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Psych 1000 > Exam II (Chapters 3, 7, and 8) > Flashcards

Exam II (Chapters 3, 7, and 8) Flashcards

1
Q

dual processing

A

the principle that info is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

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2
Q

selective attention

A

focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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3
Q

is selective attention dangerous?

A

yes; distracted driving and accidents

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4
Q

consciousness

A

awareness of self and environment

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5
Q

altered state of consciousness

A

daydreaming, sleeping, dreaming, hypnosis.meditation, drug-induced states, and near-death experiences

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6
Q

fantasies

A

more men have sexual fantasies in dreams

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7
Q

fantasy-prone personalities

A

4% of population has this; they spend more than half of their time fantasizing, some have vivid day dreams to the point that they confuse their day dreams with reality

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8
Q

circadian rhythm

A

internal biological clock of 24-hour cycle of day and night

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9
Q

t or
there is evidence that being a morning vs night person is genetically influenced

A

true

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10
Q

how do light and scn affect the circadian rhythm?

A

light and scn decrease the production of melatonin, making you less tired

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11
Q

four stages of sleep

A

NREM1, NREM2, NREM3, REM

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12
Q

NREM1

A

2 minutes, sensation of floating or falling, visual hallucinations

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13
Q

NREM2

A

20 minutes, can be easily awakened, sleep talking occurs, sleep spindles (bursts of brain wave activity) occur

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14
Q

NREM3

A

deep sleep, sleep walking occurs

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15
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement, sleep walking can occur, most vivid and bizarre dreams occur

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16
Q

REM rebound

A

the tendency for REM to increase when you are sleep deprived- you skip the stages of sleep

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17
Q

purposes of sleep

A
  • protective role in evolution
  • helps restore/repair damaged neurons
  • strengthens neural connections (during REM, NREM2)
  • promotes creative problem solving
  • secretes a growth hormone for muscles
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18
Q

sleep deprivation

A

cause fatigue and irritability, impairs concentration, productivity, and memory consolidation, can lead to depression, obesity, joint pain, suppressed immune system

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19
Q

sleep debt

A

our bodies keep a record of the sleep that we need to make up and will make it up if necessary (this is why you sleep so long if you sleep in)

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20
Q

insomnia

A

recurring problems falling or staying asleep, can be a red flag for anxiety disorders, depression, or mood disorders

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21
Q

narcolepsy

A

sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks, sometimes lapsing directly into REM sleep (only in dire cases)

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22
Q

sleep apnea

A

stopping breathing while asleep, associated with obesity and snoring, especially in men

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23
Q

night terrors

A

high arousal and appearance of being terrified, occurs during deep sleep, much more common in kids, will wake up and start screaming, most people outgrow it, will have amnesia the day after the episode (surrounding the episode)

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24
Q

nightmares

A

occur during REM, person with episode will remember it

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25
Q

sleep walking

A

walking during sleep, NREM3

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26
Q

sleep talking

A

talking during sleep, can happen during any stage of sleep

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27
Q

when do dreams occur?

A

during all stages of sleep

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28
Q

purposes of dreams

A

to satisfy our own wishes, to file away memories, to develop and preserve neural pathways, to make sense of neural static (we are just seeing lines and colors), to reflect cognitive development

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29
Q

Freud’s wish fulfillment (why we dream)

A

dreams have a second meaning (manifest content- dream itself; latent content- underlying meaning of the dream)

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30
Q

information processing (why we dream)

A

helps us consolidate our memories (some research support)

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31
Q

physiological function (why we dream)

A

helps develop and preserve neural pathways

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32
Q

neural activation (why we dream)

A

triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories

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33
Q

cognitive development (why we dream)

A

reflects dreamers’ level of cognitive development

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34
Q

hypnosis

A

induces an altered state of consciousness, a social interaction in which suggests to another person that something is happening, someone is feeling something, etc.; a deep state of relaxation, the higher the suggestibility, the easier someone is hypnotized

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35
Q

suggestibility

A

the quality of being inclined to accept and act on the suggestion of others

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36
Q

can hypnosis be used as a treatment for pain?

A

it can be used for chronic pain, it decreases activity in the brain where physical pain is processed

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37
Q

theories that explain why hypnosis works

A

social influence (you want to be a good patient)
dissociation (creates a divide in our levels of consciousness)

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38
Q

tolerance

A

with repeated use, the desired effect requires larger doses

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39
Q

withdrawal

A

discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

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40
Q

addiction

A

compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite knowing harmful consequences

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41
Q

categories of psychoactive drugs

A

depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens

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42
Q

depressants

A

calm neural activity and slow bodily functions (i.e. alcohol, barbiturates (tranquilizers), and opiates)

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43
Q

stimulants

A

dilation of pupils, increase in heart/breathing rats, rise in blood sugar, drop in appetite, increase in energy and self confidence (i.e. caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, meth)

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44
Q

hallucinogens

A

distorts perceptions (i.e. marijuana, LSD)

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45
Q

substance use disorder

A

a person’s inability to control their use of substances’ characterized by diminished control, diminished social function, hazardous use, and drug action

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46
Q

cage

A

C- feeling the need to CUT BACK
A- ANNOYED by others asking them to stop/cut back
G- GUILT about their use
E- EYE OPENER

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47
Q

eye opener

A

using a little more of the substance to get over their hangover

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48
Q

effects of psychoactive drugs

A
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49
Q

near death experiences

A

altered state of consciousness reported after havnig a close brush with death, 30-40% report having an NDE after having a close brush with death

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50
Q

what occurs during NDEs?

A

aerial view of one’s body (can see/hear what is happening)
going through a long, dark tunnel with a light at the end of the tunnel that they feel drawn to (religious people think the light is God)
have contact with people who already died
mostly positive experiences, many people do not want to go back to their physical bodies

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51
Q

Monist explanation of NDE

A

believe the mind/soul can not be separated
physiological explanation- they occur because of chemical changes in the brain when death is near

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52
Q

Dualist explanation of NDE

A

believe mind and soul are separate entities
spiritual explanation- when body is dying, mind/soul exits the body

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53
Q

conditioning

A

the response to an object or event by a person/animal can be modified by a stimulus

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54
Q

classical conditioning (pavlov)

A

certain events that occur closely together in time become related (i.e. lightning and thunder, dentist and pain)

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55
Q

how do phobias form

A

classical conditioning

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56
Q

operant conditioning (skinner)

A

behavior operates on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli

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57
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a previously natural stimulus that produces a conditioned response

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58
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

a stimulus that produces a UR

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59
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

a learned response to a conditioned stimulus

60
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

61
Q

conditioning- dog image

A
62
Q

acquisition

A

initial stage, when one links a neural stimulus and a US so that the neural stimulus begins to trigger a CR

63
Q

extinction

A

diminishing of a CR

64
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of an extinguished CR

65
Q

generalization

A

the tendency for stimuli that are similar to the CS to elicit similar responses (think Little Albert)

66
Q

discrimination

A

learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other irrelevant stimuli

67
Q

Little Albert experiment

A

induced a phobia, made Albert scared of a white rate
when they brought out any white animals/objects (dog, bunny, santa beard), Albert got scared
proves discrimination

68
Q

shaping

A

gradually guiding closer to the desired behavior is likely

69
Q

law of effect (Thorndike)

A

rewarded behavior is likely to occur

70
Q

skinner box

A

when the bar is hit, food is dispensed

71
Q

positive reinforcers

A

strengthens response by giving it to the person/animal after the response occurs (i.e. praise, attention, food, money)

72
Q

negative reinforcers

A

remove something aversive to reinforce behavior (i.e. taking advil to get rid of a headache, hitting snooze on an alarm to get rid of the noise)

73
Q

primary reinforcer

A

immediately reinforcing the stimuli (i.e. food, pain relief)

74
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

gains power through association with primary reinforcers (i.e. money)

75
Q

immediate reinforcers

A

occurs immediately after a behavior

76
Q

delayed reinforcers

A

there is a time delay between the desires response of the reward and the delivery of the reward

77
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the desired response every time that it occurs

78
Q

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

scheduling reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement

79
Q

how do we explain gambling addictions and why they exist

A

partial (intermittent) reinforcement- the reward is intermittent

80
Q

types of reinforcement schedules

A

fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-interval

81
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

reinforce behavior after a set number of responses (i.e. coffee shops give you a free drink after the 10th purchase)

82
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

provides reinforcers after a seemingly unpredictable amount of responses (this is why people play slot machines or fish)

83
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

reinforcer the first response after a fixed time period (i.e. checking for mail the closer it gets to delivery time)

84
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

reinforce the first response after varying time intervals (i.e. your boss checking in at unpredictable times throughout the day to make sure that you are working keeps you working)

85
Q

positive punishment

A

presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited (i.e. verbally reprimanding, spanking)

86
Q

negative punishment

A

removing the desired stimulus after an undesired stimulus is exhibited (i.e. grounding a child from watching tv, time out)

87
Q

effects of physical punishment

A
  • punished behavior is suppressed (sneakily done), not forgotten
  • can make child afraid of caregiver
  • teaches discrimination
  • may increase aggression through modeling
88
Q

modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a certain behavior

89
Q

bobo doll experiments

A

kid watched an adult beat a doll, when the kid was left alone in the room with the doll, the kid modelled the behavior

90
Q

mirror neurons

A

the brain’s mirroring of another’s actions may enable imitation and empathy

91
Q

observational learning

A

learning through watching other’s actions, responses, etc.

92
Q

prosocial behaviors

A

behavior modeling enhances learning of communication, sales, and customer service skills

93
Q

antisocial behaviors

A

abusive parents may have aggressive children
watching tv and videos may teach children that bullying is an effective tool for controlling others, free and easy sex has little to no consequences, and men should be touch/women should be gentle
violence viewing effect

94
Q

recall

A

retrieving info that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time

95
Q

recognition

A

identifying items that were previously learned

96
Q

relearning

A

learning something more quickly than when you learned it for the first time

97
Q

encoding

A

initially getting memory in your brain

98
Q

storage

A

slowly retaining info in your brain over time

99
Q

retrieval

A

accessing info that was memorized

100
Q

short-term memory (working memory)

A

activated memory that holds info for a few, brief moments
adds conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory information and of information retrieved from long-term memory

101
Q

sensory memory

A

first stage in forming explicit memories; immediate, very brief recording of sensory info

102
Q

long-term memory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system

103
Q

automatic processing

A

used for well-learned tasks (i.e. driving a familiar route and not remembering driving)

104
Q

implicit memory (nondeclarative memories)

A

memories that form through automatic processes (i.e. riding a bike)

105
Q

effortful processing

A

using various techniques to best learn new info (i.e. spaced study and self-assessment)

106
Q

explicit memory (declarative memories)

A

memories of conscious facts and experiences (i.e. the first time that you went to Disneyland)

107
Q

iconic picture

A

picture-image memory

108
Q

echoic memory

A

sound memory

109
Q

rehearsal

A

repeatedly looking or saying stuff to remember it; the more we rehearse it, the better we remember something

110
Q

spacing effect

A

encoding is more effective when it is spread over time

111
Q

serial position effect

A

involves the tendency to recall best to last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list

112
Q

semantic encoding

A

remembering somethign because it elaborates on the context of the word’s meaning (i.e. giving an example of a word to remember it)
superior in terms of recall

113
Q

deep processing

A

encodes semantically based on word meaning (e.g. remembering a dove is a white bird)

114
Q

shallow processing

A

encodes on a very basic level or a more intermediate level (i.e. remembering a white dove

115
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids (ROY G BIV)

116
Q

chunking

A

organization of items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically (phone numbers, social security numbers)

117
Q

hierarchies

A

organization of items into a few broad categories that are divided and subdvided into narrower concepts and facts (i.e. using outlines)

118
Q

short-term memory storage/capacity

A

magical number 7, capacity is 7+ - 2 bits of info

119
Q

long-term memory storage/capacity

A

limitless

120
Q

forgetting curve

A

course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time

121
Q

stress-related hormones

A

when we are stressed, our memory is boosted (through the amygdala)

122
Q

semantic memories (implicit)

A

facts and general knowledge (cerebellum, basal ganglia)

123
Q

episodic memories (explicit)

A

experienced events (hippocampus, frontal lobe)

124
Q

longterm potentiation (LTP)

A

provides the neural basis for memories, after LTP, brain will not erase memories

125
Q

infantile amnesia

A

conscious memories of first three years are blank because hippocampus is not fully developed and infants do not talk, which enforces memory

126
Q

priming

A

activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

127
Q

retrieval cues

A

things that help you remember something (i.e. trying to remember the name of someone, and someone giving you the first letter of their name)

128
Q

context-dependent memory

A

improved recall of specific info when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same (i.e. childhood memories increase when visiting one’s childhood home)

129
Q

state-dependent memory

A

what we learn in one state may be more or less easily remembered when we are in some state (i.e. sober, tired)

130
Q

mood-congruent memory

A

involves the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

131
Q

encoding failure

A

failure to encode, usually due to lack of attention or age

132
Q

storage decay

A

memories are discarded

133
Q

retrieval failure

A

tip of the tongue feeling, usually stems from interference or motivated forgetting

134
Q

proactive interference

A

occurs when older memories make it difficult to remember new info (i.e. remembering old password instead of new password)

135
Q

retroactive interference

A

occurs when new learning interferes with old memories (i.e. learning German in college interferes with French from high school)

136
Q

motivated forgetting

A

repressed memories protect self-concept and minimize anxiety, developed by Freud

137
Q

repression

A

the idea that we repress painful or unacceptable memories to protect out self-concept and to minimize anxiety

138
Q

memory construction

A

when we remember, we actively construct our memories using new and stored info, we essentially reweave our memories

139
Q

misinformation effect

A

when a memory has been corrupted by misleading info

140
Q

imagination effect

A

when repeatedly imagining fake actions and events can create false memories that seem real

141
Q

source amnesia

A

faulty memory for hwo, when, or where info was learned or imagined

142
Q

deja vu

A

the sense that I’ve experienced this before

143
Q

children as eyewitnesses

A

must do an interview with a neutral interviewer (people pleasers) with neutral language right after event (because of high suggestibility)

144
Q

false memory syndrome

A

false memories of a traumatic episode that one person strongly believes happened to them (usually sexual abuse)

145
Q

repressed or constructed memories of abuse

A

the following are correct: sexual abuse happens, injustice happens, forgetting happens, recovered memories are commonplace, memories of things happening before age 3 are unreliable, memories “recovered” under hypnosis are especially unreliable, memories, whether real or false, can be emotionally upsetting

146
Q

Ramona case

A

Holly Ramona believes her father, Gary Ramona, raped her after her therapist, Marche Isabella, used leading questions and possibly led her to experience false memory syndrome. Gary sued Marche and won, but Holly and her family does not believe Gary.

Psych 1000 (4 decks)

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