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Neurosciences > Exam1Lec1IntrotoBiology&HistologyofNeuronsandGlia > Flashcards

Exam1Lec1IntrotoBiology&HistologyofNeuronsandGlia Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A
  1. Brain
    2.Spinal cord
    3.Neural portions of the eye
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2
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A
  1. Peripheral nerves
  2. Nerve endings
  3. Peripheral nerve ganglia
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3
Q

What does the CNS and PNS both include?

A

Two basic cell types:
Neurons and glia/supporting cells

supporting cells are impt fore the survival of neurons

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4
Q

Soma can also be called what?

A

Neuronal cell body

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5
Q

A multipolar neuron has 3 major components. What are they?

A

Soma/cell body, many dendrites, 1 axon

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6
Q

What are the three regions of the neuron?

A
  1. Receptor region (contains soma)
  2. Conductive region (contains axon)
  3. Effector region (signal ends up here)
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7
Q

Membrane bound organelles on a cell contribute to what?

slide 9

A

Production of proteins

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8
Q

What are nissl bodies?

A

These are located on soma. They are Ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)

These stain dark with basic dye cresyl violet

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9
Q

What are lipofuscin pigment? “age pigment”

A

They are located in soma. They are lysosomes with degradation products (residual body)

These accumulate throughout life

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10
Q

Intermediate filaments are important for what?

A

Recognition of cells and gives specificity

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11
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Extensions of cell soma. They contain all proteins/organelles found in soma. They are ramified and spiny. They are NOT myelinated and incr surface area of neuron for reception.

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12
Q

What are axons?

A

Conduct action potential and have NO NISSL bodies (axon hillock). They can be myelinated

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13
Q

Neuron classification is based on what?

A

Shape

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14
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Bipolar, pseudounipolar, multipolar

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15
Q

Where can bipolar neurons be found?

A

Sensory structures such as retina, olfactory epithelium, vestibular and auditory systems

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16
Q

Where can pseudounipolar neurons be found?

A

Sensory ganglia of the cranial and spinal nerves

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17
Q

Where can multipolar neurons be found?

A

Pyrmidal neuron in the cerebral cortex
Purkinje cell in the cerebellar cortex

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18
Q

What are two unique properties of neurons?

A

Conduct electrochemical signals after impulses are received on the dendrites or the cell body

Connection between cells called synapes

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19
Q

What is the direction of information flow?

A

Dendrites, soma, axon, synapse, another neuron or muscular component

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20
Q

What are the three types protein filamments that make up the neuronal cytoskeleton?

cytoskeleton=non membranous organelles

A

Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments (actin filaments)

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21
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Largest cytoskeleton component, 25 nm in diameter. Composed of tubulin. They transport neurotransmitters made by soma

This is like the highway for movement, hollow tube

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22
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

They are used for identification of cells/tissues (specificity). They are 10 nm in diameterand are composed of neurofilaments (light, medium, heavy)

ropelike structure, supporting and structual role

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23
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

3-5nm in diameter and composed of actin

shortest component

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24
Q

What is G-actin?

A

Globular actin: free actin in cytoplasm

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25
Q

What is F-actin?

A

Filamentous actin: polymerized actin of the filament (plus-barbed end= fast growing, minus pointed end=slow growing)

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26
Q

The ____ and the ____ of actin is a dynamic and constant process. So a cell reacts to its environment and goes through these processes on a regular basis. Without this occuring, the cell cannot survive

A

polymerization, depolymerization

G-actin polymerizes and becomes f-actin

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27
Q

True or False: Intermediate filaments are a component of botn neuronal and glial cytoskeleton?

A

True

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28
Q

True or false: Intermediate filaments have a heterogenous group composed of 6 main classes and they vary in different cell types

A

True

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29
Q

What has very specific intermediate filaments?

slide19

A

Peripherin (peripheral nerve cells)

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30
Q

What are neurofilaments composed of?

A

neurofilament triplet proteins (L, M, H proteins) in axons & dendrites of nerve cells.

  1. Nestin – neuronal stem cells (nerve cells)
  2. Glial Acidic Fibrillary Protein (GFAP) – astrocytes
  3. Peripherin – peripheral nerve cells
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31
Q

What is effected in neurodegenerative diseases?

A

Neurofilaments, changes in this is characteristic of Alzheimer’s which produces neurofibrillary tangles

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32
Q

Kinesin mediates ____ transport

motor protein associated with microtubules

A

anterograde (fast-dominant, intermediate, slow)

soma to synpase

away from cell or centrosome

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33
Q

Dynein mediates ____ transport

motor protein associated with microtubules

A

retrograde (slow)

synapse to soma

towards the cell or centrosome. Also has a role in ciliary and flagellar movement

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34
Q

Explain how kinesin does fast axonal transport

A

Organeles and vesicles attach to kinesin. Kinesin is the molecular motor with 2 motor heads and they both contain ADP. When one binds to the microtubules tightly, adp is released and ATP is bound. The second head is then thrown into the next binding site on the microtubule. Phosphate is released from the previous head and the current head releases adp and binds atp. The cycle repeats and the heads move steo by step along the microtubule.

uses atp

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAva4g3Pk6k

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35
Q

Explain how Dynein does retrograde axonal transport

A

Organelles and vesicles attach to dynein. Dynein is the molecular motor with 2 motor heads and they both contain ADP. When one binds to the microtubules tightly, adp is released and ATP is bound. The second head is then thrown into the next binding site on the microtubule. Phosphate is released from the previous head and the current head releases adp and binds atp. The cycle repeats and the heads move steo by step along the microtubule.

uses atp

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAva4g3Pk6k

36
Q

What can potentially occur with retrograde transport?

A

Potential entry of harmful substances (ex viruses) from the periphery to neuronal cell body

37
Q

Neurons may be classified based on the chemical nature of the transmitter located within their _____ _____.

A

synaptic vesicles

38
Q

Where are neurotransmitters stored and released?

A

Stored in the axon terminals and released at a synapse

39
Q

The release of a neurotransmitter is the result of a

A

membrane depolarization

40
Q

What happens to Ca+ ions when there is membrane depolarization?

A

Large influx of Ca2+ ions via voltage sensitve channels

41
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

supporting cells of the nervous system

42
Q

What are the peripheral neuroglia in the PNS?

A

Schwann, satellite, and other cells specific to organs

43
Q

What are the central neuroglia in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells

44
Q

One half of the brain voulme is occupied by ____ and the other half is occupied by ____.

A

neurons, neuroglia/glia

45
Q

What are the type of cells that reach from the ependymal zone to the brains surface during development?

A

specialized astrocytes called radial glia or Bergman glia

46
Q

What are radial glia?

A

Embryonic glial cells that extend radially in the neural tube and serve as scaffolding for neurons directing them to their correct position in the brain. Immature neurons move along their processes to their final destination in the brain.

Radial glia also act as scaffolds along which new neurons can travel from their site of origin to their final destination in the brain.

47
Q

Axonal cytoskeleton and motor proteins: bidirectional transport of molecules along the axon

A

Kinesin and Dynein

48
Q

What is the marker of astrocyte activation?

A

GFAP (glial fibrillary acid protein)

49
Q

What are the 5 functions of astrocytes?

A
  1. Nourishment, maintenance and protection of neurons
  2. contributes to BBB
  3. absorb excess neurotransmitters
  4. the only reservoir of glycogen in the brain
  5. serve as the index of CNS toxicity
50
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes are in ____ matter

A

gray

51
Q

Fibrous astrocytes are in ____ matter

A

white

52
Q

Astrocytes interconnect and outline CNS, explain this

A

astrocytes make up the brain surface (glia limitans), ependymal lining of the ventricles , blood vessels, and synapses

53
Q

What isolate synapses and the nodes of ranvier?

A

Astrocytes

54
Q

What surrounds foreign bodies in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

55
Q

What form a “glial scar” composes of high concentrations of GFAP fibrils at sites of injury?

A

Astrocytes

IMPT for protect

56
Q

How does Astrocytes react to injury?

A

By increasing GFAP

Astrocytes have a more bushy structure

57
Q

What allows astrocytes to do cell to cell transfer of small molecules/ions?

A

They form desmosomal (tight) junctions and gap junctions

astrocytes form a syncytium; connections b/w cells allow diffusion of ions or other small cytoplasmic molecules b/w adjacent astrocytes.

58
Q

What is connexin-43?

A

Gap junction protein

59
Q

Astrocyte functions summary (6 points)

A
  1. Surround the CNS
  2. Induce BBB
  3. Buffer potassium (and other substances) and protect neurons
  4. Storage of glycogen
  5. Guide neurons during development
  6. react to injury, provide EC matrix proteins, and form scars GFAP positive
60
Q

Explain the life cycle of Microglia

A
  1. Microglial cells enter the CNS before the closing of the BBB and become ameboud microglia to clear debris during development.
  2. The BBB closes behind then and they become quiescent microglia
  3. Injury or infection leads to their activation
61
Q

True or false Microglia are both phagocytics and immunogenic

A

True

62
Q

What are the resident macrophages of the CNS?

A

Microglia-phagocytic cells

63
Q

What are the primary responsders to injury of the brain, e.g., multiple sclerosis and trauma?

A

Microglia

They release

64
Q

How are microglia immunogenic?

A

They release chemoattractans that then recruit leucocytes across the BBB and initiates immune response

65
Q

What is the marker for microglia?

A

Complement receptor 3 and MHC-II

not just cleaning cells but also antigen responding

66
Q

____ and ____ interact with each other and modulate immune responses.

A

Microglial cells and astrocytes

67
Q

Explain how microglia reacts to CNS injury

A
  1. Quiescent or resting microglia monitor CNS for injury
  2. After damager they become progressively activated with incr soma diameter and thickening and retraction of processes
    Severe activation causes rounding of cells to form macrophages

changes in morphology to react to injury

68
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes located in the CNS?

A

White matter (fasicular)

69
Q

What do oligodendrocytes synthesize?

A

Myelin sheats

high lipid content with cholesterol and cerebroside

70
Q

Oligodendrocyte wrap around what?

A

axons of several CNS neurons

71
Q

Insulate the axon and enhance the speed of conduction of electrochemical impulses

A

Oligodendrocytes

72
Q

What produces myelin sheaths in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

73
Q

What do Schwann cells wrap around?

A

A single axon (the entire cell wraps around one axon)

one schwann cell myelinates one neuron

74
Q

With multiple sclerosis are nerve fibers myelinated or demyelinated?

A

Demyelinated

axons cannot fxn properly

75
Q

Stimuli from multiple synapses sum at the…

A

axon hillock

76
Q

When threshold is reached what is triggered?

A

Action potential (wave of membrane depolarization)

flow of Na+ inside the cell depolarizes, outside the cell is rich in sodium

77
Q

The speed of action potential depends on what?

A

Diameter of axon (larger diameter faster)

78
Q

Explain myelin speed conduction

A

Nerve impulses “jump” from node to node. This is called saltatory conduction

79
Q

What are ednothelial cells?

A

Brain capillaries with tight junctions

80
Q

What do non-brain fenestrated capillaries have?

A

Small gaps in plasma membrane of endothelial cells

81
Q

What do brain fenestrated capillaries have?

A

Tight junctions between endothelial cells

82
Q

True or False, Astrocytes participate in formation of BBB

A

True

83
Q

How is the BBB formed?

A

endothelial cells with tight junctions and glial feet procesess of astrocytes

84
Q

Astrocytes induce capillaries to form ____ ____ limiting diffusion of small molecules

A

zona occludens (tight junctions)

most susbstances need to be actively transported across endothelias cells into the brain including glucose

85
Q

What are epithelial-like cells?

A

ependyma

86
Q

What are 6 charactersitcs of ependymal cells?

A
  1. Line inner surface of brain ventricles
  2. ciliated
  3. moves CSF by using cilia
  4. Bidirectional transport of materials b/w CSF and neuropil
  5. Can be modified w/in ventricles to make CSF: part of choroid plexus (CP)
  6. Absoption and production

Neurosciences (28 decks)

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