Exam III (Chapters 11, 12, and 13) Flashcards
1
Q
motivation
A
a need or desire that energizes our behavior and directs it to a goal
2
Q
instinct theory
A
our instincts are the source of our motivators
3
Q
arousal theory
A
human motivation seeks optimum levels of arousal
4
Q
drive reduction theory
A
a physical need creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates someone to satisfy the need
does NOT include sex drive
5
Q
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
A
once the lower need is met, one moves to the next
6
Q
example of self-transcendence (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
A
social justice involvement, charity
7
Q
example of self-actualization (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
A
realizing potential, seeking personal growth
8
Q
example of esteem (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
A
self-esteem and respect from others
9
Q
example of belonging and love (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
A
friendship, intimacy
10
Q
example of safety (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
A
protection from elements
11
Q
example of physiological (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
A
hunger, thirst
12
Q
role of hypothalamus in hunger
A
releases appetite-related hormones
13
Q
arcuate nucles (in the hypothalamus)
A
secretes appetite-stimulating hormones
14
Q
does the hypothalamus secrete any appetite suppressing hormones?
A
yes
15
Q
glucose
A
triggers feelings of hunger when low
16
Q
stomach contractions
A
the feeling of hunger pangs
17
Q
insulin
A
increases in insulin decrease blood glucose, which trigger hunger
18
Q
leptin
A
protein hormone secreted by fat cells, when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
IN TOPOMAX!!!
19
Q
PYY
A
suppresses appetite
20
Q
orexin
A
hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus
21
Q
ghrelin
A
hunger-triggering hormone secreted by empty stomach
22
Q
obesity
A
the condition of being grossly overweight or fat
23
Q
set point theory
A
the point at which your weight “thermostat” is set
when your body fat goes above or below this point, your body will compensate to get back to its set point
24
Q
basal metabolic rate
A
body’s resting rate of energy output, determined partly by genetics
25
anorexia nervosa
medically underweight for age, gender, and height; intense fear of becoming overweight; distorted body image
26
subtypes of anorexia nervosa
restricting (do not eat), binge-eating purging (eat a lot of food, then purge)
27
most common age of onset for anorexia nervosa
17 years old
28
dx checklist for anorexia nervosa
- must be medically underweight
- purposely takes in too little nourishment
- intense fear of gaining weight and seeks to prevent gaining weight despite low body weight
- has a distorted body perception, places inappropriate emphasis on weight or shape in self-judgement, or fails to appreciate serious implications of their low weight
29
t or f
people with anorexia usually struggle with control issues, perfectionism, depression, and/or OCD
true
30
treatment for anorexia
SSRIs
31
bulimia nervosa
binge-eating episodes and behaviors to lose weight that was just gained
32
subtypes of bulimia nervosa
purging-type (forced vomiting, misused laxatives), nonpurging-type (fasting, exercising frantically)
33
dx checklist for bulimia
- repeated binge eating episodes, feeling out of control (avg binge is 1500-10000 calories in one sitting)
- repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain
- symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3+ months
- inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself
34
t or f
depression, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders are common with bulimia
true
35
why does bulimia usually occur?
stress
36
more than 1/3 of people with bulimia have _________
borderline personality disorder; impulsivity is an issue
37
treatment for bulimia
SSRIs
38
are people with bulimia usually underweight?
no- they are usually a normal weight or overweight
39
who are bulimia and anorexia diagnosed more in?
women
40
binge eating disorder
repeated binges with no control with no weight gain prevention
41
how much of people with binge eating disorder are overweight or obese
2/3
42
dx checklist for binge eating disorder
- recurrent binge-eating episodes
- binge episodes include at least 3 of the following:
+ unusually fast eating
+ absence of hunger
+ uncomfortable fullness
+ secret eating due to sense of shame
+ subsequent feelings of self-disgust, depression, or severe guilt
- significant distress
- binge-eating episodes take place at least weekly over the course of 3 months
- absence of excessive compensatory behaviors
43
t or f
bulimia and anorexia are not diagnosed between men and women
false
they are equally diagnosed
44
sexual response cycle
excitement → plateau → orgasm → resolution
45
excitement (sexual response cycle)
getting aroused
46
plateau (sexual response cycle)
excitement has peaked, levels off temporarily, orgasm feels imminent
47
orgasm
peaks of sexual pleasure, tension released
48
resolution (sexual response cycle)
the body goes back to baseline
49
refractory period (resolution, sexual response cycle)
only men have one- they can not physically have another orgasm
younger men- a few minutes; older men- few days
50
hormones
men- testosterone
women- estrogen
large hormonal shifts affect sex drives
51
sexual disorders
impotence, erectile disorder, premature ejaculation, female orgasmic disorder
52
erectile disorder
inability to attain or maintain an erection
can be psychological or physical (decided which one through a REM test)
treatment: inflatable penile implant thing, viagra
53
premature ejaculation
sexual climax occurs before he wishes with minimal stimulation or shortly after penetration
treatment: stop/start method, squeeze technique
54
female orgasmic disorder
feel like they have the inability to have an orgasm
55
paraphilias
experiencing sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and other non-consenting persons (i.e. voyeurism, pedophilia, transvestic fetishism)
56
homosexual
attracted to one's own sex
57
heterosexual
attracted to people of the other sex
58
bisexual
attracted to both sexes
59
gay-straight brain differences
hypothalamic cell cluster is smaller in women and gay men than straight men
gay men's hypothalamus reacts the same way as straight women's to the smell of sex-related hormones
60
genetic influences of sexual orientation
identical twins have the same sexual orientation more frequently than fraternal
sexual attraction in fruit flies can be manipulated
male homosexuality appears to be transmitted from the mother's side of the family
61
parental influences of sexual orientation
altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homosexuality
men with several older biological brothers are more likely to be gay
62
affiliation need in humans
humans are innately social beings, our need to belong affects our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
63
the pain of being shut out
real pain is experienced in social isolation (anterior cingulate cortex- pain response area - is activated), social exclusion may interfere with empathy for others, increase aggression, or raise the risk for self-defeating behavior or underperformance
64
the net result
social media, phones, etc., have been shown to have a positive correlation with declining mental health
65
intrinsic motivation
motivated to complete the task because it is fun (e.g. playing volleyball)
66
extrinsic motivation
motivated to complete the task because we are rewarded for it (e.g. working a job for money)
67
task vs social & directive vs nondirective leaders
task- good at keeping members on task, have a directive/authoritarian leadership style
social- focus on morale, have a nondirective/nonauthoritarian or democratic leadership style
68
psychologically distant leaders
positive correlation between psychological distance and productivity
if employees are closer with their bosses, they are less productive
if employees are more distant, they are more formal
69
emotions
adaptive responses that support survival
70
three components of emotions
bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experiences
71
james-lange theory of emotion
arousal comes before emotion
72
cannon-bard theory of emotion
arousal and emotions happen at the same time
73
schachter's two-factor theory
arousal and label = emotion
- emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and cognitive appraisal
- arousal fuels emotion, cognition channels it
74
zajonc and ledoux theory of emotion
some emotional responses involve no deliberate thinking; they bypass the cortex and go straight to the amygdala
75
lazarus theory of emotion
brain processes info without conscious awareness; emotions arise when an event is said to be harmless or dangerous
76
theories of emotions (picture)
77
at what point does performance peak?
performance peaks during low levels of arousal for new activities and high levels of arousal for well-learned activities
78
t or f
autonomic nervous system is responsible for fight or flight response
true
79
sympathetic vs parasympathetic divisions
sympathetic- arousing
parasympathetic- calming
80
physiology of emotions
left frontal lobe activity- when someone is happy, enthusiastic, or energized
right frontal lobe activity- when someone is depressed or in a bad mood
81
verbal communication (types of communication)
the actual words that are used (e.g. texts without words
82
types of communication
verbal communication, non-verbal, paralinguistic
83
non-verbal (types of communication)
visible expressions (e.g. facial expressions, body distance, hand gestures)
84
paralinguistic (types of communication)
the way in which the words are spoken (e.g. tone, infliction)
85
nonverbal leakage
blink more, hesitate, fidget more, speak less fluidly, pupils more likely to dilate
86
why do the giveaway happen
because we feel anxious
87
are lie detector tests accurate?
no; they can produce false negatives or positives
88
6 universal expressions
disgust, anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise
89
men vs women in emotion and nonverbal behavior
women tend to read emotional cues more easily and to be more empathetic; they express more emotion with their faces
90
people attribute female emotionality to ______ and male emotionality to ______-
disposition, circumstance
91
do musical expressions of emotion cross culture?
yes
92
t or f
shared emotional categories means shared cultural experiences
false
93
research on the facial feedback effect
facial expressions can trigger emotional feelings
people mirror other's expressions to help empathize
94
health psychology
the branch of psychology that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge
95
stress
occurs when we perceive and respond to certain events as being threatening or challenging (stressors)
96
stress response system
general adaptation system (GAS)- fight or flight
97
3 stages of general adaptation system (GAS)
alarm resistance exhaustion
98
alarm (GAS)
sympathetic nervous system, rise in heartrate (feeling faint)
99
resistance (GAS)
rise in body temperature, blood pressure, and respiration rate, stress hormones are released
100
exhaustion (GAS)
vulnerable to illness, collapse, death
101
3 types of stressors
catastrophes (unpleasant, large-scale events)
significant life changes (personal events, life changes)
daily hassles (day to day changes)
102
women stress response
tend-and-befriend
103
men stress response
may withdraw socially, turn to alcohol, or become aggressive
104
psychoneuroimmunology
studies how psychology impacts our body and its immune system
answers questions like: are we more likely to get sick when we are stressed (answer: yes)
105
four types of cells
b lymphocytes, t lymphocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells (nk cells)
106
b lymphocytes
create antibodies
107
t lymphocytes
fight off viruses and cancer cells
108
macrophages
attack harmful invaders like tuberculosis
109
natural killer cells (NK cells)
help consume cancer cells
110
autoimmune response
immune system overreacting
self-attacking diseases, some forms of arthritis, allergic reaction
111
immune deficient response
bacterial infection flare, dormant herpes virus erupt, cancer cells multiply
112
stress effects on immune system
suppresses immune system - does NOT make people sick
113
does stress cause cancer
NO
it may accelerate the growth of cancer cells by weakening natural defenses; stress-cancer research results are mixed
114
stress and aids
stress can speed up the transition from HIV to AIDS
115
risk factors of heart disease
600,000 heart disease related deaths take place in North America every year
stress is associated with inflammation, which is associated with heart problems
116
type a personality
hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
117
type b personality
easy-going, relaxed people
118
type a personalities have a ________ risk of developing heart disease
higher, because of negative emotions
119
t or f
pessimists are more likely to develop heart disease
true
120
depression ____ the risk of death (especially by heart disease)
increases
121
emotion focused coping
useful if someone feels that they do not have any control over the situation; they find a way to reframe their emotions and feelings
122
problem focused coping
useful if someone feels that they do have some power and control over the situation
123
perceived control
the amount of control that someone feels like they have
124
why does perceived loss of control predict health problems?
losing control → stress hormones → rise in blood pressure → immune responses drop
increase in control improves health and morale
125
learned helplessness
if someone feels like they can not do anything, they just deal with it
126
rodin's nursing home plant study
residents in Group A received a healthy, green plant
Group B got no plants
Group A had improved moods and were optimistic- they felt in control because they had something to take care of
127
animal studies (learned helpessness)
They put the dog on a plate, strapped them down, delivered an electric shock
Did the same without tying the dog down- the dog stayed there
128
internal locus of control
believe that you control your own fate
129
external locus of control
believe that others control their fate (i.e. destiny, God)
130
self-control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater, long term rewards
131
optimism
expect things to go well, work well under stress, enjoy good health, runs in families
132
pessimism
expects things to go badly, blames others
133
Danner's optimism study with nuns
studied a group of nuns for years, had access to their journals
optimistic nuns lived, on average, 7 years longer
134
social support
people with social support (i.e.married, close friends) generally live longer
135
3 ways that social support makes you live longer
calms cardiovascular system (lowers blood pressure and stress hormone levels), fosters stronger immune functioning, give everyone an opportunity for "open heart therapy" (a chance to confide painful feelings)
136
reducing stress through exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness reduces stress
137
study results of aerobic exercise and depression
138
relaxation training
has been used to help type a heart attack survivors reduce risk of future heart attacks
139
faith
religiously active people tend to live longer
140
3 possible explanations for religiosity-longevity correlation
the healthy behaviors, social support, or positive emotions often found among people who are religious
141
social psychology
the study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
142
power of the situation
place a great deal of emphasis on the power of the situation in determining behavior
143
attribution theory
the process we use to explain someone's behavior by crediting the situation rather than the person's disposition or personality
144
when do we use attribution
when something is unexpected (pos or neg), shocking, or unpleasant occurs
145
dimensions of attribution
locus of control, stability, controllability
146
internal or dispositional attributions
moods, attitudes, traits (e.g. someone gets a bad grade and blame themselves for it)
147
external or situational attributions
work pressure, money, situational explanations (e.g. someone blames a bad manufacturer for their bike tire deflating)
148
stable attributions
when someone infers that something happens due to stable, permanent factors
149
unstable attributions
when someone infers that something happens due to unstable, temporary factors
150
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the influence of the situation in explaining other's behavior
151
attitudes
feelings influenced by beliefs that predispose reactions to objects, people, and events
152
central route persuasion
offers evidence and arguments to trigger thoughtful responses that lead to lasting attitude change; works well when the audience is interested in the topic (e.g. using logic, sound arguments, facts)
153
peripheral route persuasion
uses incidental cues to produce fast but relatively thoughtless changes in attitudes; works well when we have the ability to pay attention (e.g. having a celebrity adveritse shoes)
154
cognitive dissonance theory
when attitudes do not fit with actions, tensions are often reduced by changing attitudes to match actions
155
why do we conform
normative social influence
informational social influence
156
normative social influence
this is what is behind peer pressure
157
informational social influence
rely on this in ambiguity, crisis, or when there is an expert present
158
factors that increase conformity
feeling incompetent or insecure, their group has at least three people, everyone else agrees, they admire the group's status and attractiveness, they have no already committed to another response, they know they are being observed, their culture encourages respect for social standards
159
the asch study
had multiple groups of six people, five were in on the study, one was not
He showed them lines on a card; the 5 people went first and said the wrong answer. The 1 blind person said the wrong answer as well because of conformity
160
milgram's experiment
Someone (participant) was told to deliver shocks to another participant (who was actually with the researchers); they thought that they were hurting the other person, but still delivered the shocks
161
findings of the milgram experiment
obedience was highest when
- person giving orders was perceived was nearby and perceived as a legitimate authority figure
- research was supported by a prestigious institution
- victim was depersonalized or at a distance
- there were no role models for defiance
162
social facilitation
the presence of others improves performance on easy or well learned tasks, but decreases performance on difficult tasks (because of arousal)
163
social loafing
tendency for people in. agroup to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common goal than when individually accountable
164
do men or women social loaf more
men
165
deindividuation
loss of self awareness and self restraint in large groups, feeling of invisibility contagious throughout groups
e.g. protests --> riots --> mob mentality
166
social faciliation, social loafing, deindividuation TABLE
167
group think
group is focused on harmony/cohesiveness to the point that they will ignore opposing opinions, overriding realistic appraisal of alternatives, can lead to terrible decisions
168
group polarization
group discussions with like-minded individuals will reinforce attitudes and beliefs, they will become more extreme
169
group antagonism
a person is mistreated, misjudged, and/or negative emotions are shown toward them based on their group membership
170
prejudice
an unjustified, negative attitude toward some group and its members; often targets different cultural, ethnic, or gender group
171
necessary components of prejudice
-beliefs (stereotypes); e.g. all POC are dangerous
-emotion (prejudice); e.g. feeling uncomfortable with LBGTQ+ people
-discrimination; e.g. the discriminatory act
172
discrimination
a negative behavior
173
stereotypes
a fixed idea of a thing, person, etc.
174
the intergroup contact theory for reducing prejudice
Sustained close contact with out group members
Equal status
Common goal
Friendly informal setting
Cooperative interdependence
Institutional support
175
explicit prejudice
within our awareness
176
implicit prejudice
not consciously aware
177
causes/roots of prejudice
prejudice is learned; increases in times of economic differences
178
social inequalities and social dominance (prejudice)
when people's position is threatened, they develop attitudes to justify maintaining the status quo (i.e. the just world phenomenon)
179
just world phenomenon
karma, people get what they deserve
180
psychology of attraction
similarity, proximity factor, familiarity factor, physical attractiveness, personality factor
181
proximity factor (psychology of attraction)
tend to be friends or in a relationship with those who live near us
182
familiarity factor (psychology of attraction)
the more we are around them, the more we like them
183
physical attractiveness (psychology of attraction)
men have more physical expectations
tend to date people of same attractiveness levels
opposites attract in short term or hook ups because it is stimulating
184
personality factor (psychology of attraction)
trust is #1 for everyone
warmth is #2
dishonesty and fakeness are at the bottom of the list of priorities
185
passionate love
high levels of arousal, apparent in the beginning of relationships, high sexual desire, can not be maintained for years (may not disappear, but will fade)
sexual desire + a growing attachment = the passion of romantic love
186
companionate love
predominant in long term relationships and marriages, deep and affectionate attachment, trust, caring, and tolerant of the other's flaws
