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Bio111 > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

1
Q

What are the traits of skeletal muscle

A

Skeletal muscle has long and cylindrical cells with multiple nuclieu, it has stations, the muscles attach to the bone and they provide voluntary movement

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2
Q

What are the 4 traits of cartilage?

A

Cartilage is though, but flexible
Cartilage serves as a mission between bone
Cartilage lacks blood vessels and nerves
Heals slower than bones

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3
Q

What are the 4 traits of bones?

A

Bones supports internal structure
Bones facilitate movement along with muscles
Bones store lipids, calicum, and phosphorus within yellow marrow.
Bones produce red blood cells in red morrow.

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4
Q

What are the first seven parts of the microscope in order?

A
  1. Ocular
  2. Bodytube
  3. Arm
  4. Pillar
  5. Slide holder clips
  6. Course knob focus
  7. fine focus knobs
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5
Q

What are the second seven parts of the microscope in order?

A
  1. Base/foot
  2. light source
  3. Iris diaphragm
  4. Mechanical stage
  5. Condenser
  6. Objective lense
  7. Nose piece
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6
Q

How much magnification does the scanning lenses have ?

A

4x =40x

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7
Q

How much maginfacation does the low powered lenses have?

A

10x = 100x

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8
Q

How much magnification does the high powered lenses have?

A

40x =400x

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9
Q

Do skeletal muscles contract voluntarily or involuntarily?

A

Voluntary

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10
Q

How do antagonist muscles work?

A

An antagonist muscle pair prices movement when one muscle contracts, in order for it to contract the other must relax

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11
Q

What are muscles that contract at the same time called ?

A

Synergistic

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12
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A band of connective tissue

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13
Q

When a muscle is injured what is the injury called ?

A

Muscle pull, muscle strain, muscle tear,

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14
Q

What’s the first step of muscle contraction?

A

A neuron action potential arrives at the motor neuron terminal

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15
Q

What’s the second step of muscle contraction?

A

Acetycholine (ACH) is released from the synaptic vesicle. Acetycholine is a neuro transmitter

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16
Q

What’s the third step of muscle contraction?

A

Acetycholine binds to receptors on the motor end plates

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17
Q

Whats the forth step of muscle contraction?

A

When Acetycholine binds to motor end plates , sodium ions (Na+) rushes into muscle fibers

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18
Q

What’s the fifth step of muscle contraction?

A

Muscle action potential sweeps into the transverse tubules (T Tubes), recall that t tubules transverse the entire sarcolemma (plasma membrane of myofibril, or muscle cell.

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19
Q

What’s the sixth step of muscle contraction?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions (Ca+) in a muscle cell

Note the sarcoplasmic reticulum is essentially a fancy endoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

What’s the seventh stage of muscle contraction ?

A

Calcium ions bind to troponin.

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21
Q

What’s the eighth of muscle contraction

A

In the eighth stage of muscle contraction calcium ions bind to troponin, it causes thropnin, it causes tropomyosin to shift and expose the myosin binding site

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22
Q

What’s the ninth stage of muscle contraction?

A

When the myosin binding site is exposed, myosin binds to actin filament. This creates a bridge

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23
Q

What’s the the tenth stage of muscle contraction?

A

When myosin binds to actin, previously stored energy (ATP and phosphates) are released, which causes the myosin head to swing forcefuly back to their bent positions causing actin to he pulled along. (Powestroke)

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24
Q

Whats the 11th step of muscle contraction ?

A

In this step the new ATP molecules bind with myosin heads causing them to disengage with actin. Myosin releases actin

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25
Q

What are two traits all epithelial cells share?

A 
#1 A free surface specialized for protection secretion, absorption 
#2  A basement membrane  which binds epithelial cells to underlying tissue this helps prevent epithelial tissue resit stretching.
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26
Q

What shape is squamous epithelium cells?

A

Flat

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27
Q

What shape do cuboidal epithelium cell have ?

A

Cube

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28
Q

What shape are columnar epipehliem cells ?

A

Collumuned

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29
Q

What’s the role of cuboidal epithelium cells

A

They specialize in secretion and absorption

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30
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles ?

A

Skeletal voluntary movement
Cardiac is involuntary movement
Smooth is involuntary movement

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31
Q

What is the function of an axon?

A

Each neuron contains one axon the exon is like a wire that directs impulses away from the cell

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32
Q

What are dendrites

A

Dendrites look like the branches of a tree or the roots of a tree their function is to receive impulses

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33
Q

What is in the central cavity?

A

The diaphragm, the abdominal cavity,

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34
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

The skin or integementary system

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35
Q

How is skin color determined ?

A

Skin color is determined by blood flow
Skin color is determined by melanin
Skin color can be influenced by melanoctyces

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36
Q

How does vitiligo occur?

A

Vitiligo is a loss of skin pigment

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37
Q

How do bones assist in movement

A

Skeletal muscle contraction pulls on bone producing movement

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38
Q

What’s the function of bone mineral homeostasis ?

A

Mineral homeostasis acts as a reservoir for critical minerals
Stores calcium 99% of the body’s content
Stores phosphorus

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39
Q

Whats compact bone functions and traits

A

Compact bones are covered by periosteum that nourish the bone

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40
Q

Does cartilage have blood cells or nerves?

A

No cartilage lacks both, which is why cartilage takes significantly longer to heal

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41
Q

Does cartilage have blood cells or nerves?

A

No cartilage lacks both, which is why cartilage takes significantly longer to heal

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42
Q

What are 3 specialized types of connective tissue ?

A

Blood, bone, cartilage

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43
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage with examples?

A

Hyaline =ribs
Elastic ears
Fibrocartiliage another part of the ears

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44
Q

What is the thyroid hormone responsible for ?

A

The thyroid hormone is responsible for ensuring the skeleton grows to prosper proportions

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45
Q

What is hypocalcemia ?

A

A deficiency of blood calcium

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46
Q

What is hypercalcieum ?

A

An excess of blood calcium

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47
Q

What are the four types of tissues ?

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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48
Q

What is the purpose of nervous tissue?

A

Nervous tissue conducts nerve impulses through the body

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49
Q

What is the purpose of epithelial tissue ?

A

To form glands
To cover the body
To line cavities and organs

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50
Q

What is the purpose of epithelial tissue ?

A

To form glands
To cover the body
To line cavities and organs

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51
Q

What are the 3 functions of connective tissue

A

To support and protect the vital organs

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52
Q

What does cubodial epithelium look like where is it found and what does it do

A

Cubodial epithelium cells are cubed
They are found in the kidneys and sweat glands

They are specialized in secretion and absorbtion

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53
Q

What do columular epithelium cells look like the what do they do and where are they found ?

A

Columular epithelium cells ate tall column shaped cells they are found in the small intestine and the urethra

They specializ in secretion and absorption

54
Q

What does a simple cell infer

A

There is one layer of that particular type of cell

55
Q

What do stratified cells infer ?

A

There are Multiple layers of that particular cell

56
Q

What’s an exocrine gland?

A

Exo refers to out, exit or away, exocrine glafs secrete into ducts leading away from from The body, surfaces, cavities or organs.

57
Q

What’s a non displaced fracture?

A

A non displaced fracture is when both of the ends remained aligned.

58
Q

What’s a displaced fracture ?

A

In a displaced fracture the ends of the bone must be realigned.

59
Q

What does fibroblasts do to aid in bone reconstruction?

A

Fibroblast invade the clot and secrete collagen fibers that form a callus linking the two parts of the bone.

60
Q

What does osteonlast do in conjunction to fibroblasts in reconstructing the bone ?

A

Osteoblasts transform the cartilage to bone

61
Q

What is a fascile

A

A bundle of muscle cells

62
Q

What are compact bones

A

Long bones

63
Q

What do long bones contain?

A

Blood vessels nerve cells, and cells which assist in growth and repair

64
Q

What is periosteum?

A

A covering on long bones it nourishes the bones

65
Q

What does yellow marrow do?

A

It stores fat(lipids)

66
Q

What’s dorsal cavity refer to ?

A

Dorsal means towards the back.

67
Q

What does the dorsal cavity contain ?

A

The cranial cavity

And the spinal cavity

68
Q

What two structural characteristics do epitheialial tissues share ?

A

Epithelial tissues have a free surface that may be specialized for protection, secretion and absorption

Epithelial tissues have a basement membrane that binds the epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue and helps the epithelial tissue resist stretching (bottom membrane non cellular)

69
Q

What’s stratified tissue?

A

Multiple layers of cells

70
Q

What are endocrine glands ?

A

Endocrine glands lack ducts and secrete their products, hormones, into spaces just outside the cells but in the body

71
Q

What are endocrine glands ?

A

Exocrine glands, secrete into ducts leading to the body surfaces, cavities, or organs exo, (out)

72
Q

What are ground substances ?

A

Ground substances are non cellular material,

It may be solid (bone) it may be fluid, (blood), or gelatinous (cartilage)

73
Q

What are protein fibers ?

A

Protein fibers include Collagen, elastic and reticular fibers

74
Q

What are the functions of protein fibers ?

A

Protein fibers are produced by fibroblasts which is responsible for tissue repair

75
Q

What is connective tissue proper?

A

Loose and dense connective tissue. It differs in the ratio of cells to extra cellular fibers

76
Q

What is loose connective tissue

A

(Areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue)

77
Q

What does loose connective tissue contain

A

Many cells and few loosely woven fibers

78
Q

What is the function of loose connective tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue cushions organs and provides insulation

79
Q

What is dense connective tissue? Where is it found?

A

Dense connective tissue is found in ligaments, tendons, and dermis
It is comprised of tightly woven fibers

80
Q

What arevthe three types of cartilage ?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartiliage

81
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found ?

A

The ribs, trachea

82
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found ?

A

The ears

83
Q

Where is fibro cartilage

A

In the ears, verterabare, discs, epiglottis

84
Q

What are the traits of cartilage ?

A

Cartilage is though but flexible,
Cartilage serves as a cushion between bones
Cartilage heals more slowly than bone

85
Q

What is blood? What’s is it traits and functions

A

A liquid matrix of plasma where elements of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended

Transports various substances dissolved in plasma

86
Q

What are tight junctions

A

Tight junctions form a leak proof seal

Tight junctions are found between cells lining the urinary tract and intestines

87
Q

What are adhesion junctions ?

A

Adhesion junctions resemble a riveted joint

They are found between cardiac muscles

88
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Gap junctions have small holes connecting the cytoplasm and adjacent cells

They are found between cardiac muscle cells.

89
Q

Where is spongy bone found ?

A

Spongy bone is found in small flat bones like the skull and near the ends of the shafts in long bones

90
Q

What makes bones hard?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

91
Q

What makes bines resilient ?

A

Collagen and elastic protein.

92
Q

When does the cartilage model get replaced in a fetus?

A

During the third month

93
Q

What’s muscular dystrophy?

A

A lack of dystrpophin allowes excess calcium ions

94
Q

What’s the transverse tubules?

A

Pockets in the plasma membrane of a muscle cell

95
Q

What’s the transverse tubules function?

A

To carry the signals of motor neurons into the muscle cell to every sacromere

96
Q

What’s the objective magnification of the scanning lense?

A

4x

97
Q

What is the objective magnification of the scanning lenses

A

4x

98
Q

What’s the ocular magnification of the scanning lense?

A

10x

99
Q

What’s the total magnification of the scanning lense?

A

40x 4x10 =40 40x

100
Q

What’s the objective magnification of the low lense?

A

10x

101
Q

What’s the ocular magnification of the low powered lense ?

A

10x

102
Q

What’s the total magnification for the low powered lense?

A

100x 10x x 10x = 100x

103
Q

What’s the objective magnification of the high powered lense?

A

40x

104
Q

What’s the ocular magnification of the high powered lense?

A

10x

105
Q

What’s the total magnification of the high powered lense?

A

400x 10x x40 =400x

106
Q

What’s the four functions of skin ?

A

To serve as a protective barrier against bacteria
To retainment of bodily fluids
Regulation of body temperature
Sensory input

107
Q

What is found in the ears canal?

A

Wax (cerumnious) gland

108
Q

What protects the skin from during out and against bacteria?

A

Sebaceous gland

109
Q

What produces sweat ?

A

The sweat gland

110
Q

What secretes their products into a hair follicle?

A

The sebaceous gland

111
Q

What produces a waxy substance called Cerumen that traps small particles ?

A

Wax (cerumnious ) gland

112
Q

What secretes sebum ?

A

The sebaceous gland

113
Q

What is widley distributed and aids in thermos regulation ?

A

The sweat gland

114
Q

What are osteoctyes ?

A

The living bone cell arranged in concentric rings around a central canal, like the rings of a tree

115
Q

What are lucunae ?

A

The small spaces within the hard matrix in which osteocytes reside

116
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Tiny canals connect nearby lucunae and the central canal

117
Q

How do bones get their nutrients ?

A

Nutrients, oxygen, and waste pass from cell to cell, traveling to and from blood vessels inn the central canal.

118
Q

What is the membrane around the outside of all bones ?

A

Periosteum

119
Q

Why are bones hard ?

A

Bones are hard due to calcium and phosphorus salts

120
Q

What are bones most noticeable nonliving characteristics?

A

The solid matrix

121
Q

Why are bones resilient ?

A

Bones are resilient due to collagen and elastic fibers.

122
Q

What do thyroid hormones do?

A

They ensure that the skeleton will grow to proper proportions.

123
Q

What do growth hormones do?

A

They stimulate bone growth during childhood

124
Q

What do sex hormones do (testosterone and estrogen)

A

Wax hormones prompt and stop the growth spurt of puberty

125
Q

What is a non displaced fracture?

A

A non displaced fracture is a fracture in which the ends remain aligned.

126
Q

What’s a displaced fracture ?

A

A fracture in which the ends must be realigned if the bone is to heal properly.

127
Q

What aids in bone repair?

A

Fibroblasts and osteoblasts

128
Q

How does fibroblasts repair bones?

A

Fibroblasts invade the clot and secrete collagen fibers to form a callus linking the bones.

129
Q

How do osteoblasts repair bones?

A

Osteoblasts transform the cartilage from fibroblasts into bone

130
Q

How are ligaments and tendons different tendons

A

Tendons connect muscle to bone ligaments connect bone to bone and stabilize joints they surround

131
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?The part

A

The part of the muscle doesn’t move during contraction

132
Q

What is the insertion of a muscle?

A

Is the emd attached to the bone that moves

Bio111 (8 decks)

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