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Psych 1000 > Exam III (Chapters 11, 12, and 13) > Flashcards

Exam III (Chapters 11, 12, and 13) Flashcards

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1
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes our behavior and directs it to a goal

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2
Q

instinct theory

A

our instincts are the source of our motivators

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3
Q

arousal theory

A

human motivation seeks optimum levels of arousal

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4
Q

drive reduction theory

A

a physical need creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates someone to satisfy the need

does NOT include sex drive

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5
Q

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

once the lower need is met, one moves to the next

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6
Q

example of self-transcendence (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)

A

social justice involvement, charity

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7
Q

example of self-actualization (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)

A

realizing potential, seeking personal growth

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8
Q

example of esteem (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)

A

self-esteem and respect from others

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9
Q

example of belonging and love (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)

A

friendship, intimacy

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10
Q

example of safety (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)

A

protection from elements

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11
Q

example of physiological (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)

A

hunger, thirst

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12
Q

role of hypothalamus in hunger

A

releases appetite-related hormones

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13
Q

arcuate nucles (in the hypothalamus)

A

secretes appetite-stimulating hormones

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14
Q

does the hypothalamus secrete any appetite suppressing hormones?

A

yes

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15
Q

glucose

A

triggers feelings of hunger when low

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16
Q

stomach contractions

A

the feeling of hunger pangs

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17
Q

insulin

A

increases in insulin decrease blood glucose, which trigger hunger

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18
Q

leptin

A

protein hormone secreted by fat cells, when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

IN TOPOMAX!!!

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19
Q

PYY

A

suppresses appetite

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20
Q

orexin

A

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus

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21
Q

ghrelin

A

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by empty stomach

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22
Q

obesity

A

the condition of being grossly overweight or fat

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23
Q

set point theory

A

the point at which your weight “thermostat” is set

when your body fat goes above or below this point, your body will compensate to get back to its set point

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24
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

body’s resting rate of energy output, determined partly by genetics

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25
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

medically underweight for age, gender, and height; intense fear of becoming overweight; distorted body image

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26
Q

subtypes of anorexia nervosa

A

restricting (do not eat), binge-eating purging (eat a lot of food, then purge)

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27
Q

most common age of onset for anorexia nervosa

A

17 years old

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28
Q

dx checklist for anorexia nervosa

A
  • must be medically underweight
  • purposely takes in too little nourishment
  • intense fear of gaining weight and seeks to prevent gaining weight despite low body weight
  • has a distorted body perception, places inappropriate emphasis on weight or shape in self-judgement, or fails to appreciate serious implications of their low weight
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29
Q

t or f
people with anorexia usually struggle with control issues, perfectionism, depression, and/or OCD

A

true

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30
Q

treatment for anorexia

A

SSRIs

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31
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

binge-eating episodes and behaviors to lose weight that was just gained

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32
Q

subtypes of bulimia nervosa

A

purging-type (forced vomiting, misused laxatives), nonpurging-type (fasting, exercising frantically)

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33
Q

dx checklist for bulimia

A
  • repeated binge eating episodes, feeling out of control (avg binge is 1500-10000 calories in one sitting)
  • repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain
  • symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3+ months
  • inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself
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34
Q

t or f
depression, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders are common with bulimia

A

true

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35
Q

why does bulimia usually occur?

A

stress

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36
Q

more than 1/3 of people with bulimia have _________

A

borderline personality disorder; impulsivity is an issue

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37
Q

treatment for bulimia

A

SSRIs

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38
Q

are people with bulimia usually underweight?

A

no- they are usually a normal weight or overweight

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39
Q

who are bulimia and anorexia diagnosed more in?

A

women

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40
Q

binge eating disorder

A

repeated binges with no control with no weight gain prevention

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41
Q

how much of people with binge eating disorder are overweight or obese

A

2/3

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42
Q

dx checklist for binge eating disorder

A
  • recurrent binge-eating episodes
  • binge episodes include at least 3 of the following:
    + unusually fast eating
    + absence of hunger
    + uncomfortable fullness
    + secret eating due to sense of shame
    + subsequent feelings of self-disgust, depression, or severe guilt
  • significant distress
  • binge-eating episodes take place at least weekly over the course of 3 months
  • absence of excessive compensatory behaviors
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43
Q

t or f
bulimia and anorexia are not diagnosed between men and women

A

false
they are equally diagnosed

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44
Q

sexual response cycle

A

excitement → plateau → orgasm → resolution

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45
Q

excitement (sexual response cycle)

A

getting aroused

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46
Q

plateau (sexual response cycle)

A

excitement has peaked, levels off temporarily, orgasm feels imminent

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47
Q

orgasm

A

peaks of sexual pleasure, tension released

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48
Q

resolution (sexual response cycle)

A

the body goes back to baseline

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49
Q

refractory period (resolution, sexual response cycle)

A

only men have one- they can not physically have another orgasm

younger men- a few minutes; older men- few days

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50
Q

hormones

A

men- testosterone
women- estrogen
large hormonal shifts affect sex drives

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51
Q

sexual disorders

A

impotence, erectile disorder, premature ejaculation, female orgasmic disorder

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52
Q

erectile disorder

A

inability to attain or maintain an erection
can be psychological or physical (decided which one through a REM test)

treatment: inflatable penile implant thing, viagra

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53
Q

premature ejaculation

A

sexual climax occurs before he wishes with minimal stimulation or shortly after penetration

treatment: stop/start method, squeeze technique

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54
Q

female orgasmic disorder

A

feel like they have the inability to have an orgasm

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55
Q

paraphilias

A

experiencing sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and other non-consenting persons (i.e. voyeurism, pedophilia, transvestic fetishism)

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56
Q

homosexual

A

attracted to one’s own sex

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57
Q

heterosexual

A

attracted to people of the other sex

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58
Q

bisexual

A

attracted to both sexes

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59
Q

gay-straight brain differences

A

hypothalamic cell cluster is smaller in women and gay men than straight men
gay men’s hypothalamus reacts the same way as straight women’s to the smell of sex-related hormones

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60
Q

genetic influences of sexual orientation

A

identical twins have the same sexual orientation more frequently than fraternal
sexual attraction in fruit flies can be manipulated
male homosexuality appears to be transmitted from the mother’s side of the family

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61
Q

parental influences of sexual orientation

A

altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homosexuality
men with several older biological brothers are more likely to be gay

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62
Q

affiliation need in humans

A

humans are innately social beings, our need to belong affects our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

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63
Q

the pain of being shut out

A

real pain is experienced in social isolation (anterior cingulate cortex- pain response area - is activated), social exclusion may interfere with empathy for others, increase aggression, or raise the risk for self-defeating behavior or underperformance

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64
Q

the net result

A

social media, phones, etc., have been shown to have a positive correlation with declining mental health

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65
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

motivated to complete the task because it is fun (e.g. playing volleyball)

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66
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

motivated to complete the task because we are rewarded for it (e.g. working a job for money)

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67
Q

task vs social & directive vs nondirective leaders

A

task- good at keeping members on task, have a directive/authoritarian leadership style
social- focus on morale, have a nondirective/nonauthoritarian or democratic leadership style

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68
Q

psychologically distant leaders

A

positive correlation between psychological distance and productivity
if employees are closer with their bosses, they are less productive
if employees are more distant, they are more formal

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69
Q

emotions

A

adaptive responses that support survival

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70
Q

three components of emotions

A

bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experiences

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71
Q

james-lange theory of emotion

A

arousal comes before emotion

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72
Q

cannon-bard theory of emotion

A

arousal and emotions happen at the same time

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73
Q

schachter’s two-factor theory

A

arousal and label = emotion

  • emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and cognitive appraisal
  • arousal fuels emotion, cognition channels it
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74
Q

zajonc and ledoux theory of emotion

A

some emotional responses involve no deliberate thinking; they bypass the cortex and go straight to the amygdala

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75
Q

lazarus theory of emotion

A

brain processes info without conscious awareness; emotions arise when an event is said to be harmless or dangerous

76
Q

theories of emotions (picture)

A
77
Q

at what point does performance peak?

A

performance peaks during low levels of arousal for new activities and high levels of arousal for well-learned activities

78
Q

t or f
autonomic nervous system is responsible for fight or flight response

A

true

79
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic divisions

A

sympathetic- arousing
parasympathetic- calming

80
Q

physiology of emotions

A

left frontal lobe activity- when someone is happy, enthusiastic, or energized
right frontal lobe activity- when someone is depressed or in a bad mood

81
Q

verbal communication (types of communication)

A

the actual words that are used (e.g. texts without words

82
Q

types of communication

A

verbal communication, non-verbal, paralinguistic

83
Q

non-verbal (types of communication)

A

visible expressions (e.g. facial expressions, body distance, hand gestures)

84
Q

paralinguistic (types of communication)

A

the way in which the words are spoken (e.g. tone, infliction)

85
Q

nonverbal leakage

A

blink more, hesitate, fidget more, speak less fluidly, pupils more likely to dilate

86
Q

why do the giveaway happen

A

because we feel anxious

87
Q

are lie detector tests accurate?

A

no; they can produce false negatives or positives

88
Q

6 universal expressions

A

disgust, anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise

89
Q

men vs women in emotion and nonverbal behavior

A

women tend to read emotional cues more easily and to be more empathetic; they express more emotion with their faces

90
Q

people attribute female emotionality to ______ and male emotionality to ______-

A

disposition, circumstance

91
Q

do musical expressions of emotion cross culture?

A

yes

92
Q

t or f
shared emotional categories means shared cultural experiences

A

false

93
Q

research on the facial feedback effect

A

facial expressions can trigger emotional feelings
people mirror other’s expressions to help empathize

94
Q

health psychology

A

the branch of psychology that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge

95
Q

stress

A

occurs when we perceive and respond to certain events as being threatening or challenging (stressors)

96
Q

stress response system

A

general adaptation system (GAS)- fight or flight

97
Q

3 stages of general adaptation system (GAS)

A

alarm resistance exhaustion

98
Q

alarm (GAS)

A

sympathetic nervous system, rise in heartrate (feeling faint)

99
Q

resistance (GAS)

A

rise in body temperature, blood pressure, and respiration rate, stress hormones are released

100
Q

exhaustion (GAS)

A

vulnerable to illness, collapse, death

101
Q

3 types of stressors

A

catastrophes (unpleasant, large-scale events)
significant life changes (personal events, life changes)
daily hassles (day to day changes)

102
Q

women stress response

A

tend-and-befriend

103
Q

men stress response

A

may withdraw socially, turn to alcohol, or become aggressive

104
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

studies how psychology impacts our body and its immune system

answers questions like: are we more likely to get sick when we are stressed (answer: yes)

105
Q

four types of cells

A

b lymphocytes, t lymphocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells (nk cells)

106
Q

b lymphocytes

A

create antibodies

107
Q

t lymphocytes

A

fight off viruses and cancer cells

108
Q

macrophages

A

attack harmful invaders like tuberculosis

109
Q

natural killer cells (NK cells)

A

help consume cancer cells

110
Q

autoimmune response

A

immune system overreacting

self-attacking diseases, some forms of arthritis, allergic reaction

111
Q

immune deficient response

A

bacterial infection flare, dormant herpes virus erupt, cancer cells multiply

112
Q

stress effects on immune system

A

suppresses immune system - does NOT make people sick

113
Q

does stress cause cancer

A

NO

it may accelerate the growth of cancer cells by weakening natural defenses; stress-cancer research results are mixed

114
Q

stress and aids

A

stress can speed up the transition from HIV to AIDS

115
Q

risk factors of heart disease

A

600,000 heart disease related deaths take place in North America every year
stress is associated with inflammation, which is associated with heart problems

116
Q

type a personality

A

hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

117
Q

type b personality

A

easy-going, relaxed people

118
Q

type a personalities have a ________ risk of developing heart disease

A

higher, because of negative emotions

119
Q

t or f
pessimists are more likely to develop heart disease

A

true

120
Q

depression ____ the risk of death (especially by heart disease)

A

increases

121
Q

emotion focused coping

A

useful if someone feels that they do not have any control over the situation; they find a way to reframe their emotions and feelings

122
Q

problem focused coping

A

useful if someone feels that they do have some power and control over the situation

123
Q

perceived control

A

the amount of control that someone feels like they have

124
Q

why does perceived loss of control predict health problems?

A

losing control → stress hormones → rise in blood pressure → immune responses drop

increase in control improves health and morale

125
Q

learned helplessness

A

if someone feels like they can not do anything, they just deal with it

126
Q

rodin’s nursing home plant study

A

residents in Group A received a healthy, green plant
Group B got no plants
Group A had improved moods and were optimistic- they felt in control because they had something to take care of

127
Q

animal studies (learned helpessness)

A

They put the dog on a plate, strapped them down, delivered an electric shock
Did the same without tying the dog down- the dog stayed there

128
Q

internal locus of control

A

believe that you control your own fate

129
Q

external locus of control

A

believe that others control their fate (i.e. destiny, God)

130
Q

self-control

A

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater, long term rewards

131
Q

optimism

A

expect things to go well, work well under stress, enjoy good health, runs in families

132
Q

pessimism

A

expects things to go badly, blames others

133
Q

Danner’s optimism study with nuns

A

studied a group of nuns for years, had access to their journals
optimistic nuns lived, on average, 7 years longer

134
Q

social support

A

people with social support (i.e.married, close friends) generally live longer

135
Q

3 ways that social support makes you live longer

A

calms cardiovascular system (lowers blood pressure and stress hormone levels), fosters stronger immune functioning, give everyone an opportunity for “open heart therapy” (a chance to confide painful feelings)

136
Q

reducing stress through exercise

A

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness reduces stress

137
Q

study results of aerobic exercise and depression

A
138
Q

relaxation training

A

has been used to help type a heart attack survivors reduce risk of future heart attacks

139
Q

faith

A

religiously active people tend to live longer

140
Q

3 possible explanations for religiosity-longevity correlation

A

the healthy behaviors, social support, or positive emotions often found among people who are religious

141
Q

social psychology

A

the study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

142
Q

power of the situation

A

place a great deal of emphasis on the power of the situation in determining behavior

143
Q

attribution theory

A

the process we use to explain someone’s behavior by crediting the situation rather than the person’s disposition or personality

144
Q

when do we use attribution

A

when something is unexpected (pos or neg), shocking, or unpleasant occurs

145
Q

dimensions of attribution

A

locus of control, stability, controllability

146
Q

internal or dispositional attributions

A

moods, attitudes, traits (e.g. someone gets a bad grade and blame themselves for it)

147
Q

external or situational attributions

A

work pressure, money, situational explanations (e.g. someone blames a bad manufacturer for their bike tire deflating)

148
Q

stable attributions

A

when someone infers that something happens due to stable, permanent factors

149
Q

unstable attributions

A

when someone infers that something happens due to unstable, temporary factors

150
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the influence of the situation in explaining other’s behavior

151
Q

attitudes

A

feelings influenced by beliefs that predispose reactions to objects, people, and events

152
Q

central route persuasion

A

offers evidence and arguments to trigger thoughtful responses that lead to lasting attitude change; works well when the audience is interested in the topic (e.g. using logic, sound arguments, facts)

153
Q

peripheral route persuasion

A

uses incidental cues to produce fast but relatively thoughtless changes in attitudes; works well when we have the ability to pay attention (e.g. having a celebrity adveritse shoes)

154
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

when attitudes do not fit with actions, tensions are often reduced by changing attitudes to match actions

155
Q

why do we conform

A

normative social influence
informational social influence

156
Q

normative social influence

A

this is what is behind peer pressure

157
Q

informational social influence

A

rely on this in ambiguity, crisis, or when there is an expert present

158
Q

factors that increase conformity

A

feeling incompetent or insecure, their group has at least three people, everyone else agrees, they admire the group’s status and attractiveness, they have no already committed to another response, they know they are being observed, their culture encourages respect for social standards

159
Q

the asch study

A

had multiple groups of six people, five were in on the study, one was not

He showed them lines on a card; the 5 people went first and said the wrong answer. The 1 blind person said the wrong answer as well because of conformity

160
Q

milgram’s experiment

A

Someone (participant) was told to deliver shocks to another participant (who was actually with the researchers); they thought that they were hurting the other person, but still delivered the shocks

161
Q

findings of the milgram experiment

A

obedience was highest when
- person giving orders was perceived was nearby and perceived as a legitimate authority figure
- research was supported by a prestigious institution
- victim was depersonalized or at a distance
- there were no role models for defiance

162
Q

social facilitation

A

the presence of others improves performance on easy or well learned tasks, but decreases performance on difficult tasks (because of arousal)

163
Q

social loafing

A

tendency for people in. agroup to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common goal than when individually accountable

164
Q

do men or women social loaf more

A

men

165
Q

deindividuation

A

loss of self awareness and self restraint in large groups, feeling of invisibility contagious throughout groups
e.g. protests –> riots –> mob mentality

166
Q

social faciliation, social loafing, deindividuation TABLE

A
167
Q

group think

A

group is focused on harmony/cohesiveness to the point that they will ignore opposing opinions, overriding realistic appraisal of alternatives, can lead to terrible decisions

168
Q

group polarization

A

group discussions with like-minded individuals will reinforce attitudes and beliefs, they will become more extreme

169
Q

group antagonism

A

a person is mistreated, misjudged, and/or negative emotions are shown toward them based on their group membership

170
Q

prejudice

A

an unjustified, negative attitude toward some group and its members; often targets different cultural, ethnic, or gender group

171
Q

necessary components of prejudice

A

-beliefs (stereotypes); e.g. all POC are dangerous
-emotion (prejudice); e.g. feeling uncomfortable with LBGTQ+ people
-discrimination; e.g. the discriminatory act

172
Q

discrimination

A

a negative behavior

173
Q

stereotypes

A

a fixed idea of a thing, person, etc.

174
Q

the intergroup contact theory for reducing prejudice

A

Sustained close contact with out group members
Equal status
Common goal
Friendly informal setting
Cooperative interdependence
Institutional support

175
Q

explicit prejudice

A

within our awareness

176
Q

implicit prejudice

A

not consciously aware

177
Q

causes/roots of prejudice

A

prejudice is learned; increases in times of economic differences

178
Q

social inequalities and social dominance (prejudice)

A

when people’s position is threatened, they develop attitudes to justify maintaining the status quo (i.e. the just world phenomenon)

179
Q

just world phenomenon

A

karma, people get what they deserve

180
Q

psychology of attraction

A

similarity, proximity factor, familiarity factor, physical attractiveness, personality factor

181
Q

proximity factor (psychology of attraction)

A

tend to be friends or in a relationship with those who live near us

182
Q

familiarity factor (psychology of attraction)

A

the more we are around them, the more we like them

183
Q

physical attractiveness (psychology of attraction)

A

men have more physical expectations
tend to date people of same attractiveness levels
opposites attract in short term or hook ups because it is stimulating

184
Q

personality factor (psychology of attraction)

A

trust is #1 for everyone
warmth is #2
dishonesty and fakeness are at the bottom of the list of priorities

185
Q

passionate love

A

high levels of arousal, apparent in the beginning of relationships, high sexual desire, can not be maintained for years (may not disappear, but will fade)

sexual desire + a growing attachment = the passion of romantic love

186
Q

companionate love

A

predominant in long term relationships and marriages, deep and affectionate attachment, trust, caring, and tolerant of the other’s flaws

Psych 1000 (4 decks)

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