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Psych 1000 > Exam I (Chapters 1, 2, 4, and 5) > Flashcards

Exam I (Chapters 1, 2, 4, and 5) Flashcards

1
Q

psychology

A

a science that describes and explains how we think, feel, and act; the science and behavior of mental processes

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2
Q

John Locke and the blank state theory

A

english philosopher/physician, born august 1632
blank slate- theory that the human mind at birth is a blank slate without rules for processing data

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3
Q

Wilhelm Wundt and the birth of psychology

A

said that psych is the science of mental life, he conducted the first experiment in 1879 (which serves as the birth of psychology)

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4
Q

William James and functionalism

A

studied human thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and asked what functions they served and how they could have helped our ancestors survive

emphasized the function of something rather than human consciousness

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5
Q

introspection

A

a process by which a person looks inward at their mental processes (thoughts, feelings, etc.) to gain insight into how their mind works

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6
Q

structuralism

A

the study of the structure of the conscious mind

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7
Q

how did Edward Titchener relate introspection and structuralism

A

he tried to use introspection to structure the mind

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8
Q

Mary Calkins

A

was admitted into William James’ grad seminar at Harvard (by James, against the will of Harvard), became the first female president of the APA

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9
Q

Margaret Washburn

A

first woman to earn her PhD in psych, the second woman to serve as the APA president

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10
Q

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis

A

emphasized the power of the unconscious mind and the influence of early childhood experiences on behavior and personality

believed dreams contained hidden meanings and symbols

free association

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11
Q

free association

A

say exactly what you are thinking, it will reveal what your unconscious brain is thinking

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12
Q

psychosexual stages of development

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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13
Q

oral (psychosexual stages of development)

A

Year 1
dependency needs

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14
Q

anal (psychosexual stages of development)

A

Year 1 - Year 3
potty training; control
analretentive vs analexpulsive

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15
Q

analretentive (anal, psychosexual stages of development)

A

parents get mad if accidents happen and kid basically gets OCD as an adult

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16
Q

analexpulsive (anal, psychosexual stages of development)

A

parents are too lax about potty training, kid is super chill as a result (but so chill that it is a recurring issue later in life)

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17
Q

phallic (psychosexual stages of development)

A

Year 3 - Year 5
Oedipus complex (if a boy)
Electra complex (if a girl)
basically; development of moral consciousness, says that girl can not develop a moral conscious because they do not have a fear of castration of testicles because they do not have balls

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18
Q

oedipus complex (phallic, psychosexual stages of development)

A

solved through castration anxiety (scared that dad will fuck up their balls if they replace their dad)

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19
Q

latency (psychosexual stages of development)

A

elementary years

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20
Q

genital (psychosexual stages of development)

A

middle, high school
seek attachment outside of the family

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21
Q

john watson

A

classical conditioning

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22
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning process when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together

phobias develop through classical conditioning (i.e. lightning and thunder)

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23
Q

b.f. skinner

A

operant conditioning

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24
Q

operant conditioning

A

associate action or behavior with consequence

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25
Q

what type of therapy did aaron beck develop?

A

cognitive therapy; he believed that a person’s experiences result in cognitions/thoughts

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26
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

considers all factors of our development
bio- evolution, genes, hormones, brain
psycho- experiences, beliefs, feelings, expectations
social- parental and peer influences, cultural individualism or collectivism, gender norms

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27
Q

scientific method

A

having a theory, developing a hypothesis, testing it, and repeating it

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28
Q

types of research

A

descriptive, correlational, experimental

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29
Q

descriptive research

A

describes things that exist- case studies, naturalistic observations, surverys and interviews

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30
Q

correlational research

A

examines the statistical relationship between two traits/behaviors

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31
Q

experimental research

A

the researcher manipulates one or more factors (independent variable) to observe the effect on another factor (dependent variable); causality is examined

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32
Q

independent vs dependent variable

A

independent- change in medicine dose
dependent- blood pressure change

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33
Q

experimental and control conditions or groups

A

one group gets the treatment, one gets the placebo

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34
Q

random sample

A

pick people to participate in research at random

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35
Q

random assignment

A

randomly assigning people into control or experimental group

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36
Q

single blind experiments

A

the participants do not know if they are in the control or experimental group

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37
Q

double blind experiments

A

the participants AND researchers do not know if they are in the control or experimental group

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38
Q

placebo effect

A

people taking the placebo, thinking they are getting relief

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39
Q

neurons

A

a nerve cell, transmits nerve impulses

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40
Q

dendrites

A

receives messages from other cells

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41
Q

cell body

A

the cell’s life-supporter

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42
Q

axon

A

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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43
Q

myelin sheath

A

covers the axons of some neurons; helps speed up neural impulses

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44
Q

synaptic vessels

A

the tiny gap at the junction of the synapse

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45
Q

synapse

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

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46
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap between neurons; they are stored in synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal

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47
Q

glial cells

A

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory

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48
Q

axon terminal

A

form junctions with other cells

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49
Q

receptor sites

A

sites that receive the messages

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50
Q

t or f
there are ~400 trillion synaptic connections within the brain

A

true

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51
Q

t or f
a majority of neurons contain only some neurotransmitters

A

false; the vast majority contain only neurotransmitters

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52
Q

action potential

A

occurs when a neuron sends an info down an axon, away from the cell

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53
Q

four ways in which neurons are stimulated

A

other neurons, pressure, heat, or light

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54
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

excite or stimulate a receiving neuron to fire a neural impulse

nonstop firing leads to seizures

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55
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

inhibit or prevent a receiving neuron from firing a neural impulse

nonstop firing would lead to lethargy, drowsiness, etc.

56
Q

endorphins

A

neurotransmitters that lessen pain and boost mood, they are released during exercise or when the body feels pain/stress

57
Q

agonist

A

a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter’s action by increasing its production or release by blocking reuptake (SSRIs) or mimicking the neurotransmitter at the receptor site

58
Q

examples of agonists

A

anti-depressants/anxiety (i.e. Prozac, Lexapro, Zoloft)

59
Q

antagonist

A

a molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter’s action through blocking its production or release or through blocking the reception site

60
Q

examples of antagonists

A

allergy meds

61
Q

brainstem

A

very well protected, the oldest and innermost brain region

62
Q

medulla

A

tells your glands when to release hormones, regulates your breathing, and tells your heart how fast to beat

63
Q

thalamus

A

sensory switchboard of the brain; directs sensory messages to the cortex and replies to the cerebellum

64
Q

reticular formation

A

tells you when to wake up, controls arousal

65
Q

cerebellum

A

aids in judgement of time, sound and texture discrimination, and emotional control

coordinates voluntary movement, posture, and balance

helps process and store info outside of awareness

66
Q

limbic system

A

linked to emotions, memory, and drives

67
Q

hippocampus

A

processes conscious, explicit memories for storage

68
Q

amygdala

A

consists of two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion (especially aggression and fear)

69
Q

hypothalamus

A

partly controls hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and body temperature
linked to emotion and reward

70
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the outer layer that lays on top of your cerebrum

71
Q

cerebrum

A

the largest part of your brain with two hemispheres (left and right)

72
Q

four lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

73
Q

frontal lobe

A

involved in speaking, muscle movements, and in making plans and judgements
responsible for executive functioning of the brain, “information processing center of the brain”

74
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Railroad worker, was building Transcontinental Railroad in 1800s when a metal rod shot up and entered his skull; it went straight through his left prefrontal cortex
His personality completely changed; he used to be humble, friendly, likeable; after the accident, he was rude, aggressive, impulsive, dishonest

75
Q

parietal lobe

A

receives sensory input for touch, temperature, and body position

76
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual processing

77
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory processing, primarily from the other ear

78
Q

left hemisphere

A

speaking, calculating, language, reading, math, analytical tasks

79
Q

right hemisphere

A

visual-spatial tasks (i.e. reading a map, geometry), perception, face recognition, expressing emotion, copying drawing, perceiving emotions, perceiving differences

80
Q

split brain patients

A

Two neurosurgeons believed that major epileptic seizures were caused by activity bouncing back and forth between the two hemispheres; they believed that if you severed the corpus callosum, the seizures would stop; the procedure worked

81
Q

corpus callosum

A

nerves that connect the two hemispheres

82
Q

effects of a severed corpus callosum

A

When a Severed Corpus Callosum patient is seeing two objects, they have difficulty saying what they say in their left visual field because speech is only processed in one half of the brain- this becomes an issue with reading, etc.

They can see it, point to it, etc.; they just can not say it

83
Q

brain plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change and recognize after damage diminishes later in life; plasticity is much greater in children than it is adults

e.g. the brain can form new neurons through neurogenesis

84
Q

hemispherectomies

A

getting rid of one hemisphere in the brain (because of seizures) and relying on the other hemisphere, only done on children because of neuroplasticity

85
Q

endocrine system

A

uses hormones to control and coordinate your body’s metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress, and mood

86
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues

87
Q

adrenal glands

A

helps “arouse body in terms of strouse” (aka- fight or flight)

88
Q

pituitary gland

A

controls growth and development and the functioning of other endocrine glands

89
Q

nature

A

genetic inheritance influences your personality

90
Q

nurture

A

your upbringing, who you are around, etc. influence your personality

91
Q

nature and nurture work to _________

A

form one’s personality and being

92
Q

identical twins are more alike than fraternal twins in terms of:

A

Extraversion (sociability)
Neuroticism (emotional instability)
Behaviors/outcomes (i.e. divorce)
Abilities (i.e. intelligence test scores)
Personalities
Attitudes
Interests
Specific fears
Brain waves, heart rate

93
Q

types of twin studies

A

identical vs fraternal, separated twins

94
Q

some studies have shown that twins that have shared the placenta are ___ similar than twins with different placentas

A

more

some studies have shown that twins that have shared the placenta are more similar than twins with different placentas (because they have shared the same prenatal nutrients, oxygen levels, etc.)

95
Q

5 criticisms of separated twins studies

A
  1. some were reunited before testing.
  2. same prenatal environment for 9 months
  3. similar/same appearance evokes same response
  4. similar twins were placed in similar homes
  5. are categories so general that only 2 stranger would have things in common?
96
Q

adoption studies

A

compare kids to birth parents and adoptive parents

97
Q

are adopted children more similar to their birth or adoptive parents in terms of personality?

A

genetic

98
Q

in which ways are adopted kids more similar to their adoptive parents?

A

religious/political beliefs
values
manners
attitudes
habits

99
Q

temperament

A

person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity; apparent from first weeks of life and generally persists into adulthood

100
Q

types of temperament

A

easy- cheerful, relaxed, predictable
difficult- more irritable, very reactive, unpredictable
slow-to-warm-up- low activity level, low mood intensity, low adaptability

101
Q

t or f
temperament is half determined by nature and half nurture

A

true

102
Q

parents have more influence on:

A

Education and career path
Cooperation
Self-discipline
Responsibility
Charitableness
Religion
Values
Interaction style with authority figures

103
Q

peers have more influence on:

A

Learning cooperation skills
Learning the path to popularity
Choice of music and other recreation
Choice of clothing and other cultural choices
Good and bad habits
Less/more substance abuse

104
Q

t or f
kids do NOT need to be held or touched

A

false

105
Q

stages of prenatal development

A

germinal
embryonic
fetal

106
Q

germinal (prenatal development)

A

first 2 weeks after conception
zygote, starts cell division, implants into the side of the universe

107
Q

embryonic (prenatal development)

A

end of 2nd week - 8th week after conception
life support systems formed (placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic sac, organs formation starts, embryo)

108
Q

fetal (prenatal development)

A

9th week - birth
organ formation is complete, organ functioning is fine-tuned, officially a fetus

109
Q

XX

A

female

110
Q

XY

A

male

111
Q

t or f
X sperm can live for 72 hours, Y sperm are faster, have less genetic material, and are lighter

A

true

112
Q

authoritarian parenting style (AKA military)

A

low warmth, high control, no verbal give and take
children usually have less social skills and lower self-esteem
E.g. Grammie, Melissa

113
Q

authoritative parenting style

A

High warmth, high control, allows verbal give and take, encourage and allow discussion
Children usually have the highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence

114
Q

permissive/indulgent parenting style

A

High warmth, low control
Children usually lack self-control, rarely respect others, and are more aggressive, immature, and egocentric

115
Q

neglectful parenting style

A

Low warmth, low control
Parents tend to have children who are socially incompetent, lack self-control, and lack independence

116
Q

teratogens

A

anything that causes a birth defect or harm (i.e. drugs, alcohol, pesticides, x-rays, malnourishment, maternal diseases, maternal age)

117
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

more likely to be born with small head, characteristics facial features, poor attention, developmental disability, increase risk of miscarriage

118
Q

piaget’s theory of cognitive development (stages)

A

sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational, formal operational

119
Q

sensorimotor stage (piaget’s theory of cognitive development)

A

birth - 2 years
Coordinating motor movements with what they are picking up (e.g. picking up a toy, using another thing to drag a toy over to them that is out of reach)

developmental phenomena: object permanence, stranger anxiety

120
Q

preoperational stage (piaget’s theory of cognitive development)

A

2 years - 6 years
becomes capable of understanding basic symbols, but lacks logical reasoning

developmental phenomena: pretend play (when this is not present, ASD is questioned), egocentrism, language development

121
Q

concrete operational stage (piaget’s theory of cognitive development)

A

7 years - 11 years
thinking logically about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations

developmental phenomena: conservation, mathematical transformations

122
Q

conservation

A

understanding that the amount of a substance does not change with the container

123
Q

formal operational (piaget’s theory of cognitive development)

A

12 years - adulthood
abstract reasoning

developmental phenomena: abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning

124
Q

Harlow/monkey study

A

Harlow constructed fake mothers for monkeys; he found that the monkeys would hold onto a warm fake mother that did not have a bottle (over an uncomfortable fake mother with a bottle) just for physical contact
Harlow generalized this and compared this to humans, emphasizing the importance of physical contact and touch for infants and babies

125
Q

secure attachment style

A

Baby leaves mom’s side, but checks back in with mother periodically, using the mother as a “home base” for exploration
Noticed when mom left; briefly cried when mom left; they would approach mom when she re-entered and wanted to be held, mom could calm down the baby very quickly

126
Q

anxious-avoidant style (insecure)

A

Baby would leave mom’s side to play, but would not check back in with mom; barely noticed when mom left; hardly noticed when mom left or approached mom

127
Q

anxious ambivalent style (insecure)

A

Did not leave mom to play with toys; cried when mom left; approached mom when she returned, wanted to be held by mom, but gave mixed signals (kicked mom, etc.), mom could not soothe or calm down the baby

128
Q

erikson’s psychosocial theory of development

A

Trust vs mistrust- year 1, if needs are met, trust will develop
Autonomy vs shame and doubt- year 2, learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves or they doubt their abilities
Initiative vs guilt- year 3 -5, learn to initiate tasks or they feel guilty about their efforts
Competence vs inferiority- 6 years - puberty, learn to apply tasks or they feel inferior
Identity vs role confusion- teens - 20s, refine sense of self or get confused
Intimacy vs isolation- 20s to 40s, form close relationships or feel socially isolated (this is generally why people get married)
Generativity vs stagnation- 40s to 60s, discover a sense of contributing to the world or feel a lack of purpose (this is generally why people have kids)
Integrity vs despair- late 60s and up, when reflecting on their life, one may feel satisfied or like a failure

129
Q

perspectives in psychology

A
130
Q

the structure of a neuron

A
131
Q

action potential

A
132
Q

functions of neurotransmitters

A
133
Q

left and right hemispheres’ visuals

A
134
Q

left and right hemispheres’ reading

A
135
Q

kohlberg’s level of moral thinking

A

Psych 1000 (4 decks)

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