Exam1Lec7AutonomicNS

Question 1

What does the CNS consist of

Answer 1

Brain + spinal cord

Question 2

What the PNS break down into

Answer 2

1. Somatic: Voluntary control of skeletal muscle
2. Autonomic: Involuntary control of viscera
   * Sympathetic: ”Fight or flight”
   * Parasympathetic: ”Rest, digest and repair”

Question 3

Where is the distal synapse location for autonomic and somatic

Answer 3

Autonomic: Peripheral ganglia ->GPA
Somatic: cerebrospinal Axia-> CAS

Question 4

Are the post synaptic nerve myelinated or not in autonomic and somatic

Answer 4

Automonic: non-myelinated
Somatic: myelinated

Question 5

What happens when denervation happens in autonomic and somatic

Answer 5

Auto: Spontaneous activity
Somatic: paralysis, atrophy

Question 6

For the Sympathetic division, where are the paravertebral ganglia located

Answer 6

Lay close to the spinal cord

lay close to CNS

Question 7

For the Sympathetic division, what are the pre-ganglionic neurons and what do they innervate

Answer 7

Short cholinergic (ACh) projections leave CNS to innervate ganglia

Question 8

For sympathetic division, what are the post-ganglionic neurons and where do they innervate

Answer 8

Long adrenergic (NE) projections leave ganglia to innervate effector

Question 9

What is the exception of the post ganglionic neurons for sympathetic response

Answer 9

Exception: Kidney has dopaminergic innervation

Question 10

What is the response to sympathetic stimulation?

Answer 10

Think of these reactions in term of “fight or flight.”

Question 11

For the parasymapthetic, what are the pre-gang neurons and where do they inverate

Answer 11

Long cholinergic projections which innervate ganglia NEAR target organ.

Question 12

For the parasymapthetic, what are the post-gang neurons and where do they inverate

Answer 12

Short cholinergic projections to target organ.

Question 13

All projections of the parasympathetic division are _

Answer 13

cholinergic

Question 14

What is the reponse to parasympathetic stimulation?

Answer 14

Think of these reactions in term of “Rest, digest, and repair.”

Question 15

Most organs receive _ _

Answer 15

dual innervation (sympathetic + parasympathetic)

Question 16

How does the human eye recieve dual innervation

Answer 16

• Sympathetic – Radial muscle contracts dilating the pupil
• Parasympathetic – Circular muscle contracts constricting the pupil

Question 17

What does not recieve parasympathic innervation

Answer 17

Blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands

When I sweat, my hair bleeds- not para

Question 18

What is the precursor, enzyme of actylcholine and how is it terminated

Answer 18

• Precursors: choline + acetyl CoA
• Enzyme: choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
• Terminated: hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Question 19

What are the locations of cholinergic receptors

Answer 19

• ALL pre-ganglionic neurons (parasympathetic and sympathetic) are cholinergic
• ALL post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic are cholinergic
• ALL somatic (skeletal muscle) neurons are cholinergic

Question 20

What are the subtype of cholinergic receptor

Answer 20

1. Nicotinic Receptors
   * Ligand-gated (FAST)
   * NM & NN
2. Muscarinic Receptors
   * G Protein-Coupled (SLOW)
   * M1, M2, M3, M4, M5

Question 21

Where is nicotinic acetylcholine receptors found? What is the speed of transmission and via what?

Answer 21

• Found in the ganglia + skeletal muscle
• FAST transmission via ligand-gated ion channels

Question 22

What are nicotinic agonists

Answer 22

Nicotine, DMPP, & Epibatidine

Question 23

What are the subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors? Location and physiological response?

Answer 23

• Nm: in NMJ to have skeletal muscle contraction
• Nn: in Autonomic ganglia, brain to have ganglionic transmission

Question 24

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are exclusively where?

Answer 24

post-ganglionic neurons of parasympathetic system
* Cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminals

Some post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system
* Sweat glands, vascular smooth muscle

Question 25

What are muscarinic agonists

Answer 25

Muscarine, Pilocarpine, & Oxotremorine

Question 26

What is the conduction of ODD muscarinic acetylcholine receptors? what do they cause?

Answer 26

* Odd numbered Muscarinic receptors = EXCITATORY * Elevate intracellular [Ca2+] | These receptors modulate a parasympathetic response

Question 27

What is the conduction of EVEN muscarinic acetylcholine receptors? what do they cause?

Answer 27

* Even numbered Muscarinic receptors = INHIBITORY * Inhibit Adenylyl Cyclase = Decrease cAMP | These receptors modulate a parasympathetic response

Question 28

Explain NE metabolism

Answer 28

* Dopamine synthesized from tyrosine by enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase * Dopamine transported into vesicle by VMAT2 * Dopamine β-hydroxylation (DßH) to Norepinephrine

Question 29

How is NE action terminated

Answer 29

1. Reuptake into pre-synaptic terminal 2. . Catabolized by MAO-A and COMT

Question 30

Where are the locations of adrenergic receptors

Answer 30

**Post-ganglionic** neurons of the **sympathetic nervous system** * Cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminals

Question 31

What are the subtypes of adrenergic receptors

Answer 31

1. Alpha Receptors (GPCR) 2. Beta Receptors (GPCR)

Question 32

What do the alpha one and two resemble

Answer 32

a1 resemble odd muscarinic ACh receptors * Increase intracellular Ca2+ * in vascular smooth muscle, heart, liver * Causes vasoconstriction, increase contractile force, glycogenolysis, gluconegenesis a2 resemble even muscarinic ACh receptors * Inhibit adenylyl cyclase * In pancrease islets (b cells) * Decrease insulin secretion | These receptors modulate a sympathetic response

Question 33

What does beta adrenergic receptors do?

Answer 33

INCREASE cAMP via activation of Adenyl cyclase.

Question 34

What is the role of cAMP

Answer 34

* INCREASES contraction of the heart (B1) * DECREASES contraction (relaxes) vascular and bronchial smooth muscle (B2) | These receptors modulate a sympathetic response

Question 35

What are the beta adrenergic receptor subtypes, their location and response

Answer 35

* B1: in heart, juxtaglomerular cells to cause increase force and rate of contraction, increase renin secretion * B2: in Smooth muscle (vascular, bronchial, GI), bronchial glands, liver to cause relaxation (vasodilation, bronchodilation), increase bronchial secretions, glycogenolysis, glycoengoenesis, increase insulin secretion * B3: in adipose tissue to cause lipolysis, no release

Question 36

What is the nested loops

Answer 36

The function of the ANS is to preserve homeostasis. There are several “layers” that ensure if one fails, another can step in.

Question 37

Why do we care about the amygdala complex

Answer 37

While the brainstem is the primary region of homeostasis, there are several “higher centers” of control such as the amygdala. * Associates ANS responses to specific behaviors (i.e. shock) * Example: loud sound triggers fight or flight reflex via emotional response in amygdala

Question 38

What is the baroreceptor reflux

Answer 38

Sensory afferent neurons that help modulate control based on various internal stimuli. (i.e. chemo and mechano receptors)

Question 39

Normally, the bladder distends and signals to the brain that we must void. But what if there is damage this higher center?

Answer 39

* Sensory neurons at the dorsal root ganglion send signal to the spinal cord (which innervates bladder) and trigger voiding. * Spinal cord injury and MS may negatively affect this loop.

Question 40

_ on the surface of organs can modulate function to some extent

Answer 40

Ganglia * Ganglia on the heart contribute to rhythmicity. * CHF and arrhythmias can be associated with failure of this loop.

Question 41

What does the presense of heteroreceptors at the neuronal synapse allow

Answer 41

allows for regulation of synaptic signaling

Question 42

What do heteroreceptors act as

Answer 42

terminal receptors for other transmitters that may act either to stimulate or inhibit release at that terminal (e.g., a cholinergic receptor on an adrenergic nerve terminal).