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Bio111 > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

1
Q

What are the traits of skeletal muscle

A

Skeletal muscle has long and cylindrical cells with multiple nuclieu, it has stations, the muscles attach to the bone and they provide voluntary movement

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2
Q

What are the 4 traits of cartilage?

A

Cartilage is though, but flexible
Cartilage serves as a mission between bone
Cartilage lacks blood vessels and nerves
Heals slower than bones

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3
Q

What are the 4 traits of bones?

A

Bones supports internal structure
Bones facilitate movement along with muscles
Bones store lipids, calicum, and phosphorus within yellow marrow.
Bones produce red blood cells in red morrow.

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4
Q

What are the first seven parts of the microscope in order?

A
  1. Ocular
  2. Bodytube
  3. Arm
  4. Pillar
  5. Slide holder clips
  6. Course knob focus
  7. fine focus knobs
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5
Q

What are the second seven parts of the microscope in order?

A
  1. Base/foot
  2. light source
  3. Iris diaphragm
  4. Mechanical stage
  5. Condenser
  6. Objective lense
  7. Nose piece
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6
Q

How much magnification does the scanning lenses have ?

A

4x =40x

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7
Q

How much maginfacation does the low powered lenses have?

A

10x = 100x

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8
Q

How much magnification does the high powered lenses have?

A

40x =400x

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9
Q

Do skeletal muscles contract voluntarily or involuntarily?

A

Voluntary

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10
Q

How do antagonist muscles work?

A

An antagonist muscle pair prices movement when one muscle contracts, in order for it to contract the other must relax

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11
Q

What are muscles that contract at the same time called ?

A

Synergistic

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12
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A band of connective tissue

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13
Q

When a muscle is injured what is the injury called ?

A

Muscle pull, muscle strain, muscle tear,

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14
Q

What’s the first step of muscle contraction?

A

A neuron action potential arrives at the motor neuron terminal

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15
Q

What’s the second step of muscle contraction?

A

Acetycholine (ACH) is released from the synaptic vesicle. Acetycholine is a neuro transmitter

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16
Q

What’s the third step of muscle contraction?

A

Acetycholine binds to receptors on the motor end plates

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17
Q

Whats the forth step of muscle contraction?

A

When Acetycholine binds to motor end plates , sodium ions (Na+) rushes into muscle fibers

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18
Q

What’s the fifth step of muscle contraction?

A

Muscle action potential sweeps into the transverse tubules (T Tubes), recall that t tubules transverse the entire sarcolemma (plasma membrane of myofibril, or muscle cell.

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19
Q

What’s the sixth step of muscle contraction?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions (Ca+) in a muscle cell

Note the sarcoplasmic reticulum is essentially a fancy endoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

What’s the seventh stage of muscle contraction ?

A

Calcium ions bind to troponin.

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21
Q

What’s the eighth of muscle contraction

A

In the eighth stage of muscle contraction calcium ions bind to troponin, it causes thropnin, it causes tropomyosin to shift and expose the myosin binding site

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22
Q

What’s the ninth stage of muscle contraction?

A

When the myosin binding site is exposed, myosin binds to actin filament. This creates a bridge

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23
Q

What’s the the tenth stage of muscle contraction?

A

When myosin binds to actin, previously stored energy (ATP and phosphates) are released, which causes the myosin head to swing forcefuly back to their bent positions causing actin to he pulled along. (Powestroke)

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24
Q

Whats the 11th step of muscle contraction ?

A

In this step the new ATP molecules bind with myosin heads causing them to disengage with actin. Myosin releases actin

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25
What are two traits all epithelial cells share?
``` #1 A free surface specialized for protection secretion, absorption #2 A basement membrane which binds epithelial cells to underlying tissue this helps prevent epithelial tissue resit stretching. ```
26
What shape is squamous epithelium cells?
Flat
27
What shape do cuboidal epithelium cell have ?
Cube
28
What shape are columnar epipehliem cells ?
Collumuned
29
What's the role of cuboidal epithelium cells
They specialize in secretion and absorption
30
What are the 3 types of muscles ?
Skeletal voluntary movement Cardiac is involuntary movement Smooth is involuntary movement
31
What is the function of an axon?
Each neuron contains one axon the exon is like a wire that directs impulses away from the cell
32
What are dendrites
Dendrites look like the branches of a tree or the roots of a tree their function is to receive impulses
33
What is in the central cavity?
The diaphragm, the abdominal cavity,
34
What is the largest organ in the body?
The skin or integementary system
35
How is skin color determined ?
Skin color is determined by blood flow Skin color is determined by melanin Skin color can be influenced by melanoctyces
36
How does vitiligo occur?
Vitiligo is a loss of skin pigment
37
How do bones assist in movement
Skeletal muscle contraction pulls on bone producing movement
38
What's the function of bone mineral homeostasis ?
Mineral homeostasis acts as a reservoir for critical minerals Stores calcium 99% of the body's content Stores phosphorus
39
Whats compact bone functions and traits
Compact bones are covered by periosteum that nourish the bone
40
Does cartilage have blood cells or nerves?
No cartilage lacks both, which is why cartilage takes significantly longer to heal
41
Does cartilage have blood cells or nerves?
No cartilage lacks both, which is why cartilage takes significantly longer to heal
42
What are 3 specialized types of connective tissue ?
Blood, bone, cartilage
43
What are the 3 types of cartilage with examples?
Hyaline =ribs Elastic ears Fibrocartiliage another part of the ears
44
What is the thyroid hormone responsible for ?
The thyroid hormone is responsible for ensuring the skeleton grows to prosper proportions
45
What is hypocalcemia ?
A deficiency of blood calcium
46
What is hypercalcieum ?
An excess of blood calcium
47
What are the four types of tissues ?
Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue
48
What is the purpose of nervous tissue?
Nervous tissue conducts nerve impulses through the body
49
What is the purpose of epithelial tissue ?
To form glands To cover the body To line cavities and organs
50
What is the purpose of epithelial tissue ?
To form glands To cover the body To line cavities and organs
51
What are the 3 functions of connective tissue
To support and protect the vital organs
52
What does cubodial epithelium look like where is it found and what does it do
Cubodial epithelium cells are cubed They are found in the kidneys and sweat glands They are specialized in secretion and absorbtion
53
What do columular epithelium cells look like the what do they do and where are they found ?
Columular epithelium cells ate tall column shaped cells they are found in the small intestine and the urethra They specializ in secretion and absorption
54
What does a simple cell infer
There is one layer of that particular type of cell
55
What do stratified cells infer ?
There are Multiple layers of that particular cell
56
What's an exocrine gland?
Exo refers to out, exit or away, exocrine glafs secrete into ducts leading away from from The body, surfaces, cavities or organs.
57
What's a non displaced fracture?
A non displaced fracture is when both of the ends remained aligned.
58
What's a displaced fracture ?
In a displaced fracture the ends of the bone must be realigned.
59
What does fibroblasts do to aid in bone reconstruction?
Fibroblast invade the clot and secrete collagen fibers that form a callus linking the two parts of the bone.
60
What does osteonlast do in conjunction to fibroblasts in reconstructing the bone ?
Osteoblasts transform the cartilage to bone
61
What is a fascile
A bundle of muscle cells
62
What are compact bones
Long bones
63
What do long bones contain?
Blood vessels nerve cells, and cells which assist in growth and repair
64
What is periosteum?
A covering on long bones it nourishes the bones
65
What does yellow marrow do?
It stores fat(lipids)
66
What's dorsal cavity refer to ?
Dorsal means towards the back.
67
What does the dorsal cavity contain ?
The cranial cavity | And the spinal cavity
68
What two structural characteristics do epitheialial tissues share ?
Epithelial tissues have a free surface that may be specialized for protection, secretion and absorption Epithelial tissues have a basement membrane that binds the epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue and helps the epithelial tissue resist stretching (bottom membrane non cellular)
69
What's stratified tissue?
Multiple layers of cells
70
What are endocrine glands ?
Endocrine glands lack ducts and secrete their products, hormones, into spaces just outside the cells but in the body
71
What are endocrine glands ?
Exocrine glands, secrete into ducts leading to the body surfaces, cavities, or organs exo, (out)
72
What are ground substances ?
Ground substances are non cellular material, | It may be solid (bone) it may be fluid, (blood), or gelatinous (cartilage)
73
What are protein fibers ?
Protein fibers include Collagen, elastic and reticular fibers
74
What are the functions of protein fibers ?
Protein fibers are produced by fibroblasts which is responsible for tissue repair
75
What is connective tissue proper?
Loose and dense connective tissue. It differs in the ratio of cells to extra cellular fibers
76
What is loose connective tissue
(Areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue)
77
What does loose connective tissue contain
Many cells and few loosely woven fibers
78
What is the function of loose connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue cushions organs and provides insulation
79
What is dense connective tissue? Where is it found?
Dense connective tissue is found in ligaments, tendons, and dermis It is comprised of tightly woven fibers
80
What arevthe three types of cartilage ?
Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartiliage
81
Where is hyaline cartilage found ?
The ribs, trachea
82
Where is elastic cartilage found ?
The ears
83
Where is fibro cartilage
In the ears, verterabare, discs, epiglottis
84
What are the traits of cartilage ?
Cartilage is though but flexible, Cartilage serves as a cushion between bones Cartilage heals more slowly than bone
85
What is blood? What's is it traits and functions
A liquid matrix of plasma where elements of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended Transports various substances dissolved in plasma
86
What are tight junctions
Tight junctions form a leak proof seal | Tight junctions are found between cells lining the urinary tract and intestines
87
What are adhesion junctions ?
Adhesion junctions resemble a riveted joint They are found between cardiac muscles
88
What are gap junctions?
Gap junctions have small holes connecting the cytoplasm and adjacent cells They are found between cardiac muscle cells.
89
Where is spongy bone found ?
Spongy bone is found in small flat bones like the skull and near the ends of the shafts in long bones
90
What makes bones hard?
Calcium and phosphorus
91
What makes bines resilient ?
Collagen and elastic protein.
92
When does the cartilage model get replaced in a fetus?
During the third month
93
What's muscular dystrophy?
A lack of dystrpophin allowes excess calcium ions
94
What's the transverse tubules?
Pockets in the plasma membrane of a muscle cell
95
What's the transverse tubules function?
To carry the signals of motor neurons into the muscle cell to every sacromere
96
What's the objective magnification of the scanning lense?
4x
97
What is the objective magnification of the scanning lenses
4x
98
What's the ocular magnification of the scanning lense?
10x
99
What's the total magnification of the scanning lense?
40x 4x10 =40 40x
100
What's the objective magnification of the low lense?
10x
101
What's the ocular magnification of the low powered lense ?
10x
102
What's the total magnification for the low powered lense?
100x 10x x 10x = 100x
103
What's the objective magnification of the high powered lense?
40x
104
What's the ocular magnification of the high powered lense?
10x
105
What's the total magnification of the high powered lense?
400x 10x x40 =400x
106
What's the four functions of skin ?
To serve as a protective barrier against bacteria To retainment of bodily fluids Regulation of body temperature Sensory input
107
What is found in the ears canal?
Wax (cerumnious) gland
108
What protects the skin from during out and against bacteria?
Sebaceous gland
109
What produces sweat ?
The sweat gland
110
What secretes their products into a hair follicle?
The sebaceous gland
111
What produces a waxy substance called Cerumen that traps small particles ?
Wax (cerumnious ) gland
112
What secretes sebum ?
The sebaceous gland
113
What is widley distributed and aids in thermos regulation ?
The sweat gland
114
What are osteoctyes ?
The living bone cell arranged in concentric rings around a central canal, like the rings of a tree
115
What are lucunae ?
The small spaces within the hard matrix in which osteocytes reside
116
What are canaliculi?
Tiny canals connect nearby lucunae and the central canal
117
How do bones get their nutrients ?
Nutrients, oxygen, and waste pass from cell to cell, traveling to and from blood vessels inn the central canal.
118
What is the membrane around the outside of all bones ?
Periosteum
119
Why are bones hard ?
Bones are hard due to calcium and phosphorus salts
120
What are bones most noticeable nonliving characteristics?
The solid matrix
121
Why are bones resilient ?
Bones are resilient due to collagen and elastic fibers.
122
What do thyroid hormones do?
They ensure that the skeleton will grow to proper proportions.
123
What do growth hormones do?
They stimulate bone growth during childhood
124
What do sex hormones do (testosterone and estrogen)
Wax hormones prompt and stop the growth spurt of puberty
125
What is a non displaced fracture?
A non displaced fracture is a fracture in which the ends remain aligned.
126
What's a displaced fracture ?
A fracture in which the ends must be realigned if the bone is to heal properly.
127
What aids in bone repair?
Fibroblasts and osteoblasts
128
How does fibroblasts repair bones?
Fibroblasts invade the clot and secrete collagen fibers to form a callus linking the bones.
129
How do osteoblasts repair bones?
Osteoblasts transform the cartilage from fibroblasts into bone
130
How are ligaments and tendons different tendons
Tendons connect muscle to bone ligaments connect bone to bone and stabilize joints they surround
131
What is the origin of a muscle?The part
The part of the muscle doesn't move during contraction
132
What is the insertion of a muscle?
Is the emd attached to the bone that moves

Bio111 (8 decks)

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