Exam V

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Question 2

Allport definition of personality

Answer 2

as someone appears to others, the part someone plays in life, a cluster of personal qualities that fit a person of their work, distinction, and dignity

Question 3

t or f
Freud reasoned that people with physical ailments without physical explanations had mental ailments

Answer 3

true

Question 4

id, ego, superego iceberg example

Answer 4

Question 5

id

Answer 5

operates on pleasure principles, contains instinct (sexual and aggression), present at birth, unconsciously strives to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress

id = wild stallion

Question 6

ego

Answer 6

operates on reality principle, seeks to realistically gratify id’s impulses to bring long-term pleasure, contains perceptions, thoughts, judgements, and memories, developed in first 2-3 years of life

all about reason, logic, common sense, tries to harness/control the id

ego = rider of the wild stallion (id)

Question 7

superego

Answer 7

focuses on ideal behavior, strives for perfections, acts as moral conscience, develops by age 5, all about morality, what is right vs wrong, develops when we identify with our same sex caregiver

Question 8

Freud defense mechanisms

Answer 8

Question 9

repression

Answer 9

repressing bad or traumatic emotions or feelings

Question 10

neo freudians

Answer 10

placed more of an emphasis on the conscious mind and social motives than sexual or aggression related ones

Question 11

contemporary psychodynamic theories

Answer 11

reject freud’s emphasis on sexual motivation, view mental life as primarily unconscious, contend childhood social experiences influence adult personalities and attachment patterns

Question 12

evaluating Freud’s theory

Answer 12

Criticized: development is life long, not just in childhood; parental influence is overestimated and peer influence is underestimated; Oedipus complex is questioned; gender identity develops earlier than Freud thought; criticize scientific methodology
Credited with: drawing attention to unconscious, struggling to cope with sexuality, adddressing conflict between biological impulses and social restraints, identifying forms of defense mechanisms and unconscious terror-management defenses
Modern research challenges the idea of repression (stressful memories, you are more likely to remember)
Modern research only supports reaction formation and projection

Question 13

Gordon Allport trait theory

Answer 13

Cardinal - The master dispositions of personality affecting every activity of the person (E.g. tyrannical, narcissistic, Christ-like)

Central - Significant enough to be mentioned in verbal descriptions of the person and in letters of recommendation (not as influential as cardinal traits) (E.g. funny, hardworking, kind)

Secondary - Evoked less frequently and less consistently; the lowest level of traits in term of their influence on behavior (E.g. stagefright)

Question 14

power of the situation and the person-situation controversy

Answer 14

behavior is influenced by interaction of our inner disposition with our environment, personality traits are stable, environment is not

Question 15

big five personality traits

Answer 15

Question 16

biology and personality

Answer 16

Brain activity scans of extraverts show that they seek stimulation from others because their normal brain arousal is relatively low
Dopamine and dopamine-related neural activity tend to be higher in extraverts
Introverts seek stimulation from themselves

Question 17

factor analysis

Answer 17

statistical procedure used to identidy clusters of test items to tap basic components of personality
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

Question 18

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

Answer 18

extraversion and emotionality factors inevitably emerged as basic personality dimensions

Question 19

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI-2)

Answer 19

comprised of ten scales, scores range from 0-120, over 70 is clinically significant

can be used by employers or criminal justice system (psych eval)

Question 20

MMPI-2 scales

Answer 20

Question 21

thematic apperception test (TAT)

Answer 21

shown individual black and white pictures, are asked to describe what they see
- what led up to the picture
- what is going on in the picture
- if there is a person/people in the picture (and
what they are thinking/feeling
- what is the outcome of the depiction
projective test, express inner feelings and interests through made up stories about ambiguous scenes

criticized because there is no baseline

Question 22

rorschach inkblot test

Answer 22

a set of 10 inkblot tests, designed by Hermann Rorschach

seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretation of the blots, attempts to address low reliability and validity in most areas with addressed with research-based, computer-aided tools, reveals unconscious aspects of the test taker’s personality

big red flag if they do not mention animals

Question 23

projective tests

Answer 23

a personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli

Question 24

myers briggs type indicator (MBTI)

Answer 24

based on Jung’s psychological types, created by mother and daughter pair, used for career counseling, couples counseling, and individual therapy

Question 25

types (MBTI)

Answer 25

Extraverted (E), Introverted, (I)
Sensory (S), Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T), Feeling (F)
Judging (J), Perceiving (P)

Question 26

types (keirsey temperament sorter)

Answer 26

Artisans (SP)
Guardians (SJ)
Idealists (NF)
Rationals (NT)

Question 27

keirsey temperament sorter

Answer 27

reorganized version of MBTI

Question 28

modern unconscious mind

Answer 28

many research psychologists now think of the unconscious as information processing that occurs without awareness

unconsciousness involves schemas, priming, right-hemisphere activity, implicit memories, emotions, and stereotypes

Question 29

reciprocal influences

Answer 29

behavior, cognition, and enviornment all work together and influence each other

Question 30

DSM 5

Answer 30

diagnostic manual of mental disorders and illnesses

Question 31

psychological disorders

Answer 31

marked by a signifanct disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior (4 Ds)

Question 32

4 Ds

Answer 32

distress- behavior is upsetting to the individual
dyfunction- behavior interferes with one’s daily activities (socially, academically, etc.)
deviance- the behavior is bizarre, odd, eccentric, or extremely different from one’s cultural norms
danger- least common, dangerous to self or others

Question 33

ego dystonic

Answer 33

makes you feel bad (i.e. anxiety, depression)

Question 34

ego syntonic

Answer 34

makes you feel good (i.e. mania)

Question 35

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Answer 35

continually apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal, free-floating anxiety (worries about everything)

symptoms (min. of 3, at least 6 months):
- edginess, restlessness, chronic fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and/or sleep problems

treatment: CBT, medication (SSRIs)

common in western society, usually first appears in childhood or adolescence, more common in women, can be genetic (brain based- GABA is not as active as it should be)

prevalence rate: 4%

Question 36

panic disorder

Answer 36

experiences sudden episodes of intense dread and often lives in fear of when the next panic attack might strike; symptoms mimic a heart attack, becomes panic disorder when fear of next panic attack interferes with daily life

Symptoms of panic attacks (at least 4)
Heart palpitations, pounding
Heart, accelerated heart rate
Sweating
Trembling or shaking
Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering
Feelings of choking
Chest pain or discomfort
Nausea or abdominal distress
Dizziness
Chills or heat sensations
Numbness or tingling sensations
Derealization or depersonalization
Fear of losing control or going crazy
Fear of dying

treatment: medication (SSRIs, SNRIs), CBT

diagnosed more in women

Question 37

phobias

Answer 37

person experiences a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation (e.g. snakes, heights, needles)

Dx Checklist
Marked, persistent, and disproportionate fear of a particular object or situation, usually lasting at least 6 months
Exposure to the object produces immediate fear
Avoidance of the feared situation
Significant distress or impairment

Treatment: systematic desensitization

more often diagnosed in women, phobias are usually learned, highly treatable

Question 38

systematic desensitization

Answer 38

Patient constructs a fear hierarchy, practice relaxation techniques throughout exposure techniques

Question 39

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 39

Characterized by persistent and repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both, occurs when obsessions and compulsions interfere with daily life and cause distress

Dx Checklist
Occurrence of repeated obsessions, compulsions, or both
The obsessions or compulsions take up considerable time
Significant distress or impairment

treatment: medication (SSRIs), therapy (exposure and response prevention)

more common among teens and young adults, equally common in men and women, can be genetic

Question 40

post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 40

symptoms are always set off by a traumatic experience, disoriented by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Dx Checklist
Person is exposed to a traumatic event- death or threatened death, severe injury, or sexual violation
Person experiences at least one of the following intrusive symptoms
Repeated, uncontrolled, and distressing memories, repeated and upsetting trauma-linked dreams, dissociative experiences such as flashbacks, significant upset when exposed to trauma-linked cues, pronounced physical reactions when reminded of the event(s)
Person continually avoids trauma-linked stimuli
Blocking out aspects of event or mood changes
Person displays conspicuous changes in arousal and reactivity, such as excessive alertness, extreme startle responses, or sleep disturbances (usually insomnia)
Person experiences significant distress or impairment, with symptoms lasting more than a month
Depression and anxiety are often diagnosed with PTSD
Often involves battle-scarred veterans (7.6% of combatants; 1.4% of noncombatants) and survivors of accidents, disasters, and violent and sexual assaults (⅔ of prostitutes)

Treament: medication (SSRIs), EMDR

Question 41

acute stress disorder vs PTSD

Answer 41

symptoms less than a month: acute stress disorder
symptoms more than a month: PTSD

Question 42

EMDR for PTSD, Shapiro

Answer 42

Shapiro- a grad student, was stressed and walking through a park, was looking at the trees on each side of the path and realized that she felt better: came up with EMDR
EMDR- eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
Moderately more effective than CBT
Does not help avoidance as much as CBT

Question 43

major depressive disorder

Answer 43

Person experiences two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure

Dx Checklist

Major Depressive Episode
For a 2-week period, person displays an increase in depressed mood for the majority of each day and/or lack of interest or pleasure in things they previously enjoyed
For the same 2 weeks, person also experiences at least three or four of the following symptoms
Considerable weight change or appetite change, daily insomnia or hypersomnia, daily agitation or decrease in motor activity, daily fatigue or lethargy, daily feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, daily reduction in concentration or decisiveness, repeated focus on death or suicide, a suicide plan, or suicide attempt
Significant distress or impairment

Major Depressive Disorder
Presence of major depressive episode
No pattern of mania or hypomania

Question 44

persistent depressive disorder

Answer 44

person experiences mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years, along with at least two other symptoms

Dx Checklist
Experiences the symptoms of major or mild depression for at least 2 years
During the 2-year-period, symptoms not absent for more than 2 months at a time
No history of mania or hypomania
Significant distress or impairment

Question 45

diagnosing unipolar depression

Answer 45

critera 1: major depressive episode (in extreme cases, may hallucinate or experience delusions)
criteria 2: no history of mania

Question 46

depression (all inclusive) info

Answer 46

treatment
medication (SSRIs, SNRIs), CBT

gender roles
equally common in kids
once adolescence hits- women more likely
once retired, equally likely

may be genetically predisposed

17% prevalence rate

Question 47

bipolar disorder

Answer 47

Person experiences not only depression but also mania- impulsive behavior

Symptoms of mania
Active, powerful emotions in search of outlet
Need for contant excitement, involvement, companionship
Very active- move quickly, talk loudly or rapidly; flamboyance is not uncommon
Show poor judgement or planning; may have trouble remaining coherent or in touch with reality
High energy

Dx Checklist
Manic Episode
Symptoms consistently there for one week
Must experience at least three of the following symptoms
Grandiosity or overblown self-esteem, reduced sleep need, increased talkativeness, or drive to continue talking, rapidly shifting ideas or the sense that one’s thoughts are moving fast, attention pulled in many directions, heighted activity or agitated movements, excessive purity of risky and potentially problematic activities
Significant distress or impairment

Bipolar I Disorder
Occurrence of a manic episode
Hypomanic or major depressive episodes may precede or follow the manic episode

Bipolar II Disorder
Presence or history of major depressive episode(s)
Presence or history of hypomanic episodes
Hypomanic- milder version of mania
No history of manic episode
Can fly under the radar- high functioning, do not get diagnosed until they are middle aged

equally common in men and women
Bipolar I runs in family, can strongly be transmitted between family members
4%-25% chance that another family member has it
If one identical twin has bipolar, 40% concordance rate (chance that the other has it)
Medication compliance is a big issue- they like how they feel when they are manic
Can have bipolar with psychosis

Question 48

is bipolar brain based? if so, how?

Answer 48

yes

Brain based; requires medication for improvement
Low levels of serotonin, high levels of norepinephrine when manic
High serotonin, low norepinephrine when depressed

Question 49

schizophrenia

Answer 49

Have lost touch with reality, can not differentiate between the voices they hear and real voices
Most commonly diagnosed psychotic disorder
Psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations (auditory, visual, or smelling), disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

Symptoms
Disturbed perceptions, disorganized thinking and speech (word salad), diminished and inappropriate emotions and actions

Type I- positive symptoms (symptoms that shouldn’t be present are present)
Type II- negative symptoms (stuff that should be there is not)

Dx Checklist
At least one month of active symptoms
Two or more of these symptoms
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, abnormal motor activity (catatonic- will not move or moving too much), negative symptoms (something is missing; i.e. a flat affect or facial expressions, not talking)
At least one of the individual’s symptoms must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech
Individual functions much more poorly in various life spheres than was the case prior to the symptoms
Beyond this month if intense symptoms, patient continues to display some degree of impaired functioning for at least five months
Prodromal phase- phase leading up to active phase (decline in hygiene, decline in daily functioning)

brain based
genetics may play a role, 10x more likely to have it if a first degree bio relative has it
equally diagnosed in men and women

age of onset
men: college years, early 20s
women: later 20s

treatment: antipsychotic - dopamine (for type I), type II is harder to treat

type II usually have a structural abnormality

Question 50

schizophrenia theories of cause

Answer 50

dopamine hypothesis- dopamine overactivity

viral theory- if mother got the flu while pregnant (has to be end of month 3-month 6 during the winter), the kid has a higher chance of having schizophrenia

diathesis stress model- if you have stress predisposition, experience a stressful thing, you develop schizophrenia

Question 51

schizoaffective disorder

Answer 51

combination of bipolar and schizophrenia

Question 52

treatment for schizophrenia

Answer 52

Typical/positive antispychotics
Atypical antispychotics
Better at reducing negative symptoms
Same improvement rate as typical/positive antispychotics for reducing positive symptoms
85% improvement rate for atypical antipsychotics

Question 53

john nash

Answer 53

Won Nobel Prize
Only auditory hallucinations and delusions, no visual
Did not want to take meds because of side effects
Developed method for reality testing because he would not take meds “Can I touch your arm? I want to see if you are real.”
Learned to differentiate between what is real and what is not- highly unusual

Question 54

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 54

Very rare, a person exhibits 2+ distinct and alternating personalities (alters)
Formerly called multiple personality disorder
2-100 alters possible
Avg alters: women- 15, men- 8; more common in women

Dx Checklist
Will lose time
Person repeatedly experiences memory gaps regarding daily events, key personal info, or traumatic events, beyond ordinary forgetting
Significant distress or impairment
The symptoms are not caused by a substance or medical condition

Treatment:
Long term psychotherapy
Try to integrate alters into one person
1.5% prevalence rate

Question 55

dissociative amnesia

Answer 55

Are unable to recall important info, usually of an upsetting nature about their lives
Prevalence rate: 1.8%

Dx Checklist
Person cannot recall important life-related info, typically traumatic or stress related
Significant distress or impairment
Symptoms are not caused by a substance or medical condition

Localized Dissociative Amnesia
About a specific time period
Remember the entire day up until the traumatic event, piece of time missing

Generalized Dissociate Amnesia
Forget who they are, where they are, etc.

Question 56

dissociative amnesia with fugue

Answer 56

People with dissociative fugue not only foget their personal identities and details of their past, but also flee to an entirely different location
For some, the fugue is brief- a matter of hours or days- and ends suddenly
For others, the fugue is more severe: people may travel far from home, take a new name and establish new relationships, and even a new line of work; some display new personality characteristics
Fugues tend to end abruptly
Usually it is one episode, brought on by stress or trauma

Treatment
For one person, he was never alone so that he could be anchored to the present and reality
0.2% prevalence rate

Question 57

antisocial personality disorder

Answer 57

Lack of conscience for wrongdoing, impulsive, fearless, irresponsible, some genetic tendencies, inclussing low arousal
Genetic predispositions may interact with the environment to produce the altered brain activity associated with antisocial personality disorder
More often diagnosed in men than women (4x more common in males)
Very serious/dangerous condition
Most commonly diagnosed with psychopathy
People with antisocial personality disorder persistently disregard and violate others’ rights

DSM-5 requires that the person must be at least 18 to be diagnosed with this

Likely to repeatedly lie, be reckless, and impulsive
Little regard for other individuals, and can be cruel, sadistic, aggressive, and violent
3.6% prevalence rate
No effective treatment right now

History of Diagnosis
These are just common disorders diagnosed in people with Antisocial- they do not guarante that Antisocial will develop
Oppositional Defiant Disorder as a kid
Conduct Disorder as a teen (vandalize, skip school)
At this point, you need to actively do things to stop Antisocial Personality Disorder from developing

Most people will have a visceral reaction, will feel very uncomfortable around people with Antisocial Personality Disorder

Question 58

borderline personality disorder (BPD)

Answer 58

Display great instability, including major shifts in mood, an unstable self-image, and impulsivity
More common in women
Interpersonal relationships are also unstable
They either idolize or HATE people (“splitting” thinking), no inbetween, swings rapidly
Intense fears of abandonment
Prone to bouts of anger, sometimes resulting in physical aggression nd violence
Just as often, can direct their impulsive singer inward and harm themselves
Suicidality needs to be evaluated
Usually self mutilation more so than suicide
5.9% prevalence rate

Treatment
DBT (dialectical behavior therapy)
Designed by someone who has BPD, used for people with severe depression, anxiety, etc.
Usually takes about a year

Question 59

narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 59

People with narcissistic personality disorder are generally grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy with others
People with this disorder exaggerate/brag about their achievements and talents and often appear arrogant
Tough time with any form of perceived criticism; tough to keep them in relationships or therapy (full of criticism)
Diagnosed more often in men
Challenging to treat
Potentially treatable, but not with great outcomes

Two theories of what causes it:
Psychodynamic theory- parents were not empathic, long line of traumatic empathetic failures, may have felt emotionally neglected or abused, undeveloped/fragile ego
Cognitives- child was treated too positively, told that they were perfect and amazing

Question 60

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 60

Brain based
Brain development is often a little delayed
Developmentally, they are a few years, but eventually catch up
E.g. through college years, halfway through college years, things improve

Symptoms for inattention: 6+ symptoms for 6+ months in atleast 2 settings
Misses details and makes careless mistakes, difficulty sustaining attention, not listening, a lack of follow through on instructions and chores/homework, disorganized, avoids tasks that require sustained mental effort, often loses things, easily distracted, forgetful in daily activities

Symptoms for hyperactive and impulsive: 6+ symptoms for 6+ months
Often fidgets, often leaves seat, excessive running and climbing, unable to play quietly, often on the go and driven by a motor, excessive talking, blurts out answers to questions before they are completed, difficulty waiting one’s turn, interrupts and intrudes on others

There is also a combined type
Several symptoms must be present prior to age 12 in 2+ settings
Diagnosed 4-9 more often in boys
Girls tend to fly under the radar because they only display inattentive symptoms

About half of the children with ADHD also have
Learning or communication problems
Poor school performance
Difficulty interacting with other children
Misbehavior often serious
Mood or anxiety problems

Treatment
Medication (stimulants- Ritalin, Adderal)
Stimulants can be helpful in treating symptoms, most of these drugs have to be taken every day
Side effects: decrease appetite, suppress growth
Kids take drug holidays- stop taking drugs over school holidays
Some with anxiety can not take stimulants- worsens anxiety
Non stimulants- increases dopamine
Quelbree
Non stimulant, just approved by FDA
Increases norepinephrine (alertness/arousal)
80% of people with ADHD have success with medication
Nonmedication
Aerobic exercise treatment (increases focus)
Neurofeedback (treat brain to retain wanted brain waves)
Supplements and vitamins (Omega 3 Fish Oil)

Genetics are involved
30-50% with ADHD have a parent or sibling with ADHD

Question 61

autism spectrum disorder

Answer 61

Brain based
Cerebellum is smaller (helps us with transitioning, sensory integration)
Less activity in frontal and temporal lobes
Sometimes abnormalities in the limbic system
Ranges from Level 1 to Level 3 in terms of severity
Onset is in first three years of ilife, majority of children it shows in around 2 years old
80% of cases are among boys
CDC Prevalence: 1/59 people
Deficiences in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior
Prior diagnosis of Asperger syndrome: good verbal language skills
Milder nonverbal language problems
Restricted range of interests and relationships

Symptoms (deficits in social interaction and social communication, all 3 must be present)
Deficits in social and emotional reciprocity
E.g. will not approach you
Deficits in nonverbal behaviors used for social interaction
E.g. will not make eye contact
Deficits in developing, maintaining and understanding relationships
E.g. difficulty making friends

Symptoms (restricted, repetitive behaviors, atleast 2 of 4)
Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech
E.g. lining up toys, echolalia (repeating what was said)
Insistence on sameness, inflexibility, adherence to routines
E.g. extreme distress at small changes, eating the same food every day
Restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity in terms of focus
E.g. hyperfixation (Topcat)
Sensory integration issues in terms of hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity
E.g. indifference to pain/temperature, adverse response to specific sounds and textures

Genetics
60% of the time, when one identical twin has autism, the other has it
Causes (as a baby/fetus)
Labor or pregnancy complications
Exposure to neurotoxins
Men over the ago of 40 are more likely to have autism
Genetic mutations are more likely with men over 40

Treatment
Various therapies (speech, occupational, ABA)
Occupational addresses motor delays
Applied behavioral analysis- rewards child for exhibiting neurotypical responses (i.e. social, behavioral, emotional)
Diets (GFCF)
Gluten free, casein free
Theory that autistic people may not be able to metabolize/break down various proteins
Vitamins (Zinc, Omega 3 fish oil)
Neurofeedback (navigate brain waves)

Types of onset
Organic onset- something was always wrong, parents noticed as a baby that something was off
Genetics?
Regressive onset- typical development, suddenly, between 1½ - 2½, development plateaus and/or declines (speech goes away, nonverbal skills regress)
What is assaulting the brain? Neurotoxins (mercury)?
Where vaccine debate came in

Question 62

psychoanalysis

Answer 62

revolves around the belief that everyone has unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories, used to release repressed emotions and memories
helpful for understanding personality disorders, not much empirical support

Question 63

psychodynamic therapy

Answer 63

focuses on the psychological roots of emotional suffering, hallmarks are self-reflection and self-examination, and the use of the relationship between therapist and patient as a window into problematic relationship patterns in the patient’s life

Question 64

humanistic therapy concepts/ideas

Answer 64

hierarchy of needs (Abraham Maslow)
Person-centered therapy
Unconditional positive regard (acceptance)

Question 65

person-centered therapy

Answer 65

Dr. Carl Rogers, person centered therapy, everyone should feel good about themselves, growth focused, self acceptance, involves active listening
3 ingredients of successful therapy: genuineness, unconditional positive regard (acceptance), empathy

Question 66

behavior therapy

Answer 66

Watson, Pavlov, Skinner
Goal: to alter or change behaviors
Operant conditioning
Token economy

Classical conditioning techniques
Counterconditioning
Exposure therapies
Systematic desenstization

Problems/disorders
Behvaioral problems, specific phobias, substance abuse and sexual disroders, paraphilias, behavioral issues in inpatient settings
Research supports sompulsions in OCD, marital difficulties, sexual dysfunctions, insomnia, PTSD, anxiety, and depression

Question 67

cognitive therapy

Answer 67

Aaron Beck
Restructuring people’s thoughts

Problems/disorders
Depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and some personality disorders
Research supports anxiety, PTSD, depression, and insomnia

Beck’s therapy for depression
Can be just as effective as medication (takes time)
Trained to modify and recognize negative self talk
E.g. lost a job: I’m worthless, it’s hopeless → it wasn’t a good fit

Question 68

drug therapy

Answer 68

Most widely used biomedical therapies
27 million Americans take prescribed antidepressants
Placebo and double blind techniques are used to evaluate drug effectiveness

Most common drug treatments
Antipsychotics
Antianxiety
Antidepressant
Mood-stabilizing

Problems/disorder
Schizophrenia, psychotic disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, bulimia nervosa, BPD are sometimes treated with antidepressants; ADHD is treated with stimulant medication

Question 69

stats of psychotherapy from class drug therapies

Answer 69

⅔ improve after therapy (for nonpsychotic disorders)
¾ satisfaction with therapy
80% of people have poorer outcomes than the average treated person

Question 70

types of psychology jobs, etc.

Answer 70

Question 71

types of therapies

Answer 71

Question 72

group therapy

Answer 72

therapy with people with cimilar conditions, ability to form support system

Question 73

family therapy

Answer 73

therapy with family members

Question 74

psychosurgery

Answer 74

surgery done to remove or destroy brain tissue