Exam V Flashcards
personality
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Allport definition of personality
as someone appears to others, the part someone plays in life, a cluster of personal qualities that fit a person of their work, distinction, and dignity
t or f
Freud reasoned that people with physical ailments without physical explanations had mental ailments
true
id, ego, superego iceberg example
id
operates on pleasure principles, contains instinct (sexual and aggression), present at birth, unconsciously strives to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress
id = wild stallion
ego
operates on reality principle, seeks to realistically gratify id’s impulses to bring long-term pleasure, contains perceptions, thoughts, judgements, and memories, developed in first 2-3 years of life
all about reason, logic, common sense, tries to harness/control the id
ego = rider of the wild stallion (id)
superego
focuses on ideal behavior, strives for perfections, acts as moral conscience, develops by age 5, all about morality, what is right vs wrong, develops when we identify with our same sex caregiver
Freud defense mechanisms
repression
repressing bad or traumatic emotions or feelings
neo freudians
placed more of an emphasis on the conscious mind and social motives than sexual or aggression related ones
contemporary psychodynamic theories
reject freud’s emphasis on sexual motivation, view mental life as primarily unconscious, contend childhood social experiences influence adult personalities and attachment patterns
evaluating Freud’s theory
Criticized: development is life long, not just in childhood; parental influence is overestimated and peer influence is underestimated; Oedipus complex is questioned; gender identity develops earlier than Freud thought; criticize scientific methodology
Credited with: drawing attention to unconscious, struggling to cope with sexuality, adddressing conflict between biological impulses and social restraints, identifying forms of defense mechanisms and unconscious terror-management defenses
Modern research challenges the idea of repression (stressful memories, you are more likely to remember)
Modern research only supports reaction formation and projection
Gordon Allport trait theory
Cardinal - The master dispositions of personality affecting every activity of the person (E.g. tyrannical, narcissistic, Christ-like)
Central - Significant enough to be mentioned in verbal descriptions of the person and in letters of recommendation (not as influential as cardinal traits) (E.g. funny, hardworking, kind)
Secondary - Evoked less frequently and less consistently; the lowest level of traits in term of their influence on behavior (E.g. stagefright)
power of the situation and the person-situation controversy
behavior is influenced by interaction of our inner disposition with our environment, personality traits are stable, environment is not
big five personality traits
biology and personality
Brain activity scans of extraverts show that they seek stimulation from others because their normal brain arousal is relatively low
Dopamine and dopamine-related neural activity tend to be higher in extraverts
Introverts seek stimulation from themselves
factor analysis
statistical procedure used to identidy clusters of test items to tap basic components of personality
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
extraversion and emotionality factors inevitably emerged as basic personality dimensions
minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI-2)
comprised of ten scales, scores range from 0-120, over 70 is clinically significant
can be used by employers or criminal justice system (psych eval)
MMPI-2 scales
thematic apperception test (TAT)
shown individual black and white pictures, are asked to describe what they see
- what led up to the picture
- what is going on in the picture
- if there is a person/people in the picture (and
what they are thinking/feeling
- what is the outcome of the depiction
projective test, express inner feelings and interests through made up stories about ambiguous scenes
criticized because there is no baseline
rorschach inkblot test
a set of 10 inkblot tests, designed by Hermann Rorschach
seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretation of the blots, attempts to address low reliability and validity in most areas with addressed with research-based, computer-aided tools, reveals unconscious aspects of the test taker’s personality
big red flag if they do not mention animals
projective tests
a personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli
myers briggs type indicator (MBTI)
based on Jung’s psychological types, created by mother and daughter pair, used for career counseling, couples counseling, and individual therapy
types (MBTI)
Extraverted (E), Introverted, (I)
Sensory (S), Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T), Feeling (F)
Judging (J), Perceiving (P)
types (keirsey temperament sorter)
Artisans (SP)
Guardians (SJ)
Idealists (NF)
Rationals (NT)
keirsey temperament sorter
reorganized version of MBTI
modern unconscious mind
many research psychologists now think of the unconscious as information processing that occurs without awareness
unconsciousness involves schemas, priming, right-hemisphere activity, implicit memories, emotions, and stereotypes
reciprocal influences
behavior, cognition, and enviornment all work together and influence each other
DSM 5
diagnostic manual of mental disorders and illnesses
psychological disorders
marked by a signifanct disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior (4 Ds)
4 Ds
distress- behavior is upsetting to the individual
dyfunction- behavior interferes with one’s daily activities (socially, academically, etc.)
deviance- the behavior is bizarre, odd, eccentric, or extremely different from one’s cultural norms
danger- least common, dangerous to self or others
ego dystonic
makes you feel bad (i.e. anxiety, depression)
ego syntonic
makes you feel good (i.e. mania)
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
continually apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal, free-floating anxiety (worries about everything)
symptoms (min. of 3, at least 6 months):
- edginess, restlessness, chronic fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and/or sleep problems
treatment: CBT, medication (SSRIs)
common in western society, usually first appears in childhood or adolescence, more common in women, can be genetic (brain based- GABA is not as active as it should be)
prevalence rate: 4%
panic disorder
experiences sudden episodes of intense dread and often lives in fear of when the next panic attack might strike; symptoms mimic a heart attack, becomes panic disorder when fear of next panic attack interferes with daily life
Symptoms of panic attacks (at least 4)
Heart palpitations, pounding
Heart, accelerated heart rate
Sweating
Trembling or shaking
Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering
Feelings of choking
Chest pain or discomfort
Nausea or abdominal distress
Dizziness
Chills or heat sensations
Numbness or tingling sensations
Derealization or depersonalization
Fear of losing control or going crazy
Fear of dying
treatment: medication (SSRIs, SNRIs), CBT
diagnosed more in women
phobias
person experiences a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation (e.g. snakes, heights, needles)
Dx Checklist
Marked, persistent, and disproportionate fear of a particular object or situation, usually lasting at least 6 months
Exposure to the object produces immediate fear
Avoidance of the feared situation
Significant distress or impairment
Treatment: systematic desensitization
more often diagnosed in women, phobias are usually learned, highly treatable
systematic desensitization
Patient constructs a fear hierarchy, practice relaxation techniques throughout exposure techniques
obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
Characterized by persistent and repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both, occurs when obsessions and compulsions interfere with daily life and cause distress
Dx Checklist
Occurrence of repeated obsessions, compulsions, or both
The obsessions or compulsions take up considerable time
Significant distress or impairment
treatment: medication (SSRIs), therapy (exposure and response prevention)
more common among teens and young adults, equally common in men and women, can be genetic
post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
symptoms are always set off by a traumatic experience, disoriented by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Dx Checklist
Person is exposed to a traumatic event- death or threatened death, severe injury, or sexual violation
Person experiences at least one of the following intrusive symptoms
Repeated, uncontrolled, and distressing memories, repeated and upsetting trauma-linked dreams, dissociative experiences such as flashbacks, significant upset when exposed to trauma-linked cues, pronounced physical reactions when reminded of the event(s)
Person continually avoids trauma-linked stimuli
Blocking out aspects of event or mood changes
Person displays conspicuous changes in arousal and reactivity, such as excessive alertness, extreme startle responses, or sleep disturbances (usually insomnia)
Person experiences significant distress or impairment, with symptoms lasting more than a month
Depression and anxiety are often diagnosed with PTSD
Often involves battle-scarred veterans (7.6% of combatants; 1.4% of noncombatants) and survivors of accidents, disasters, and violent and sexual assaults (⅔ of prostitutes)
Treament: medication (SSRIs), EMDR
acute stress disorder vs PTSD
symptoms less than a month: acute stress disorder
symptoms more than a month: PTSD
EMDR for PTSD, Shapiro
Shapiro- a grad student, was stressed and walking through a park, was looking at the trees on each side of the path and realized that she felt better: came up with EMDR
EMDR- eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
Moderately more effective than CBT
Does not help avoidance as much as CBT
major depressive disorder
Person experiences two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure
Dx Checklist
Major Depressive Episode
For a 2-week period, person displays an increase in depressed mood for the majority of each day and/or lack of interest or pleasure in things they previously enjoyed
For the same 2 weeks, person also experiences at least three or four of the following symptoms
Considerable weight change or appetite change, daily insomnia or hypersomnia, daily agitation or decrease in motor activity, daily fatigue or lethargy, daily feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, daily reduction in concentration or decisiveness, repeated focus on death or suicide, a suicide plan, or suicide attempt
Significant distress or impairment
Major Depressive Disorder
Presence of major depressive episode
No pattern of mania or hypomania
persistent depressive disorder
person experiences mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years, along with at least two other symptoms
Dx Checklist
Experiences the symptoms of major or mild depression for at least 2 years
During the 2-year-period, symptoms not absent for more than 2 months at a time
No history of mania or hypomania
Significant distress or impairment
diagnosing unipolar depression
critera 1: major depressive episode (in extreme cases, may hallucinate or experience delusions)
criteria 2: no history of mania
depression (all inclusive) info
treatment
medication (SSRIs, SNRIs), CBT
gender roles
equally common in kids
once adolescence hits- women more likely
once retired, equally likely
may be genetically predisposed
17% prevalence rate
bipolar disorder
Person experiences not only depression but also mania- impulsive behavior
Symptoms of mania
Active, powerful emotions in search of outlet
Need for contant excitement, involvement, companionship
Very active- move quickly, talk loudly or rapidly; flamboyance is not uncommon
Show poor judgement or planning; may have trouble remaining coherent or in touch with reality
High energy
Dx Checklist
Manic Episode
Symptoms consistently there for one week
Must experience at least three of the following symptoms
Grandiosity or overblown self-esteem, reduced sleep need, increased talkativeness, or drive to continue talking, rapidly shifting ideas or the sense that one’s thoughts are moving fast, attention pulled in many directions, heighted activity or agitated movements, excessive purity of risky and potentially problematic activities
Significant distress or impairment
Bipolar I Disorder
Occurrence of a manic episode
Hypomanic or major depressive episodes may precede or follow the manic episode
Bipolar II Disorder
Presence or history of major depressive episode(s)
Presence or history of hypomanic episodes
Hypomanic- milder version of mania
No history of manic episode
Can fly under the radar- high functioning, do not get diagnosed until they are middle aged
equally common in men and women
Bipolar I runs in family, can strongly be transmitted between family members
4%-25% chance that another family member has it
If one identical twin has bipolar, 40% concordance rate (chance that the other has it)
Medication compliance is a big issue- they like how they feel when they are manic
Can have bipolar with psychosis
is bipolar brain based? if so, how?
yes
Brain based; requires medication for improvement
Low levels of serotonin, high levels of norepinephrine when manic
High serotonin, low norepinephrine when depressed
schizophrenia
Have lost touch with reality, can not differentiate between the voices they hear and real voices
Most commonly diagnosed psychotic disorder
Psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations (auditory, visual, or smelling), disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression
Symptoms
Disturbed perceptions, disorganized thinking and speech (word salad), diminished and inappropriate emotions and actions
Type I- positive symptoms (symptoms that shouldn’t be present are present)
Type II- negative symptoms (stuff that should be there is not)
Dx Checklist
At least one month of active symptoms
Two or more of these symptoms
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, abnormal motor activity (catatonic- will not move or moving too much), negative symptoms (something is missing; i.e. a flat affect or facial expressions, not talking)
At least one of the individual’s symptoms must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech
Individual functions much more poorly in various life spheres than was the case prior to the symptoms
Beyond this month if intense symptoms, patient continues to display some degree of impaired functioning for at least five months
Prodromal phase- phase leading up to active phase (decline in hygiene, decline in daily functioning)
brain based
genetics may play a role, 10x more likely to have it if a first degree bio relative has it
equally diagnosed in men and women
age of onset
men: college years, early 20s
women: later 20s
treatment: antipsychotic - dopamine (for type I), type II is harder to treat
type II usually have a structural abnormality
schizophrenia theories of cause
dopamine hypothesis- dopamine overactivity
viral theory- if mother got the flu while pregnant (has to be end of month 3-month 6 during the winter), the kid has a higher chance of having schizophrenia
diathesis stress model- if you have stress predisposition, experience a stressful thing, you develop schizophrenia
schizoaffective disorder
combination of bipolar and schizophrenia
treatment for schizophrenia
Typical/positive antispychotics
Atypical antispychotics
Better at reducing negative symptoms
Same improvement rate as typical/positive antispychotics for reducing positive symptoms
85% improvement rate for atypical antipsychotics
john nash
Won Nobel Prize
Only auditory hallucinations and delusions, no visual
Did not want to take meds because of side effects
Developed method for reality testing because he would not take meds “Can I touch your arm? I want to see if you are real.”
Learned to differentiate between what is real and what is not- highly unusual
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Very rare, a person exhibits 2+ distinct and alternating personalities (alters)
Formerly called multiple personality disorder
2-100 alters possible
Avg alters: women- 15, men- 8; more common in women
Dx Checklist
Will lose time
Person repeatedly experiences memory gaps regarding daily events, key personal info, or traumatic events, beyond ordinary forgetting
Significant distress or impairment
The symptoms are not caused by a substance or medical condition
Treatment:
Long term psychotherapy
Try to integrate alters into one person
1.5% prevalence rate
dissociative amnesia
Are unable to recall important info, usually of an upsetting nature about their lives
Prevalence rate: 1.8%
Dx Checklist
Person cannot recall important life-related info, typically traumatic or stress related
Significant distress or impairment
Symptoms are not caused by a substance or medical condition
Localized Dissociative Amnesia
About a specific time period
Remember the entire day up until the traumatic event, piece of time missing
Generalized Dissociate Amnesia
Forget who they are, where they are, etc.
dissociative amnesia with fugue
People with dissociative fugue not only foget their personal identities and details of their past, but also flee to an entirely different location
For some, the fugue is brief- a matter of hours or days- and ends suddenly
For others, the fugue is more severe: people may travel far from home, take a new name and establish new relationships, and even a new line of work; some display new personality characteristics
Fugues tend to end abruptly
Usually it is one episode, brought on by stress or trauma
Treatment
For one person, he was never alone so that he could be anchored to the present and reality
0.2% prevalence rate
antisocial personality disorder
Lack of conscience for wrongdoing, impulsive, fearless, irresponsible, some genetic tendencies, inclussing low arousal
Genetic predispositions may interact with the environment to produce the altered brain activity associated with antisocial personality disorder
More often diagnosed in men than women (4x more common in males)
Very serious/dangerous condition
Most commonly diagnosed with psychopathy
People with antisocial personality disorder persistently disregard and violate others’ rights
DSM-5 requires that the person must be at least 18 to be diagnosed with this
Likely to repeatedly lie, be reckless, and impulsive
Little regard for other individuals, and can be cruel, sadistic, aggressive, and violent
3.6% prevalence rate
No effective treatment right now
History of Diagnosis
These are just common disorders diagnosed in people with Antisocial- they do not guarante that Antisocial will develop
Oppositional Defiant Disorder as a kid
Conduct Disorder as a teen (vandalize, skip school)
At this point, you need to actively do things to stop Antisocial Personality Disorder from developing
Most people will have a visceral reaction, will feel very uncomfortable around people with Antisocial Personality Disorder
borderline personality disorder (BPD)
Display great instability, including major shifts in mood, an unstable self-image, and impulsivity
More common in women
Interpersonal relationships are also unstable
They either idolize or HATE people (“splitting” thinking), no inbetween, swings rapidly
Intense fears of abandonment
Prone to bouts of anger, sometimes resulting in physical aggression nd violence
Just as often, can direct their impulsive singer inward and harm themselves
Suicidality needs to be evaluated
Usually self mutilation more so than suicide
5.9% prevalence rate
Treatment
DBT (dialectical behavior therapy)
Designed by someone who has BPD, used for people with severe depression, anxiety, etc.
Usually takes about a year
narcissistic personality disorder
People with narcissistic personality disorder are generally grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy with others
People with this disorder exaggerate/brag about their achievements and talents and often appear arrogant
Tough time with any form of perceived criticism; tough to keep them in relationships or therapy (full of criticism)
Diagnosed more often in men
Challenging to treat
Potentially treatable, but not with great outcomes
Two theories of what causes it:
Psychodynamic theory- parents were not empathic, long line of traumatic empathetic failures, may have felt emotionally neglected or abused, undeveloped/fragile ego
Cognitives- child was treated too positively, told that they were perfect and amazing
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Brain based
Brain development is often a little delayed
Developmentally, they are a few years, but eventually catch up
E.g. through college years, halfway through college years, things improve
Symptoms for inattention: 6+ symptoms for 6+ months in atleast 2 settings
Misses details and makes careless mistakes, difficulty sustaining attention, not listening, a lack of follow through on instructions and chores/homework, disorganized, avoids tasks that require sustained mental effort, often loses things, easily distracted, forgetful in daily activities
Symptoms for hyperactive and impulsive: 6+ symptoms for 6+ months
Often fidgets, often leaves seat, excessive running and climbing, unable to play quietly, often on the go and driven by a motor, excessive talking, blurts out answers to questions before they are completed, difficulty waiting one’s turn, interrupts and intrudes on others
There is also a combined type
Several symptoms must be present prior to age 12 in 2+ settings
Diagnosed 4-9 more often in boys
Girls tend to fly under the radar because they only display inattentive symptoms
About half of the children with ADHD also have
Learning or communication problems
Poor school performance
Difficulty interacting with other children
Misbehavior often serious
Mood or anxiety problems
Treatment
Medication (stimulants- Ritalin, Adderal)
Stimulants can be helpful in treating symptoms, most of these drugs have to be taken every day
Side effects: decrease appetite, suppress growth
Kids take drug holidays- stop taking drugs over school holidays
Some with anxiety can not take stimulants- worsens anxiety
Non stimulants- increases dopamine
Quelbree
Non stimulant, just approved by FDA
Increases norepinephrine (alertness/arousal)
80% of people with ADHD have success with medication
Nonmedication
Aerobic exercise treatment (increases focus)
Neurofeedback (treat brain to retain wanted brain waves)
Supplements and vitamins (Omega 3 Fish Oil)
Genetics are involved
30-50% with ADHD have a parent or sibling with ADHD
autism spectrum disorder
Brain based
Cerebellum is smaller (helps us with transitioning, sensory integration)
Less activity in frontal and temporal lobes
Sometimes abnormalities in the limbic system
Ranges from Level 1 to Level 3 in terms of severity
Onset is in first three years of ilife, majority of children it shows in around 2 years old
80% of cases are among boys
CDC Prevalence: 1/59 people
Deficiences in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior
Prior diagnosis of Asperger syndrome: good verbal language skills
Milder nonverbal language problems
Restricted range of interests and relationships
Symptoms (deficits in social interaction and social communication, all 3 must be present)
Deficits in social and emotional reciprocity
E.g. will not approach you
Deficits in nonverbal behaviors used for social interaction
E.g. will not make eye contact
Deficits in developing, maintaining and understanding relationships
E.g. difficulty making friends
Symptoms (restricted, repetitive behaviors, atleast 2 of 4)
Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech
E.g. lining up toys, echolalia (repeating what was said)
Insistence on sameness, inflexibility, adherence to routines
E.g. extreme distress at small changes, eating the same food every day
Restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity in terms of focus
E.g. hyperfixation (Topcat)
Sensory integration issues in terms of hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity
E.g. indifference to pain/temperature, adverse response to specific sounds and textures
Genetics
60% of the time, when one identical twin has autism, the other has it
Causes (as a baby/fetus)
Labor or pregnancy complications
Exposure to neurotoxins
Men over the ago of 40 are more likely to have autism
Genetic mutations are more likely with men over 40
Treatment
Various therapies (speech, occupational, ABA)
Occupational addresses motor delays
Applied behavioral analysis- rewards child for exhibiting neurotypical responses (i.e. social, behavioral, emotional)
Diets (GFCF)
Gluten free, casein free
Theory that autistic people may not be able to metabolize/break down various proteins
Vitamins (Zinc, Omega 3 fish oil)
Neurofeedback (navigate brain waves)
Types of onset
Organic onset- something was always wrong, parents noticed as a baby that something was off
Genetics?
Regressive onset- typical development, suddenly, between 1½ - 2½, development plateaus and/or declines (speech goes away, nonverbal skills regress)
What is assaulting the brain? Neurotoxins (mercury)?
Where vaccine debate came in
psychoanalysis
revolves around the belief that everyone has unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories, used to release repressed emotions and memories
helpful for understanding personality disorders, not much empirical support
psychodynamic therapy
focuses on the psychological roots of emotional suffering, hallmarks are self-reflection and self-examination, and the use of the relationship between therapist and patient as a window into problematic relationship patterns in the patient’s life
humanistic therapy concepts/ideas
hierarchy of needs (Abraham Maslow)
Person-centered therapy
Unconditional positive regard (acceptance)
person-centered therapy
Dr. Carl Rogers, person centered therapy, everyone should feel good about themselves, growth focused, self acceptance, involves active listening
3 ingredients of successful therapy: genuineness, unconditional positive regard (acceptance), empathy
behavior therapy
Watson, Pavlov, Skinner
Goal: to alter or change behaviors
Operant conditioning
Token economy
Classical conditioning techniques
Counterconditioning
Exposure therapies
Systematic desenstization
Problems/disorders
Behvaioral problems, specific phobias, substance abuse and sexual disroders, paraphilias, behavioral issues in inpatient settings
Research supports sompulsions in OCD, marital difficulties, sexual dysfunctions, insomnia, PTSD, anxiety, and depression
cognitive therapy
Aaron Beck
Restructuring people’s thoughts
Problems/disorders
Depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and some personality disorders
Research supports anxiety, PTSD, depression, and insomnia
Beck’s therapy for depression
Can be just as effective as medication (takes time)
Trained to modify and recognize negative self talk
E.g. lost a job: I’m worthless, it’s hopeless → it wasn’t a good fit
drug therapy
Most widely used biomedical therapies
27 million Americans take prescribed antidepressants
Placebo and double blind techniques are used to evaluate drug effectiveness
Most common drug treatments
Antipsychotics
Antianxiety
Antidepressant
Mood-stabilizing
Problems/disorder
Schizophrenia, psychotic disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, bulimia nervosa, BPD are sometimes treated with antidepressants; ADHD is treated with stimulant medication
stats of psychotherapy from class drug therapies
⅔ improve after therapy (for nonpsychotic disorders)
¾ satisfaction with therapy
80% of people have poorer outcomes than the average treated person
types of psychology jobs, etc.
types of therapies
group therapy
therapy with people with cimilar conditions, ability to form support system
family therapy
therapy with family members
psychosurgery
surgery done to remove or destroy brain tissue
