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Exam1Lec1IntrotoBiology&HistologyofNeuronsandGlia Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A
  1. Brain
    2.Spinal cord
    3.Neural portions of the eye
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2
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A
  1. Peripheral nerves
  2. Nerve endings
  3. Peripheral nerve ganglia
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3
Q

What does the CNS and PNS both include?

A

Two basic cell types:
Neurons and glia/supporting cells

supporting cells are impt fore the survival of neurons

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4
Q

Soma can also be called what?

A

Neuronal cell body

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5
Q

A multipolar neuron has 3 major components. What are they?

A

Soma/cell body, many dendrites, 1 axon

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6
Q

What are the three regions of the neuron?

A
  1. Receptor region (contains soma)
  2. Conductive region (contains axon)
  3. Effector region (signal ends up here)
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7
Q

Membrane bound organelles on a cell contribute to what?

slide 9

A

Production of proteins

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8
Q

What are nissl bodies?

A

These are located on soma. They are Ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)

These stain dark with basic dye cresyl violet

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9
Q

What are lipofuscin pigment? “age pigment”

A

They are located in soma. They are lysosomes with degradation products (residual body)

These accumulate throughout life

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10
Q

Intermediate filaments are important for what?

A

Recognition of cells and gives specificity

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11
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Extensions of cell soma. They contain all proteins/organelles found in soma. They are ramified and spiny. They are NOT myelinated and incr surface area of neuron for reception.

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12
Q

What are axons?

A

Conduct action potential and have NO NISSL bodies (axon hillock). They can be myelinated

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13
Q

Neuron classification is based on what?

A

Shape

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14
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Bipolar, pseudounipolar, multipolar

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15
Q

Where can bipolar neurons be found?

A

Sensory structures such as retina, olfactory epithelium, vestibular and auditory systems

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16
Q

Where can pseudounipolar neurons be found?

A

Sensory ganglia of the cranial and spinal nerves

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17
Q

Where can multipolar neurons be found?

A

Pyrmidal neuron in the cerebral cortex
Purkinje cell in the cerebellar cortex

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18
Q

What are two unique properties of neurons?

A

Conduct electrochemical signals after impulses are received on the dendrites or the cell body

Connection between cells called synapes

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19
Q

What is the direction of information flow?

A

Dendrites, soma, axon, synapse, another neuron or muscular component

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20
Q

What are the three types protein filamments that make up the neuronal cytoskeleton?

cytoskeleton=non membranous organelles

A

Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments (actin filaments)

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21
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Largest cytoskeleton component, 25 nm in diameter. Composed of tubulin. They transport neurotransmitters made by soma

This is like the highway for movement, hollow tube

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22
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

They are used for identification of cells/tissues (specificity). They are 10 nm in diameterand are composed of neurofilaments (light, medium, heavy)

ropelike structure, supporting and structual role

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23
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

3-5nm in diameter and composed of actin

shortest component

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24
Q

What is G-actin?

A

Globular actin: free actin in cytoplasm

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25
What is F-actin?
Filamentous actin: polymerized actin of the filament (plus-barbed end= fast growing, minus pointed end=slow growing)
26
The ____ and the ____ of actin is a dynamic and constant process. So a cell reacts to its environment and goes through these processes on a regular basis. Without this occuring, the cell cannot survive
polymerization, depolymerization ## Footnote G-actin polymerizes and becomes f-actin
27
True or False: Intermediate filaments are a component of botn neuronal and glial cytoskeleton?
True
28
True or false: Intermediate filaments have a heterogenous group composed of 6 main classes and they vary in different cell types
True
29
What has very specific intermediate filaments? ## Footnote slide19
Peripherin (peripheral nerve cells)
30
What are neurofilaments composed of?
neurofilament triplet proteins (L, M, H proteins) in axons & dendrites of nerve cells. 1. Nestin – neuronal stem cells (nerve cells) 2. Glial Acidic Fibrillary Protein (GFAP) – astrocytes 3. Peripherin – peripheral nerve cells
31
What is effected in neurodegenerative diseases?
Neurofilaments, changes in this is characteristic of Alzheimer's which produces neurofibrillary tangles
32
Kinesin mediates ____ transport ## Footnote motor protein associated with microtubules
anterograde (fast-dominant, intermediate, slow) | soma to synpase ## Footnote away from cell or centrosome
33
Dynein mediates ____ transport ## Footnote motor protein associated with microtubules
retrograde (slow) | synapse to soma ## Footnote towards the cell or centrosome. Also has a role in ciliary and flagellar movement
34
Explain how kinesin does fast axonal transport
Organeles and vesicles attach to kinesin. Kinesin is the molecular motor with 2 motor heads and they both contain ADP. When one binds to the microtubules tightly, adp is released and ATP is bound. The second head is then thrown into the next binding site on the microtubule. Phosphate is released from the previous head and the current head releases adp and binds atp. The cycle repeats and the heads move steo by step along the microtubule. | uses atp ## Footnote https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAva4g3Pk6k
35
Explain how Dynein does retrograde axonal transport
Organelles and vesicles attach to dynein. Dynein is the molecular motor with 2 motor heads and they both contain ADP. When one binds to the microtubules tightly, adp is released and ATP is bound. The second head is then thrown into the next binding site on the microtubule. Phosphate is released from the previous head and the current head releases adp and binds atp. The cycle repeats and the heads move steo by step along the microtubule. | uses atp ## Footnote https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAva4g3Pk6k
36
What can potentially occur with retrograde transport?
Potential entry of harmful substances (ex viruses) from the periphery to neuronal cell body
37
Neurons may be classified based on the chemical nature of the transmitter located within their _____ _____.
synaptic vesicles
38
Where are neurotransmitters stored and released?
Stored in the axon terminals and released at a synapse
39
The release of a neurotransmitter is the result of a
membrane depolarization
40
What happens to Ca+ ions when there is membrane depolarization?
Large influx of Ca2+ ions via voltage sensitve channels
41
What are neuroglia?
supporting cells of the nervous system
42
What are the peripheral neuroglia in the PNS?
Schwann, satellite, and other cells specific to organs
43
What are the central neuroglia in the CNS?
Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal Cells
44
One half of the brain voulme is occupied by ____ and the other half is occupied by ____.
neurons, neuroglia/glia
45
What are the type of cells that reach from the ependymal zone to the brains surface during development?
specialized astrocytes called radial glia or Bergman glia
46
What are radial glia?
Embryonic glial cells that extend radially in the neural tube and serve as scaffolding for neurons directing them to their correct position in the brain. Immature neurons move along their processes to their final destination in the brain. ## Footnote Radial glia also act as scaffolds along which new neurons can travel from their site of origin to their final destination in the brain.
47
Axonal cytoskeleton and motor proteins: bidirectional transport of molecules along the axon
Kinesin and Dynein
48
What is the marker of astrocyte activation?
GFAP (glial fibrillary acid protein)
49
What are the 5 functions of astrocytes?
1. Nourishment, maintenance and protection of neurons 2. contributes to BBB 3. absorb excess neurotransmitters 4. the only reservoir of glycogen in the brain 5. serve as the index of CNS toxicity
50
Protoplasmic astrocytes are in ____ matter
gray
51
Fibrous astrocytes are in ____ matter
white
52
Astrocytes interconnect and outline CNS, explain this
astrocytes make up the brain surface (glia limitans), ependymal lining of the ventricles , blood vessels, and synapses
53
What isolate synapses and the nodes of ranvier?
Astrocytes
54
What surrounds foreign bodies in the CNS?
Astrocytes
55
What form a "glial scar" composes of high concentrations of GFAP fibrils at sites of injury?
Astrocytes ## Footnote IMPT for protect
56
How does Astrocytes react to injury?
By increasing GFAP ## Footnote Astrocytes have a more bushy structure
57
What allows astrocytes to do cell to cell transfer of small molecules/ions?
They form desmosomal (tight) junctions and gap junctions ## Footnote astrocytes form a syncytium; connections b/w cells allow diffusion of ions or other small cytoplasmic molecules b/w adjacent astrocytes.
58
What is connexin-43?
Gap junction protein
59
Astrocyte functions summary (6 points)
1. Surround the CNS 2. Induce BBB 3. Buffer potassium (and other substances) and protect neurons 4. Storage of glycogen 5. Guide neurons during development 6. react to injury, provide EC matrix proteins, and form scars GFAP positive
60
Explain the life cycle of Microglia
1. Microglial cells enter the CNS before the closing of the BBB and become ameboud microglia to clear debris during development. 2. The BBB closes behind then and they become quiescent microglia 3. Injury or infection leads to their activation
61
True or false Microglia are both phagocytics and immunogenic
True
62
What are the resident macrophages of the CNS?
Microglia-phagocytic cells
63
What are the primary responsders to injury of the brain, e.g., multiple sclerosis and trauma?
Microglia ## Footnote They release
64
How are microglia immunogenic?
They release chemoattractans that then recruit leucocytes across the BBB and initiates immune response
65
What is the marker for microglia?
Complement receptor 3 and MHC-II ## Footnote not just cleaning cells but also antigen responding
66
____ and ____ interact with each other and modulate immune responses.
Microglial cells and astrocytes
67
Explain how microglia reacts to CNS injury
1. Quiescent or resting microglia monitor CNS for injury 2. After damager they become progressively activated with incr soma diameter and thickening and retraction of processes Severe activation causes rounding of cells to form macrophages ## Footnote changes in morphology to react to injury
68
Where are oligodendrocytes located in the CNS?
White matter (fasicular)
69
What do oligodendrocytes synthesize?
Myelin sheats ## Footnote high lipid content with cholesterol and cerebroside
70
Oligodendrocyte wrap around what?
axons of several CNS neurons
71
Insulate the axon and enhance the speed of conduction of electrochemical impulses
Oligodendrocytes
72
What produces myelin sheaths in the PNS?
Schwann cells
73
What do Schwann cells wrap around?
A single axon (the entire cell wraps around one axon) ## Footnote one schwann cell myelinates one neuron
74
With multiple sclerosis are nerve fibers myelinated or demyelinated?
Demyelinated ## Footnote axons cannot fxn properly
75
Stimuli from multiple synapses sum at the...
axon hillock
76
When threshold is reached what is triggered?
Action potential (wave of membrane depolarization) ## Footnote flow of Na+ inside the cell depolarizes, outside the cell is rich in sodium
77
The speed of action potential depends on what?
Diameter of axon (larger diameter faster)
78
Explain myelin speed conduction
Nerve impulses "jump" from node to node. This is called saltatory conduction
79
What are ednothelial cells?
Brain capillaries with tight junctions
80
What do non-brain fenestrated capillaries have?
Small gaps in plasma membrane of endothelial cells
81
What do brain fenestrated capillaries have?
Tight junctions between endothelial cells
82
True or False, Astrocytes participate in formation of BBB
True
83
How is the BBB formed?
endothelial cells with tight junctions and glial feet procesess of astrocytes
84
Astrocytes induce capillaries to form ____ ____ limiting diffusion of small molecules
zona occludens (tight junctions) ## Footnote most susbstances need to be actively transported across endothelias cells into the brain including glucose
85
What are epithelial-like cells?
ependyma
86
What are 6 charactersitcs of ependymal cells?
1. Line inner surface of brain ventricles 2. ciliated 3. moves CSF by using cilia 4. Bidirectional transport of materials b/w CSF and neuropil 5. Can be modified w/in ventricles to make CSF: part of choroid plexus (CP) 6. Absoption and production

Neurosciences (28 decks)

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