Exam Two- Semantic III (Definitions)

Question 1

Pronoun

Answer 1

replaces or points to a noun

o Barry knows Fairfax -> he lives in that town

Question 2

Personal Pronoun

Answer 2

subcategorized for number (singular/plural), gender (masculine/feminine), case

Question 3

Possessive Pronoun

Answer 3

1st – my/mine, 2nd – our, ours, 3rd – his/hers/its, their/theirs
o its his, we saw their car, our cat licked its paws

Question 4

Relative Pronoun

Answer 4

serve as subject or object in their own clauses, or as possessive modifier of a subject or object, and point back to a noun in another clause
o who, whose, whom, which, that
• the girl, who won the contest, cheered wildly
• the by-laws, which we reviewed, were valid

Question 5

Demonstrative Pronoun

Answer 5

point to something; they may point to an immediate idea expressed previously or to an idea or situation evident in context
o	carry meaning of near and far
o	this, that, these, those
o	this, these = near
o	that those = far

Question 6

Reciprocal Pronoun

Answer 6

are each other or one another
o each other is used with a pair of referents
• the twins whispered to each other
o one another applies to groupings of three or more
• the soccer players encouraged one another

Question 7

Intensive Pronoun

Answer 7

reinforces the idea of a doer or receiver; formed with –self, or -selves
o we found Jan herself smoking in bed, she made the dress herself, she herself made the dress

Question 8

Reflexive Pronoun

Answer 8

a –self pronoun used as a direct object; the doer and receiver of action the same person or thing
o andrea cut herself while slicing carrots,

Question 9

Interrogative Pronoun

Answer 9

used to ask questions

o who, whose, whom, what, which

Question 10

Indefinite Pronoun

Answer 10

give reference to persons or entities not specifically known or named
o include either, each, all, some, more, most,
o terms built with one, body, thing and some, any, every, and no
o something is wrong, get some more, nobody loves me, surely someone cares

Question 11

Preposition

Answer 11

a connecting word marking relationship of a noun to another part of a sentence
o expresses a relationship in space, time or concept

Question 12

Object of the Preposition

Answer 12

the words that follow a preposition
o on the street
o the cat ran under the car

Question 13

Prepositional Phrase

Answer 13

built with a preposition and a noun or nominal which serves a object of the preposition. It may include modifiers between the preposition and the object of the preposition.

Question 14

Participial Phrase:

Answer 14

built using the participial form of a verb.

Question 15

Object of the Participle

Answer 15

the dog chasing our cat growled at me

Question 16

Gerund Phrase

Answer 16

the present participial or –ing form of a verb, when it works as nominal
o a noun formed from a verb by adding the –ing
o eating blackberries without washing them will make you sick

Question 17

Object of the Gerund

Answer 17

collecting stamps keeps Bill happy

o Kim earns her money by selling used books

Question 18

Infinitive Phrase

Answer 18

built with the infinitive verb form. It may contain an object of the infinitive. It may be placed wherever a simple noun might serve or may serve to complement the verb action begun by certain other verbs

Question 19

Object of the Infinitive

Answer 19

to eat bread

Question 20

Adjectival Phrase

Answer 20

phrase that modifies a noun or nominal construction

Question 21

Adverbial Phrase:

Answer 21

phrase that modifies a verb, adverb, or adjective

Question 22

Coordinating Conjunction

Answer 22

connects items of equal grammatical form

o –AND, -BUT, -OR, -FOR, -YET, -SO

Question 23

Correlative Conjunction

Answer 23

a type of coordinating conjuction that works in a special pairing, bracketing 2 or more grammatically equivalent items
o –EITHER/OR, -BOTH/AND, -NEITHER/NOR, NOT ONLY/BUT ALSO

Question 24

Subordinating Conjunction

Answer 24

makes one clause secondary to another

o –before, -after, -if, -because, -since, -even if, -though, -although, -while, -unless

Question 25

Conjunctive Adverb

Answer 25

connect 2 clauses in one sentence or show the adverbial connection with a first sentence unit from a location within a 2nd unit
o she felt ill; however she attended all her classes

Question 26

Main/Independent Clause

Answer 26

it could make sense by itself

Question 27

Subordinate/Dependent Clause

Answer 27

it needs to be attached to a main clause to make sense

Question 28

Adverbial Clause

Answer 28

a clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb,

Question 29

Adjectival Clause

Answer 29

a clause that modifies a noun or nominal construction

Question 30

Relative Clause

Answer 30

a dependent or subordinate clause formed with a relative pronoun that serves 2 functions: 1) serves as a subject or object or possessive modifier of a major noun 2) it links its own clause with a noun or nominal in the prior clause, modifying or describing that noun in the process

Question 31

Noun Clause

Answer 31

any dependent or subordinate clause that serves in a syntactic role which a single noun could have – such as subject, object, complement, in a sentence

Question 32

Complementizer/Noun clause marker

Answer 32

a word (such as that or if) or part of a word used to introduce a complementary phrase

Question 33

Simple Sentence

Answer 33

consists of a single main or independent clause

Question 34

Compound Sentence

Answer 34

consists of 2 or more main or independent clauses which may be connected by coordinating conjunctions, semicolons, or by colons

Question 35

Complex Sentence:

Answer 35

one main or independent clause and one or more subordinate or dependent clause

Question 36

Compound-Complex Sentence

Answer 36

2 or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

Question 37

Fragment

Answer 37

anything that is not a complete sentence which is punctuated as though it were a complete sentence