Exam III (Chapters 11, 12, and 13) Flashcards
motivation
a need or desire that energizes our behavior and directs it to a goal
instinct theory
our instincts are the source of our motivators
arousal theory
human motivation seeks optimum levels of arousal
drive reduction theory
a physical need creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates someone to satisfy the need
does NOT include sex drive
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
once the lower need is met, one moves to the next
example of self-transcendence (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
social justice involvement, charity
example of self-actualization (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
realizing potential, seeking personal growth
example of esteem (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
self-esteem and respect from others
example of belonging and love (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
friendship, intimacy
example of safety (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
protection from elements
example of physiological (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
hunger, thirst
role of hypothalamus in hunger
releases appetite-related hormones
arcuate nucles (in the hypothalamus)
secretes appetite-stimulating hormones
does the hypothalamus secrete any appetite suppressing hormones?
yes
glucose
triggers feelings of hunger when low
stomach contractions
the feeling of hunger pangs
insulin
increases in insulin decrease blood glucose, which trigger hunger
leptin
protein hormone secreted by fat cells, when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
IN TOPOMAX!!!
PYY
suppresses appetite
orexin
hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus
ghrelin
hunger-triggering hormone secreted by empty stomach
obesity
the condition of being grossly overweight or fat
set point theory
the point at which your weight “thermostat” is set
when your body fat goes above or below this point, your body will compensate to get back to its set point
basal metabolic rate
body’s resting rate of energy output, determined partly by genetics
anorexia nervosa
medically underweight for age, gender, and height; intense fear of becoming overweight; distorted body image
subtypes of anorexia nervosa
restricting (do not eat), binge-eating purging (eat a lot of food, then purge)
most common age of onset for anorexia nervosa
17 years old
dx checklist for anorexia nervosa
- must be medically underweight
- purposely takes in too little nourishment
- intense fear of gaining weight and seeks to prevent gaining weight despite low body weight
- has a distorted body perception, places inappropriate emphasis on weight or shape in self-judgement, or fails to appreciate serious implications of their low weight
t or f
people with anorexia usually struggle with control issues, perfectionism, depression, and/or OCD
true
treatment for anorexia
SSRIs
bulimia nervosa
binge-eating episodes and behaviors to lose weight that was just gained
subtypes of bulimia nervosa
purging-type (forced vomiting, misused laxatives), nonpurging-type (fasting, exercising frantically)
dx checklist for bulimia
- repeated binge eating episodes, feeling out of control (avg binge is 1500-10000 calories in one sitting)
- repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain
- symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3+ months
- inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself
t or f
depression, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders are common with bulimia
true
why does bulimia usually occur?
stress
more than 1/3 of people with bulimia have _________
borderline personality disorder; impulsivity is an issue
treatment for bulimia
SSRIs
are people with bulimia usually underweight?
no- they are usually a normal weight or overweight
who are bulimia and anorexia diagnosed more in?
women
binge eating disorder
repeated binges with no control with no weight gain prevention
how much of people with binge eating disorder are overweight or obese
2/3
dx checklist for binge eating disorder
- recurrent binge-eating episodes
- binge episodes include at least 3 of the following:
+ unusually fast eating
+ absence of hunger
+ uncomfortable fullness
+ secret eating due to sense of shame
+ subsequent feelings of self-disgust, depression, or severe guilt - significant distress
- binge-eating episodes take place at least weekly over the course of 3 months
- absence of excessive compensatory behaviors
t or f
bulimia and anorexia are not diagnosed between men and women
false
they are equally diagnosed
sexual response cycle
excitement → plateau → orgasm → resolution
excitement (sexual response cycle)
getting aroused
plateau (sexual response cycle)
excitement has peaked, levels off temporarily, orgasm feels imminent
orgasm
peaks of sexual pleasure, tension released
resolution (sexual response cycle)
the body goes back to baseline
refractory period (resolution, sexual response cycle)
only men have one- they can not physically have another orgasm
younger men- a few minutes; older men- few days
hormones
men- testosterone
women- estrogen
large hormonal shifts affect sex drives
sexual disorders
impotence, erectile disorder, premature ejaculation, female orgasmic disorder
erectile disorder
inability to attain or maintain an erection
can be psychological or physical (decided which one through a REM test)
treatment: inflatable penile implant thing, viagra
premature ejaculation
sexual climax occurs before he wishes with minimal stimulation or shortly after penetration
treatment: stop/start method, squeeze technique
female orgasmic disorder
feel like they have the inability to have an orgasm
paraphilias
experiencing sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and other non-consenting persons (i.e. voyeurism, pedophilia, transvestic fetishism)
homosexual
attracted to one’s own sex
heterosexual
attracted to people of the other sex
bisexual
attracted to both sexes
gay-straight brain differences
hypothalamic cell cluster is smaller in women and gay men than straight men
gay men’s hypothalamus reacts the same way as straight women’s to the smell of sex-related hormones
genetic influences of sexual orientation
identical twins have the same sexual orientation more frequently than fraternal
sexual attraction in fruit flies can be manipulated
male homosexuality appears to be transmitted from the mother’s side of the family
parental influences of sexual orientation
altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homosexuality
men with several older biological brothers are more likely to be gay
affiliation need in humans
humans are innately social beings, our need to belong affects our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
the pain of being shut out
real pain is experienced in social isolation (anterior cingulate cortex- pain response area - is activated), social exclusion may interfere with empathy for others, increase aggression, or raise the risk for self-defeating behavior or underperformance
the net result
social media, phones, etc., have been shown to have a positive correlation with declining mental health
intrinsic motivation
motivated to complete the task because it is fun (e.g. playing volleyball)
extrinsic motivation
motivated to complete the task because we are rewarded for it (e.g. working a job for money)
task vs social & directive vs nondirective leaders
task- good at keeping members on task, have a directive/authoritarian leadership style
social- focus on morale, have a nondirective/nonauthoritarian or democratic leadership style
psychologically distant leaders
positive correlation between psychological distance and productivity
if employees are closer with their bosses, they are less productive
if employees are more distant, they are more formal
emotions
adaptive responses that support survival
three components of emotions
bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experiences
james-lange theory of emotion
arousal comes before emotion
cannon-bard theory of emotion
arousal and emotions happen at the same time
schachter’s two-factor theory
arousal and label = emotion
- emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and cognitive appraisal
- arousal fuels emotion, cognition channels it
zajonc and ledoux theory of emotion
some emotional responses involve no deliberate thinking; they bypass the cortex and go straight to the amygdala
lazarus theory of emotion
brain processes info without conscious awareness; emotions arise when an event is said to be harmless or dangerous
theories of emotions (picture)
at what point does performance peak?
performance peaks during low levels of arousal for new activities and high levels of arousal for well-learned activities
t or f
autonomic nervous system is responsible for fight or flight response
true
sympathetic vs parasympathetic divisions
sympathetic- arousing
parasympathetic- calming
physiology of emotions
left frontal lobe activity- when someone is happy, enthusiastic, or energized
right frontal lobe activity- when someone is depressed or in a bad mood
verbal communication (types of communication)
the actual words that are used (e.g. texts without words
types of communication
verbal communication, non-verbal, paralinguistic
non-verbal (types of communication)
visible expressions (e.g. facial expressions, body distance, hand gestures)
paralinguistic (types of communication)
the way in which the words are spoken (e.g. tone, infliction)
nonverbal leakage
blink more, hesitate, fidget more, speak less fluidly, pupils more likely to dilate
why do the giveaway happen
because we feel anxious
are lie detector tests accurate?
no; they can produce false negatives or positives
6 universal expressions
disgust, anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise
men vs women in emotion and nonverbal behavior
women tend to read emotional cues more easily and to be more empathetic; they express more emotion with their faces
people attribute female emotionality to ______ and male emotionality to ______-
disposition, circumstance
do musical expressions of emotion cross culture?
yes
t or f
shared emotional categories means shared cultural experiences
false
research on the facial feedback effect
facial expressions can trigger emotional feelings
people mirror other’s expressions to help empathize
health psychology
the branch of psychology that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge
stress
occurs when we perceive and respond to certain events as being threatening or challenging (stressors)
stress response system
general adaptation system (GAS)- fight or flight
3 stages of general adaptation system (GAS)
alarm resistance exhaustion
alarm (GAS)
sympathetic nervous system, rise in heartrate (feeling faint)
resistance (GAS)
rise in body temperature, blood pressure, and respiration rate, stress hormones are released
exhaustion (GAS)
vulnerable to illness, collapse, death
3 types of stressors
catastrophes (unpleasant, large-scale events)
significant life changes (personal events, life changes)
daily hassles (day to day changes)
women stress response
tend-and-befriend
men stress response
may withdraw socially, turn to alcohol, or become aggressive
psychoneuroimmunology
studies how psychology impacts our body and its immune system
answers questions like: are we more likely to get sick when we are stressed (answer: yes)
four types of cells
b lymphocytes, t lymphocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells (nk cells)
b lymphocytes
create antibodies
t lymphocytes
fight off viruses and cancer cells
macrophages
attack harmful invaders like tuberculosis
natural killer cells (NK cells)
help consume cancer cells
autoimmune response
immune system overreacting
self-attacking diseases, some forms of arthritis, allergic reaction
immune deficient response
bacterial infection flare, dormant herpes virus erupt, cancer cells multiply
stress effects on immune system
suppresses immune system - does NOT make people sick
does stress cause cancer
NO
it may accelerate the growth of cancer cells by weakening natural defenses; stress-cancer research results are mixed
stress and aids
stress can speed up the transition from HIV to AIDS
risk factors of heart disease
600,000 heart disease related deaths take place in North America every year
stress is associated with inflammation, which is associated with heart problems
type a personality
hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
type b personality
easy-going, relaxed people
type a personalities have a ________ risk of developing heart disease
higher, because of negative emotions
t or f
pessimists are more likely to develop heart disease
true
depression ____ the risk of death (especially by heart disease)
increases
emotion focused coping
useful if someone feels that they do not have any control over the situation; they find a way to reframe their emotions and feelings
problem focused coping
useful if someone feels that they do have some power and control over the situation
perceived control
the amount of control that someone feels like they have
why does perceived loss of control predict health problems?
losing control → stress hormones → rise in blood pressure → immune responses drop
increase in control improves health and morale
learned helplessness
if someone feels like they can not do anything, they just deal with it
rodin’s nursing home plant study
residents in Group A received a healthy, green plant
Group B got no plants
Group A had improved moods and were optimistic- they felt in control because they had something to take care of
animal studies (learned helpessness)
They put the dog on a plate, strapped them down, delivered an electric shock
Did the same without tying the dog down- the dog stayed there
internal locus of control
believe that you control your own fate
external locus of control
believe that others control their fate (i.e. destiny, God)
self-control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater, long term rewards
optimism
expect things to go well, work well under stress, enjoy good health, runs in families
pessimism
expects things to go badly, blames others
Danner’s optimism study with nuns
studied a group of nuns for years, had access to their journals
optimistic nuns lived, on average, 7 years longer
social support
people with social support (i.e.married, close friends) generally live longer
3 ways that social support makes you live longer
calms cardiovascular system (lowers blood pressure and stress hormone levels), fosters stronger immune functioning, give everyone an opportunity for “open heart therapy” (a chance to confide painful feelings)
reducing stress through exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness reduces stress
study results of aerobic exercise and depression
relaxation training
has been used to help type a heart attack survivors reduce risk of future heart attacks
faith
religiously active people tend to live longer
3 possible explanations for religiosity-longevity correlation
the healthy behaviors, social support, or positive emotions often found among people who are religious
social psychology
the study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
power of the situation
place a great deal of emphasis on the power of the situation in determining behavior
attribution theory
the process we use to explain someone’s behavior by crediting the situation rather than the person’s disposition or personality
when do we use attribution
when something is unexpected (pos or neg), shocking, or unpleasant occurs
dimensions of attribution
locus of control, stability, controllability
internal or dispositional attributions
moods, attitudes, traits (e.g. someone gets a bad grade and blame themselves for it)
external or situational attributions
work pressure, money, situational explanations (e.g. someone blames a bad manufacturer for their bike tire deflating)
stable attributions
when someone infers that something happens due to stable, permanent factors
unstable attributions
when someone infers that something happens due to unstable, temporary factors
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the influence of the situation in explaining other’s behavior
attitudes
feelings influenced by beliefs that predispose reactions to objects, people, and events
central route persuasion
offers evidence and arguments to trigger thoughtful responses that lead to lasting attitude change; works well when the audience is interested in the topic (e.g. using logic, sound arguments, facts)
peripheral route persuasion
uses incidental cues to produce fast but relatively thoughtless changes in attitudes; works well when we have the ability to pay attention (e.g. having a celebrity adveritse shoes)
cognitive dissonance theory
when attitudes do not fit with actions, tensions are often reduced by changing attitudes to match actions
why do we conform
normative social influence
informational social influence
normative social influence
this is what is behind peer pressure
informational social influence
rely on this in ambiguity, crisis, or when there is an expert present
factors that increase conformity
feeling incompetent or insecure, their group has at least three people, everyone else agrees, they admire the group’s status and attractiveness, they have no already committed to another response, they know they are being observed, their culture encourages respect for social standards
the asch study
had multiple groups of six people, five were in on the study, one was not
He showed them lines on a card; the 5 people went first and said the wrong answer. The 1 blind person said the wrong answer as well because of conformity
milgram’s experiment
Someone (participant) was told to deliver shocks to another participant (who was actually with the researchers); they thought that they were hurting the other person, but still delivered the shocks
findings of the milgram experiment
obedience was highest when
- person giving orders was perceived was nearby and perceived as a legitimate authority figure
- research was supported by a prestigious institution
- victim was depersonalized or at a distance
- there were no role models for defiance
social facilitation
the presence of others improves performance on easy or well learned tasks, but decreases performance on difficult tasks (because of arousal)
social loafing
tendency for people in. agroup to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common goal than when individually accountable
do men or women social loaf more
men
deindividuation
loss of self awareness and self restraint in large groups, feeling of invisibility contagious throughout groups
e.g. protests –> riots –> mob mentality
social faciliation, social loafing, deindividuation TABLE
group think
group is focused on harmony/cohesiveness to the point that they will ignore opposing opinions, overriding realistic appraisal of alternatives, can lead to terrible decisions
group polarization
group discussions with like-minded individuals will reinforce attitudes and beliefs, they will become more extreme
group antagonism
a person is mistreated, misjudged, and/or negative emotions are shown toward them based on their group membership
prejudice
an unjustified, negative attitude toward some group and its members; often targets different cultural, ethnic, or gender group
necessary components of prejudice
-beliefs (stereotypes); e.g. all POC are dangerous
-emotion (prejudice); e.g. feeling uncomfortable with LBGTQ+ people
-discrimination; e.g. the discriminatory act
discrimination
a negative behavior
stereotypes
a fixed idea of a thing, person, etc.
the intergroup contact theory for reducing prejudice
Sustained close contact with out group members
Equal status
Common goal
Friendly informal setting
Cooperative interdependence
Institutional support
explicit prejudice
within our awareness
implicit prejudice
not consciously aware
causes/roots of prejudice
prejudice is learned; increases in times of economic differences
social inequalities and social dominance (prejudice)
when people’s position is threatened, they develop attitudes to justify maintaining the status quo (i.e. the just world phenomenon)
just world phenomenon
karma, people get what they deserve
psychology of attraction
similarity, proximity factor, familiarity factor, physical attractiveness, personality factor
proximity factor (psychology of attraction)
tend to be friends or in a relationship with those who live near us
familiarity factor (psychology of attraction)
the more we are around them, the more we like them
physical attractiveness (psychology of attraction)
men have more physical expectations
tend to date people of same attractiveness levels
opposites attract in short term or hook ups because it is stimulating
personality factor (psychology of attraction)
trust is #1 for everyone
warmth is #2
dishonesty and fakeness are at the bottom of the list of priorities
passionate love
high levels of arousal, apparent in the beginning of relationships, high sexual desire, can not be maintained for years (may not disappear, but will fade)
sexual desire + a growing attachment = the passion of romantic love
companionate love
predominant in long term relationships and marriages, deep and affectionate attachment, trust, caring, and tolerant of the other’s flaws
