a sympathetic response

33
Q

What does beta adrenergic receptors do?

A

INCREASE cAMP via activation of Adenyl cyclase.

34
Q

What is the role of cAMP

A
  • INCREASES contraction of the heart (B1)
  • DECREASES contraction (relaxes) vascular and bronchial smooth muscle (B2)

These receptors modulate a sympathetic response

35
Q

What are the beta adrenergic receptor subtypes, their location and response

A
  • B1: in heart, juxtaglomerular cells to cause increase force and rate of contraction, increase renin secretion
  • B2: in Smooth muscle (vascular, bronchial, GI), bronchial glands, liver to cause relaxation (vasodilation, bronchodilation), increase bronchial secretions, glycogenolysis, glycoengoenesis, increase insulin secretion
  • B3: in adipose tissue to cause lipolysis, no release
36
Q

What is the nested loops

A

The function of the ANS is to preserve homeostasis. There are several “layers” that ensure if one fails, another can step in.

37
Q

Why do we care about the amygdala complex

A

While the brainstem is the primary region of homeostasis, there are several “higher centers” of control such as the amygdala.
* Associates ANS responses to specific behaviors (i.e. shock)
* Example: loud sound triggers fight or flight reflex via emotional response in amygdala

38
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflux

A

Sensory afferent neurons that help modulate control based on various internal stimuli. (i.e. chemo and mechano receptors)

39
Q

Normally, the bladder distends and signals to the brain that we must void. But what if there is damage this higher center?

A
  • Sensory neurons at the dorsal root ganglion send signal to the spinal cord (which innervates bladder) and trigger voiding.
  • Spinal cord injury and MS may negatively affect this loop.
40
Q

_ on the surface of organs can modulate function to some extent

A

Ganglia
* Ganglia on the heart contribute to rhythmicity.
* CHF and arrhythmias can be associated with failure of this loop.

41
Q

What does the presense of heteroreceptors at the neuronal synapse allow

A

allows for regulation of synaptic signaling

42
Q

What do heteroreceptors act as

A

terminal receptors for other transmitters that may act either to stimulate or inhibit release at that terminal(e.g., a cholinergic receptor on an adrenergic nerve terminal).

Neurosciences (28 decks)

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