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Bio111 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the first step in the process of the heart?

A

Deoxigented blood enters in the superior and inferior vena cava

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2
Q

What’s the second step in the process of the heart?

A

Deoxigented blood enters the right atrium

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3
Q

What’s the third step in the process of the heart?

A

Deoxigented blood comes through the tricuspid vslve/right ventricular ventricular valve into the right ventricle

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4
Q

What’s the fourth step in the process of the heart?

A

Deoxginated blood gets pumped into the pulmonary semilunar valve and enters the pulmanrary trunk

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5
Q

What’s the 5th step in the hearts process ?

A

Deoxginated blood goes to the lungs

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6
Q

What’s the 6th step in the hearts process ?

A

Oxigenated blood enters the pulmanrary vein and goes to the left atrium

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7
Q

What’s the 7th step in the hearts process ?

A

Oxigentated blood goes through the bicuspid valve/atrial ventricular valve into the left ventricle

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8
Q

What’s the 8th step in the hearts process ?

A

Orientated blood gets pumped through the aortic semilunar valve up into the aorta where it is spread all over the body,

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9
Q

What’s the blood loop?

A

Heart-artery-arteriole-cappilary-venule-vein

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10
Q

What are 2 traits all vessels contain?

A

A lumen (the interior of the vessel)

Endothelium (the inner lining consisting of simple squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Endocardium is the inner layer of the heart

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12
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

The muscle middle of the heart (myo means muscle )

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13
Q

What is the pericardium ?

A

The pericardium is the outlet layer of the heart

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14
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart walk

A

Pericardium muscle
Myocardium muscle
Endocardium

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15
Q

What does the serous pericardium consist of ?

A

The pericardial cavity
Visceral layer
Parietal layer

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16
Q

What’s the order of the hearts structures

A 
Pericardium peri (around)
Myocardium (myo means muscle )
Endocardium (inner heart muscle)
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17
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

A 
Fiborous pericardium
Serous pericardium ( parietal, visceral)
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18
Q

Which side of the heart has oxygen rich blood?

A

Left

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19
Q

Which side of the heart has dexoxigentaed blood?

A

Right

20
Q

What class of antibody is found in tears saliva, and breast milk?

A

Iga

21
Q

What specific cell phaagocytizes a foreign entity and then presents a peice of it to a Tcell?

A

Macrophages

22
Q

Which specific cells attack abnormal or foreign cells using perforins?

A

Cytotoxic t cells

23
Q

What happens when perforins are released ?

A

Perforins rip holes into their target cells membrane

24
Q

What’s an example of active immunity?

A

Active immunity can be required through an infection/vaccination

25
Q

What’s an example of passive immunity?

A

Passive immunity is the Imunity a baby acquires from it’s mothers milk/the birthing process

26
Q

What is an auto Immune disorder?

A

Auto immune disorder is when the immune system loses the ability to distinguish self cells from non self cells

27
Q

What are two specific types of lymphocytes ?

A

T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

28
Q

What is a “nonself” substance or organism that triggers an immune response

A

An antigen

29
Q

What molecules in the body are found on every one of the nucleated cells which serve as flags declaring cells self or friend ?

A

MHC markers

30
Q

What body system is important for the third line of defence?

A

The lympathatic system

31
Q

What is the the body`s third line of defence?

A

The adaptive immune response

32
Q

What causes the production of interferons

A

Virus infection

33
Q

What are 4 pathogens

A

Bacteria
Viruses.
Protozons
Prions

34
Q

What is a pathogen

A

Pathogens are cells that cause infections or diseases

35
Q

What is the body’s first line of defence?

A

Physical and chemical barriers

36
Q

What are two physical barriers ?

A

Chemical and mucous

37
Q

What are five chemical barriers ?

A 
Sweat and oil
Tears
Saliva
Urine
Hydrochloric acid
38
Q

Specifically what is the bodies second line of defence against disease

A

Defensive cells, defensive proteins inflammation and fever.

39
Q

What is the function of neutrophils and monocytes?

A

Neutrophils and monocytes present pieces of pathogens to t cells so that pathogens can be recognized and killed

40
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Eosinophils kill parasites

41
Q

What’s the function of Natural Killer (NK) cells?

A

NK cells seek out abnormal cells and kill them

42
Q

Is a mild fever beneficial?

A

A mild fever helps the body fight bacterial infections by slowing the growth of bacteria and stimulating bodily defences

43
Q

Why is a fever exceeding 105 degrees bad

A

105+ fevers can cause active enzymes to become inactive. The enzymes are need for biochemical reactions in the body

44
Q

What are the two pathways of adaptive immune response?

A

Antibody mediated response

Cell mediated response

45
Q

What is a pryrogen

A

A pryrogen is a chemical that changes the heat set point in the hypothalamus

46
Q

What is the physiological cause of pain in the immune response

A

Movement is hampered which allows the injured part of the body to heal

47
Q

What is the physiological cause of reddness in the immune response ?

A

Blood flow carries defensive cells and chemicals to damage tissue and removes toxins

Bio111 (8 decks)

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