Exam V Flashcards

Question

types (MBTI)

Answer 1

Extraverted (E), Introverted, (I) Sensory (S), Intuitive (N) Thinking (T), Feeling (F) Judging (J), Perceiving (P)

Answer 2

Artisans (SP) Guardians (SJ) Idealists (NF) Rationals (NT)

Answer 3

reorganized version of MBTI

Answer 4

many research psychologists now think of the unconscious as information processing that occurs without awareness unconsciousness involves schemas, priming, right-hemisphere activity, implicit memories, emotions, and stereotypes

Answer 5

behavior, cognition, and enviornment all work together and influence each other

Answer 6

diagnostic manual of mental disorders and illnesses

Answer 7

marked by a signifanct disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior (4 Ds)

Answer 8

distress- behavior is upsetting to the individual dyfunction- behavior interferes with one's daily activities (socially, academically, etc.) deviance- the behavior is bizarre, odd, eccentric, or extremely different from one's cultural norms danger- least common, dangerous to self or others

Answer 9

makes you feel bad (i.e. anxiety, depression)

Answer 10

makes you feel good (i.e. mania)

Answer 11

continually apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal, free-floating anxiety (worries about everything) symptoms (min. of 3, at least 6 months): - edginess, restlessness, chronic fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and/or sleep problems treatment: CBT, medication (SSRIs) common in western society, usually first appears in childhood or adolescence, more common in women, can be genetic (brain based- GABA is not as active as it should be) prevalence rate: 4%

Answer 12

experiences sudden episodes of intense dread and often lives in fear of when the next panic attack might strike; symptoms mimic a heart attack, becomes panic disorder when fear of next panic attack interferes with daily life Symptoms of panic attacks (at least 4) Heart palpitations, pounding Heart, accelerated heart rate Sweating Trembling or shaking Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering Feelings of choking Chest pain or discomfort Nausea or abdominal distress Dizziness Chills or heat sensations Numbness or tingling sensations Derealization or depersonalization Fear of losing control or going crazy Fear of dying treatment: medication (SSRIs, SNRIs), CBT diagnosed more in women

Answer 13

person experiences a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation (e.g. snakes, heights, needles) Dx Checklist Marked, persistent, and disproportionate fear of a particular object or situation, usually lasting at least 6 months Exposure to the object produces immediate fear Avoidance of the feared situation Significant distress or impairment Treatment: systematic desensitization more often diagnosed in women, phobias are usually learned, highly treatable

Answer 14

Patient constructs a fear hierarchy, practice relaxation techniques throughout exposure techniques

Answer 15

Characterized by persistent and repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both, occurs when obsessions and compulsions interfere with daily life and cause distress Dx Checklist Occurrence of repeated obsessions, compulsions, or both The obsessions or compulsions take up considerable time Significant distress or impairment treatment: medication (SSRIs), therapy (exposure and response prevention) more common among teens and young adults, equally common in men and women, can be genetic

Answer 16

symptoms are always set off by a traumatic experience, disoriented by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience Dx Checklist Person is exposed to a traumatic event- death or threatened death, severe injury, or sexual violation Person experiences at least one of the following intrusive symptoms Repeated, uncontrolled, and distressing memories, repeated and upsetting trauma-linked dreams, dissociative experiences such as flashbacks, significant upset when exposed to trauma-linked cues, pronounced physical reactions when reminded of the event(s) Person continually avoids trauma-linked stimuli Blocking out aspects of event or mood changes Person displays conspicuous changes in arousal and reactivity, such as excessive alertness, extreme startle responses, or sleep disturbances (usually insomnia) Person experiences significant distress or impairment, with symptoms lasting more than a month Depression and anxiety are often diagnosed with PTSD Often involves battle-scarred veterans (7.6% of combatants; 1.4% of noncombatants) and survivors of accidents, disasters, and violent and sexual assaults (⅔ of prostitutes) Treament: medication (SSRIs), EMDR

Answer 17

symptoms less than a month: acute stress disorder symptoms more than a month: PTSD

Answer 18

Shapiro- a grad student, was stressed and walking through a park, was looking at the trees on each side of the path and realized that she felt better: came up with EMDR EMDR- eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Moderately more effective than CBT Does not help avoidance as much as CBT

Answer 19

Person experiences two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure Dx Checklist Major Depressive Episode For a 2-week period, person displays an increase in depressed mood for the majority of each day and/or lack of interest or pleasure in things they previously enjoyed For the same 2 weeks, person also experiences at least three or four of the following symptoms Considerable weight change or appetite change, daily insomnia or hypersomnia, daily agitation or decrease in motor activity, daily fatigue or lethargy, daily feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, daily reduction in concentration or decisiveness, repeated focus on death or suicide, a suicide plan, or suicide attempt Significant distress or impairment Major Depressive Disorder Presence of major depressive episode No pattern of mania or hypomania

Answer 20

person experiences mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years, along with at least two other symptoms Dx Checklist Experiences the symptoms of major or mild depression for at least 2 years During the 2-year-period, symptoms not absent for more than 2 months at a time No history of mania or hypomania Significant distress or impairment

Answer 21

critera 1: major depressive episode (in extreme cases, may hallucinate or experience delusions) criteria 2: no history of mania

Answer 22

treatment medication (SSRIs, SNRIs), CBT gender roles equally common in kids once adolescence hits- women more likely once retired, equally likely may be genetically predisposed 17% prevalence rate

Answer 23

Person experiences not only depression but also mania- impulsive behavior Symptoms of mania Active, powerful emotions in search of outlet Need for contant excitement, involvement, companionship Very active- move quickly, talk loudly or rapidly; flamboyance is not uncommon Show poor judgement or planning; may have trouble remaining coherent or in touch with reality High energy Dx Checklist Manic Episode Symptoms consistently there for one week Must experience at least three of the following symptoms Grandiosity or overblown self-esteem, reduced sleep need, increased talkativeness, or drive to continue talking, rapidly shifting ideas or the sense that one’s thoughts are moving fast, attention pulled in many directions, heighted activity or agitated movements, excessive purity of risky and potentially problematic activities Significant distress or impairment Bipolar I Disorder Occurrence of a manic episode Hypomanic or major depressive episodes may precede or follow the manic episode Bipolar II Disorder Presence or history of major depressive episode(s) Presence or history of hypomanic episodes Hypomanic- milder version of mania No history of manic episode Can fly under the radar- high functioning, do not get diagnosed until they are middle aged equally common in men and women Bipolar I runs in family, can strongly be transmitted between family members 4%-25% chance that another family member has it If one identical twin has bipolar, 40% concordance rate (chance that the other has it) Medication compliance is a big issue- they like how they feel when they are manic Can have bipolar with psychosis

Answer 24

yes Brain based; requires medication for improvement Low levels of serotonin, high levels of norepinephrine when manic High serotonin, low norepinephrine when depressed

Answer 25

Have lost touch with reality, can not differentiate between the voices they hear and real voices Most commonly diagnosed psychotic disorder Psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations (auditory, visual, or smelling), disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression Symptoms Disturbed perceptions, disorganized thinking and speech (word salad), diminished and inappropriate emotions and actions Type I- positive symptoms (symptoms that shouldn’t be present are present) Type II- negative symptoms (stuff that should be there is not) Dx Checklist At least one month of active symptoms Two or more of these symptoms Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, abnormal motor activity (catatonic- will not move or moving too much), negative symptoms (something is missing; i.e. a flat affect or facial expressions, not talking) At least one of the individual’s symptoms must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech Individual functions much more poorly in various life spheres than was the case prior to the symptoms Beyond this month if intense symptoms, patient continues to display some degree of impaired functioning for at least five months Prodromal phase- phase leading up to active phase (decline in hygiene, decline in daily functioning) brain based genetics may play a role, 10x more likely to have it if a first degree bio relative has it equally diagnosed in men and women age of onset men: college years, early 20s women: later 20s treatment: antipsychotic - dopamine (for type I), type II is harder to treat type II usually have a structural abnormality

Answer 26

dopamine hypothesis- dopamine overactivity viral theory- if mother got the flu while pregnant (has to be end of month 3-month 6 during the winter), the kid has a higher chance of having schizophrenia diathesis stress model- if you have stress predisposition, experience a stressful thing, you develop schizophrenia

Answer 27

combination of bipolar and schizophrenia

Answer 28

Typical/positive antispychotics Atypical antispychotics Better at reducing negative symptoms Same improvement rate as typical/positive antispychotics for reducing positive symptoms 85% improvement rate for atypical antipsychotics

Answer 29

Won Nobel Prize Only auditory hallucinations and delusions, no visual Did not want to take meds because of side effects Developed method for reality testing because he would not take meds “Can I touch your arm? I want to see if you are real.” Learned to differentiate between what is real and what is not- highly unusual

Answer 30

Very rare, a person exhibits 2+ distinct and alternating personalities (alters) Formerly called multiple personality disorder 2-100 alters possible Avg alters: women- 15, men- 8; more common in women Dx Checklist Will lose time Person repeatedly experiences memory gaps regarding daily events, key personal info, or traumatic events, beyond ordinary forgetting Significant distress or impairment The symptoms are not caused by a substance or medical condition Treatment: Long term psychotherapy Try to integrate alters into one person 1.5% prevalence rate

Answer 31

Are unable to recall important info, usually of an upsetting nature about their lives Prevalence rate: 1.8% Dx Checklist Person cannot recall important life-related info, typically traumatic or stress related Significant distress or impairment Symptoms are not caused by a substance or medical condition Localized Dissociative Amnesia About a specific time period Remember the entire day up until the traumatic event, piece of time missing Generalized Dissociate Amnesia Forget who they are, where they are, etc.

Answer 32

People with dissociative fugue not only foget their personal identities and details of their past, but also flee to an entirely different location For some, the fugue is brief- a matter of hours or days- and ends suddenly For others, the fugue is more severe: people may travel far from home, take a new name and establish new relationships, and even a new line of work; some display new personality characteristics Fugues tend to end abruptly Usually it is one episode, brought on by stress or trauma Treatment For one person, he was never alone so that he could be anchored to the present and reality 0.2% prevalence rate

Answer 33

Lack of conscience for wrongdoing, impulsive, fearless, irresponsible, some genetic tendencies, inclussing low arousal Genetic predispositions may interact with the environment to produce the altered brain activity associated with antisocial personality disorder More often diagnosed in men than women (4x more common in males) Very serious/dangerous condition Most commonly diagnosed with psychopathy People with antisocial personality disorder persistently disregard and violate others’ rights DSM-5 requires that the person must be at least 18 to be diagnosed with this Likely to repeatedly lie, be reckless, and impulsive Little regard for other individuals, and can be cruel, sadistic, aggressive, and violent 3.6% prevalence rate No effective treatment right now History of Diagnosis These are just common disorders diagnosed in people with Antisocial- they do not guarante that Antisocial will develop Oppositional Defiant Disorder as a kid Conduct Disorder as a teen (vandalize, skip school) At this point, you need to actively do things to stop Antisocial Personality Disorder from developing Most people will have a visceral reaction, will feel very uncomfortable around people with Antisocial Personality Disorder

Answer 34

Display great instability, including major shifts in mood, an unstable self-image, and impulsivity More common in women Interpersonal relationships are also unstable They either idolize or HATE people (“splitting” thinking), no inbetween, swings rapidly Intense fears of abandonment Prone to bouts of anger, sometimes resulting in physical aggression nd violence Just as often, can direct their impulsive singer inward and harm themselves Suicidality needs to be evaluated Usually self mutilation more so than suicide 5.9% prevalence rate Treatment DBT (dialectical behavior therapy) Designed by someone who has BPD, used for people with severe depression, anxiety, etc. Usually takes about a year

Answer 35

People with narcissistic personality disorder are generally grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy with others People with this disorder exaggerate/brag about their achievements and talents and often appear arrogant Tough time with any form of perceived criticism; tough to keep them in relationships or therapy (full of criticism) Diagnosed more often in men Challenging to treat Potentially treatable, but not with great outcomes Two theories of what causes it: Psychodynamic theory- parents were not empathic, long line of traumatic empathetic failures, may have felt emotionally neglected or abused, undeveloped/fragile ego Cognitives- child was treated too positively, told that they were perfect and amazing

Answer 36

Brain based Brain development is often a little delayed Developmentally, they are a few years, but eventually catch up E.g. through college years, halfway through college years, things improve Symptoms for inattention: 6+ symptoms for 6+ months in atleast 2 settings Misses details and makes careless mistakes, difficulty sustaining attention, not listening, a lack of follow through on instructions and chores/homework, disorganized, avoids tasks that require sustained mental effort, often loses things, easily distracted, forgetful in daily activities Symptoms for hyperactive and impulsive: 6+ symptoms for 6+ months Often fidgets, often leaves seat, excessive running and climbing, unable to play quietly, often on the go and driven by a motor, excessive talking, blurts out answers to questions before they are completed, difficulty waiting one’s turn, interrupts and intrudes on others There is also a combined type Several symptoms must be present prior to age 12 in 2+ settings Diagnosed 4-9 more often in boys Girls tend to fly under the radar because they only display inattentive symptoms About half of the children with ADHD also have Learning or communication problems Poor school performance Difficulty interacting with other children Misbehavior often serious Mood or anxiety problems Treatment Medication (stimulants- Ritalin, Adderal) Stimulants can be helpful in treating symptoms, most of these drugs have to be taken every day Side effects: decrease appetite, suppress growth Kids take drug holidays- stop taking drugs over school holidays Some with anxiety can not take stimulants- worsens anxiety Non stimulants- increases dopamine Quelbree Non stimulant, just approved by FDA Increases norepinephrine (alertness/arousal) 80% of people with ADHD have success with medication Nonmedication Aerobic exercise treatment (increases focus) Neurofeedback (treat brain to retain wanted brain waves) Supplements and vitamins (Omega 3 Fish Oil) Genetics are involved 30-50% with ADHD have a parent or sibling with ADHD

Answer 37

Brain based Cerebellum is smaller (helps us with transitioning, sensory integration) Less activity in frontal and temporal lobes Sometimes abnormalities in the limbic system Ranges from Level 1 to Level 3 in terms of severity Onset is in first three years of ilife, majority of children it shows in around 2 years old 80% of cases are among boys CDC Prevalence: 1/59 people Deficiences in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior Prior diagnosis of Asperger syndrome: good verbal language skills Milder nonverbal language problems Restricted range of interests and relationships Symptoms (deficits in social interaction and social communication, all 3 must be present) Deficits in social and emotional reciprocity E.g. will not approach you Deficits in nonverbal behaviors used for social interaction E.g. will not make eye contact Deficits in developing, maintaining and understanding relationships E.g. difficulty making friends Symptoms (restricted, repetitive behaviors, atleast 2 of 4) Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech E.g. lining up toys, echolalia (repeating what was said) Insistence on sameness, inflexibility, adherence to routines E.g. extreme distress at small changes, eating the same food every day Restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity in terms of focus E.g. hyperfixation (Topcat) Sensory integration issues in terms of hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity E.g. indifference to pain/temperature, adverse response to specific sounds and textures Genetics 60% of the time, when one identical twin has autism, the other has it Causes (as a baby/fetus) Labor or pregnancy complications Exposure to neurotoxins Men over the ago of 40 are more likely to have autism Genetic mutations are more likely with men over 40 Treatment Various therapies (speech, occupational, ABA) Occupational addresses motor delays Applied behavioral analysis- rewards child for exhibiting neurotypical responses (i.e. social, behavioral, emotional) Diets (GFCF) Gluten free, casein free Theory that autistic people may not be able to metabolize/break down various proteins Vitamins (Zinc, Omega 3 fish oil) Neurofeedback (navigate brain waves) Types of onset Organic onset- something was always wrong, parents noticed as a baby that something was off Genetics? Regressive onset- typical development, suddenly, between 1½ - 2½, development plateaus and/or declines (speech goes away, nonverbal skills regress) What is assaulting the brain? Neurotoxins (mercury)? Where vaccine debate came in

Answer 38

revolves around the belief that everyone has unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories, used to release repressed emotions and memories helpful for understanding personality disorders, not much empirical support

Answer 39

focuses on the psychological roots of emotional suffering, hallmarks are self-reflection and self-examination, and the use of the relationship between therapist and patient as a window into problematic relationship patterns in the patient's life

Answer 40

hierarchy of needs (Abraham Maslow) Person-centered therapy Unconditional positive regard (acceptance)

Answer 41

Dr. Carl Rogers, person centered therapy, everyone should feel good about themselves, growth focused, self acceptance, involves active listening 3 ingredients of successful therapy: genuineness, unconditional positive regard (acceptance), empathy

Answer 42

Watson, Pavlov, Skinner Goal: to alter or change behaviors Operant conditioning Token economy Classical conditioning techniques Counterconditioning Exposure therapies Systematic desenstization Problems/disorders Behvaioral problems, specific phobias, substance abuse and sexual disroders, paraphilias, behavioral issues in inpatient settings Research supports sompulsions in OCD, marital difficulties, sexual dysfunctions, insomnia, PTSD, anxiety, and depression

Answer 43

Aaron Beck Restructuring people’s thoughts Problems/disorders Depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and some personality disorders Research supports anxiety, PTSD, depression, and insomnia Beck’s therapy for depression Can be just as effective as medication (takes time) Trained to modify and recognize negative self talk E.g. lost a job: I’m worthless, it’s hopeless → it wasn’t a good fit

Answer 44

Most widely used biomedical therapies 27 million Americans take prescribed antidepressants Placebo and double blind techniques are used to evaluate drug effectiveness Most common drug treatments Antipsychotics Antianxiety Antidepressant Mood-stabilizing Problems/disorder Schizophrenia, psychotic disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, bulimia nervosa, BPD are sometimes treated with antidepressants; ADHD is treated with stimulant medication

Answer 45

⅔ improve after therapy (for nonpsychotic disorders) ¾ satisfaction with therapy 80% of people have poorer outcomes than the average treated person

Answer 46

therapy with people with cimilar conditions, ability to form support system

Answer 47

therapy with family members

Answer 48

surgery done to remove or destroy brain tissue