Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CVM711 > Exam1 > Flashcards

Exam1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we care about osmole?

A

Because the greater the osmoles the greater tho osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

It is osmoles per liter Osm/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an equivalent?

A

It is the amount of charged solute in solution ex: CaCl2= 2 Eq of Ca and 2 Eg of CL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the major ions in ECF?

A

Major cation= Na+

Major anion= Cl- and HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does ionized calcium mean?

A

It means that it is free calcium, not bound and it is the active form that can interact with other substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Acid base balance is managed by?

A

Managing how much calcium is bound and how much is free (participates in reactions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the perfect osmolarity in animal species?

A

290-300 mOsm/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the major ions in ICF?

A

Cation= K+

Major anions= organic phosphates and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the major ions in ICF?

A

Cation= K+

Major anions= organic phosphates and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The most common mechanism of transport in cells is?

A

Sodium potassium pump
Sodium goes out of the cell
Potassium goes inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which direction Ca+ goes?

A

Out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Na+ difference allows what?

A

Upstroke of action potential in nerve and muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What allows the membrane to be permeable to lipid-solubles (e.g., CO2, steroid hormones, O2, FA)

A

Glycolipids, lipids, and proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Simple and facilitated diffusion is?

A

Using a protein to get across, the substance can get across (lipid soluble)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Moving into a gradient of higher concentration we use?

A

ATP

Primary (directly uses energy) or secondary transport (indirectly uses energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Simple diffusion

A

moves to less concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the driving force?

A

Concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Partition coefficient

A

The greater the solutes, solubility in oil the higher the partition coefficient and more easily can diffuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Diffusion coefficient

A

Has to do more with the radius of sollute and viscosity. Small solute in non-viscous solution more easily can move across the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Surface area

A

The more surface area you have the higher the diffusion rate (more chances to get across)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the consequences of charge when an ion is diffusing?

A

Positive to where a lot positive already there, then the ion is going to slow down.
A diffusion potential can be created when ion is going into less concentration of same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Does facilitated diffusion required energy?

A

No, it does not require an input of energy

However, there is a limit number of carriers. When the concentration is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is saturation important?

A

The rate of transport is going to be highest at lower solute concentrations. There are more binding sites when carrier proteins are limited. Maximum is reached.

24
Q

Stereospecificity

A

Biding sites for solute on carries proteins are specific

25
Q

Simple diffusion

A

It has to be a lipid bc it is lipid bilayer membrane

26
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

It has to be water soluble

27
Q

Rate of transport is highest when?

A

At lower solute concentrations

28
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

A

Moved against a concentration gradient

29
Q

What are cardiac glycosides?

A

Substances that can inhibit the transport of sodium potassium pump

30
Q

Ca2+ ATPase pump

A

PMCA: plasma-membrane
SERCA: Sarcoplasmatic and endoplasmatic

31
Q

H+/K+ ATPase pump

A

Hydrogen pumped into the stomach

32
Q

Secondary active transport

A

It utilizes the sodium potassium gradient already crates by the pump

33
Q

Types of secondary transport

A

Co-transport (symport): all solutes transported in same direction
Na+/glucose (SGLT1), Na+/amino acid, Na+/K-/CL2 transporters
-Counter-transport (antiport)
Solutes move in opposite direction

34
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Flow of water across semipermeable membrane due to differences in solute concentration.
It occurs due to pressure differences caused by the solutes that can’t cross the membrane

35
Q

When salt is ingested where does it go first?

A

ICF (blood cells)

36
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Due to pressure of the fluid itself required to stop the osmotic pressure

37
Q

Hydrostatic pressure allows what to leave the blood?

A

It allows solutes to leave the blood

38
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

It is osmotic pressure if referring to the tissues and cells

39
Q

Isosmotic means?

A

Solutions that have equal concentration of solutes, same osmolality

40
Q

Hyperosmotic means?

A

Solution has higher osmolality (higher solute)

41
Q

Hypoosmotic means?

A

Lower concentration of solute, osmolality

42
Q

Tonicity is used for?

A

Measure the response of cells to solution environment

43
Q

Tonicity is used for?

A

Measure the response of cells to solution environment

44
Q

Oncotic pressure is related to?

A

Concentration of protein in the blood

45
Q

If resistance was zero what would happen?

A

There would not be any potential because anything times zero equals zero

46
Q

If resistance go up (blood flow potential) what happens to potentials of fluid movement?

A

Current decreases

47
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Period where the action potential can not be stimulated and cause another AP

48
Q

Relative refractory period

A

depends on time and stress, the stimulus has to be abnormally high to activate again

49
Q

Active potential (AP) is characteristic of?

A

Each cell’s and they have an specific size/shape given the cell type

50
Q

Where does the stimulus AP begin?

A

Close to the cell body and it spreads down to the axon of the cell via local currents

51
Q

Describe Bipolar neurons

A

The signal flows only one way

The input area is the dendrite the output area is the axon

52
Q

Peripheral nerves axon is where the signal

A

Produces motor reaction

53
Q

Pseudo-unipola neurons

A

Are more common, example is a sensory neuron

54
Q

Multipolar neuron ex: purkinje cell

A

Takes a lot of sensory information, so it has a large amount of dendrites

55
Q

What is the electrical synapse?

A

The connection area where current flows between cell via GAP JUNCTIONS

56
Q

Describe the chemical synapse?

A

Gap between presynaptic and postsynaptic cell- via synaptic cleft

57
Q

What is the sequence of events during a chemical synapse?

A
  1. AP arrives at the presynaptic axon
  2. Voltage-gated calcium ion channels open
  3. Ca2+ enters the presynaptic cell
    4.

CVM711 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions