Exam 4

Question 1

What’s the first step in the process of the heart?

Answer 1

Deoxigented blood enters in the superior and inferior vena cava

Question 2

What’s the second step in the process of the heart?

Answer 2

Deoxigented blood enters the right atrium

Question 3

What’s the third step in the process of the heart?

Answer 3

Deoxigented blood comes through the tricuspid vslve/right ventricular ventricular valve into the right ventricle

Question 4

What’s the fourth step in the process of the heart?

Answer 4

Deoxginated blood gets pumped into the pulmonary semilunar valve and enters the pulmanrary trunk

Question 5

What’s the 5th step in the hearts process ?

Answer 5

Deoxginated blood goes to the lungs

Question 6

What’s the 6th step in the hearts process ?

Answer 6

Oxigenated blood enters the pulmanrary vein and goes to the left atrium

Question 7

What’s the 7th step in the hearts process ?

Answer 7

Oxigentated blood goes through the bicuspid valve/atrial ventricular valve into the left ventricle

Question 8

What’s the 8th step in the hearts process ?

Answer 8

Orientated blood gets pumped through the aortic semilunar valve up into the aorta where it is spread all over the body,

Question 9

What’s the blood loop?

Answer 9

Heart-artery-arteriole-cappilary-venule-vein

Question 10

What are 2 traits all vessels contain?

Answer 10

A lumen (the interior of the vessel)

Endothelium (the inner lining consisting of simple squamous epithelium

Question 11

What is the endocardium?

Answer 11

Endocardium is the inner layer of the heart

Question 12

What is the myocardium?

Answer 12

The muscle middle of the heart (myo means muscle )

Question 13

What is the pericardium ?

Answer 13

The pericardium is the outlet layer of the heart

Question 14

What are the 3 layers of the heart walk

Answer 14

Pericardium muscle
Myocardium muscle
Endocardium

Question 15

What does the serous pericardium consist of ?

Answer 15

The pericardial cavity
Visceral layer
Parietal layer

Question 16

What’s the order of the hearts structures

Answer 16

Pericardium peri (around)
Myocardium (myo means muscle )
Endocardium (inner heart muscle)

Question 17

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

Answer 17

Fiborous pericardium
Serous pericardium ( parietal, visceral)

Question 18

Which side of the heart has oxygen rich blood?

Answer 18

Left

Question 19

Which side of the heart has dexoxigentaed blood?

Answer 19

Right

Question 20

What class of antibody is found in tears saliva, and breast milk?

Answer 20

Iga

Question 21

What specific cell phaagocytizes a foreign entity and then presents a peice of it to a Tcell?

Answer 21

Macrophages

Question 22

Which specific cells attack abnormal or foreign cells using perforins?

Answer 22

Cytotoxic t cells

Question 23

What happens when perforins are released ?

Answer 23

Perforins rip holes into their target cells membrane

Question 24

What’s an example of active immunity?

Answer 24

Active immunity can be required through an infection/vaccination

Question 25

What's an example of passive immunity?

Answer 25

Passive immunity is the Imunity a baby acquires from it's mothers milk/the birthing process

Question 26

What is an auto Immune disorder?

Answer 26

Auto immune disorder is when the immune system loses the ability to distinguish self cells from non self cells

Question 27

What are two specific types of lymphocytes ?

Answer 27

T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

Question 28

What is a "nonself" substance or organism that triggers an immune response

Answer 28

An antigen

Question 29

What molecules in the body are found on every one of the nucleated cells which serve as flags declaring cells self or friend ?

Answer 29

MHC markers

Question 30

What body system is important for the third line of defence?

Answer 30

The lympathatic system

Question 31

What is the the body`s third line of defence?

Answer 31

The adaptive immune response

Question 32

What causes the production of interferons

Answer 32

Virus infection

Question 33

What are 4 pathogens

Answer 33

Bacteria Viruses. Protozons Prions

Question 34

What is a pathogen

Answer 34

Pathogens are cells that cause infections or diseases

Question 35

What is the body's first line of defence?

Answer 35

Physical and chemical barriers

Question 36

What are two physical barriers ?

Answer 36

Chemical and mucous

Question 37

What are five chemical barriers ?

Answer 37

``` Sweat and oil Tears Saliva Urine Hydrochloric acid ```

Question 38

Specifically what is the bodies second line of defence against disease

Answer 38

Defensive cells, defensive proteins inflammation and fever.

Question 39

What is the function of neutrophils and monocytes?

Answer 39

Neutrophils and monocytes present pieces of pathogens to t cells so that pathogens can be recognized and killed

Question 40

What is the function of eosinophils?

Answer 40

Eosinophils kill parasites

Question 41

What's the function of Natural Killer (NK) cells?

Answer 41

NK cells seek out abnormal cells and kill them

Question 42

Is a mild fever beneficial?

Answer 42

A mild fever helps the body fight bacterial infections by slowing the growth of bacteria and stimulating bodily defences

Question 43

Why is a fever exceeding 105 degrees bad

Answer 43

105+ fevers can cause active enzymes to become inactive. The enzymes are need for biochemical reactions in the body

Question 44

What are the two pathways of adaptive immune response?

Answer 44

Antibody mediated response | Cell mediated response

Question 45

What is a pryrogen

Answer 45

A pryrogen is a chemical that changes the heat set point in the hypothalamus

Question 46

What is the physiological cause of pain in the immune response

Answer 46

Movement is hampered which allows the injured part of the body to heal

Question 47

What is the physiological cause of reddness in the immune response ?

Answer 47

Blood flow carries defensive cells and chemicals to damage tissue and removes toxins