Exam1

Question 1

Why do we care about osmole?

Answer 1

Because the greater the osmoles the greater tho osmotic pressure

Question 2

What is osmolarity?

Answer 2

It is osmoles per liter Osm/L

Question 3

What is an equivalent?

Answer 3

It is the amount of charged solute in solution ex: CaCl2= 2 Eq of Ca and 2 Eg of CL

Question 4

What are the major ions in ECF?

Answer 4

Major cation= Na+

Major anion= Cl- and HCO3-

Question 5

What does ionized calcium mean?

Answer 5

It means that it is free calcium, not bound and it is the active form that can interact with other substances

Question 6

Acid base balance is managed by?

Answer 6

Managing how much calcium is bound and how much is free (participates in reactions)

Question 7

What is the perfect osmolarity in animal species?

Answer 7

290-300 mOsm/L

Question 8

What are the major ions in ICF?

Answer 8

Cation= K+

Major anions= organic phosphates and proteins

Question 9

What are the major ions in ICF?

Answer 9

Cation= K+

Major anions= organic phosphates and proteins

Question 10

The most common mechanism of transport in cells is?

Answer 10

Sodium potassium pump
Sodium goes out of the cell
Potassium goes inside the cell

Question 11

Which direction Ca+ goes?

Answer 11

Out of the cell

Question 12

Na+ difference allows what?

Answer 12

Upstroke of action potential in nerve and muscle cells

Question 13

What allows the membrane to be permeable to lipid-solubles (e.g., CO2, steroid hormones, O2, FA)

Answer 13

Glycolipids, lipids, and proteins.

Question 14

Simple and facilitated diffusion is?

Answer 14

Using a protein to get across, the substance can get across (lipid soluble)

Question 15

Moving into a gradient of higher concentration we use?

Answer 15

ATP

Primary (directly uses energy) or secondary transport (indirectly uses energy)

Question 16

Simple diffusion

Answer 16

moves to less concentration

Question 17

What is the driving force?

Answer 17

Concentration gradient

Question 18

Partition coefficient

Answer 18

The greater the solutes, solubility in oil the higher the partition coefficient and more easily can diffuse

Question 19

Diffusion coefficient

Answer 19

Has to do more with the radius of sollute and viscosity. Small solute in non-viscous solution more easily can move across the cell membrane

Question 20

Surface area

Answer 20

The more surface area you have the higher the diffusion rate (more chances to get across)

Question 21

What are the consequences of charge when an ion is diffusing?

Answer 21

Positive to where a lot positive already there, then the ion is going to slow down.
A diffusion potential can be created when ion is going into less concentration of same

Question 22

Does facilitated diffusion required energy?

Answer 22

No, it does not require an input of energy

However, there is a limit number of carriers. When the concentration is

Question 23

Why is saturation important?

Answer 23

The rate of transport is going to be highest at lower solute concentrations. There are more binding sites when carrier proteins are limited. Maximum is reached.

Question 24

Stereospecificity

Answer 24

Biding sites for solute on carries proteins are specific

Question 25

Simple diffusion

Answer 25

It has to be a lipid bc it is lipid bilayer membrane

Question 26

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 26

It has to be water soluble

Question 27

Rate of transport is highest when?

Answer 27

At lower solute concentrations

Question 28

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

Answer 28

Moved against a concentration gradient

Question 29

What are cardiac glycosides?

Answer 29

Substances that can inhibit the transport of sodium potassium pump

Question 30

Ca2+ ATPase pump

Answer 30

PMCA: plasma-membrane SERCA: Sarcoplasmatic and endoplasmatic

Question 31

H+/K+ ATPase pump

Answer 31

Hydrogen pumped into the stomach

Question 32

Secondary active transport

Answer 32

It utilizes the sodium potassium gradient already crates by the pump

Question 33

Types of secondary transport

Answer 33

Co-transport (symport): all solutes transported in same direction Na+/glucose (SGLT1), Na+/amino acid, Na+/K-/CL2 transporters -Counter-transport (antiport) Solutes move in opposite direction

Question 34

What is osmosis?

Answer 34

Flow of water across semipermeable membrane due to differences in solute concentration. It occurs due to pressure differences caused by the solutes that can't cross the membrane

Question 35

When salt is ingested where does it go first?

Answer 35

ICF (blood cells)

Question 36

What is hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 36

Due to pressure of the fluid itself required to stop the osmotic pressure

Question 37

Hydrostatic pressure allows what to leave the blood?

Answer 37

It allows solutes to leave the blood

Question 38

What is oncotic pressure?

Answer 38

It is osmotic pressure if referring to the tissues and cells

Question 39

Isosmotic means?

Answer 39

Solutions that have equal concentration of solutes, same osmolality

Question 40

Hyperosmotic means?

Answer 40

Solution has higher osmolality (higher solute)

Question 41

Hypoosmotic means?

Answer 41

Lower concentration of solute, osmolality

Question 42

Tonicity is used for?

Answer 42

Measure the response of cells to solution environment

Question 43

Tonicity is used for?

Answer 43

Measure the response of cells to solution environment

Question 44

Oncotic pressure is related to?

Answer 44

Concentration of protein in the blood

Question 45

If resistance was zero what would happen?

Answer 45

There would not be any potential because anything times zero equals zero

Question 46

If resistance go up (blood flow potential) what happens to potentials of fluid movement?

Answer 46

Current decreases

Question 47

Absolute refractory period

Answer 47

Period where the action potential can not be stimulated and cause another AP

Question 48

Relative refractory period

Answer 48

depends on time and stress, the stimulus has to be abnormally high to activate again

Question 49

Active potential (AP) is characteristic of?

Answer 49

Each cell's and they have an specific size/shape given the cell type

Question 50

Where does the stimulus AP begin?

Answer 50

Close to the cell body and it spreads down to the axon of the cell via local currents

Question 51

Describe Bipolar neurons

Answer 51

The signal flows only one way | The input area is the dendrite the output area is the axon

Question 52

Peripheral nerves axon is where the signal

Answer 52

Produces motor reaction

Question 53

Pseudo-unipola neurons

Answer 53

Are more common, example is a sensory neuron

Question 54

Multipolar neuron ex: purkinje cell

Answer 54

Takes a lot of sensory information, so it has a large amount of dendrites

Question 55

What is the electrical synapse?

Answer 55

The connection area where current flows between cell via GAP JUNCTIONS

Question 56

Describe the chemical synapse?

Answer 56

Gap between presynaptic and postsynaptic cell- via synaptic cleft

Question 57

What is the sequence of events during a chemical synapse?

Answer 57

1. AP arrives at the presynaptic axon 2. Voltage-gated calcium ion channels open 3. Ca2+ enters the presynaptic cell 4.