Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 main functions of the endocrine system ?
A
Its functions with the nervous system
It helps to maintain homeo stasis
It produces hormones
2
Q
What are the 5 major endocrine glands ?t
A
The pituitary gland
The thyroid gland
The para thyroid gland
The adrenal glands
The pineal gland
3
Q
What are five organs that contain endocrine tissue ?
A
The hypothalamus The heart The ovaries The pancreas The thymus
4
Q
How do hormones travel through the body?
A
Hormones travel through the blood stream and extra cellular fluid
5
Q
How do hormones find their target cells?
A
Hormones find their target cells by coming in contact with receptors
6
Q
Explain how antagonist hormones work
A
Glucsgon increases the glucose level in the blood, insulin decreases the level of glucose in the blood they are antagonistic
7
Q
Explain how synergistic hormones work
A
Hormones is synergistic when they both release at the same time, if they work together to increase the effect of their release they are synergistic
8
Q
Explain how pessimistic hormones work
A
A pessimistic hormone is a hormone that must be absent for another hormone to have an effect
9
Q
The pituitary gland has two lobes ehat are their names?
A
Anterior and posterior
10
Q
The anterior pituitary releases 6 different hormones what are they ?
A
Growth hormone Prolactin Thyroid stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropuc hormone Follicle stimulating hormone And luteinizing hormone
11
Q
What stimulates the release of growth hormone ?
A
Low levels of growth hormone, exercise and poor nutrition
12
Q
What’s the affect of growth hormone ?
A
It stimulates the rate of cell division and increases cell size
13
Q
What does the over secretion and undersectretion of growth hormone cause ?
A
Undersectretion causes dwarfism
Over secretion causes gigantism and accroegoly
14
Q
What stimulates the release of prolactin?
A
The release of oxytocin and the duckling of an infant
15
Q
What’s the affect of the hormone prolactin ?
A
Prolactin stimulates the production of milk from the mammary glands
16
Q
What can prolactin do?
A
Interfere with female sex hormones
17
Q
What does thyroid stimulating hormone do
A
Lowers the levels of thyroid hormone
18
Q
What’s the effect of thyroid stimulating hormone?
A
Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates thyroid gland synthesis and the release of thyroid hormones T3 and T4
19
Q
What stimulates the release of adreno-corticotropic hormone?
A
High levels of stress
20
Q
What’s the effect of adreno-corticotropic hormone ?
A
ACTH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of cortisol from the outer cortex of the adrenal glands
21
Q
What stimulates the release of follicle stimulating hormone ?
A
Changes in levels of estrogen and progesterone in women or testosterone in men
22
Q
What’s the effect of follicle stimulating hormone ?
A
It stimulates game production
23
Q
What stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone?
A
Changes in levels of estrogen and progesterone in women or testosterone in men
24
Q
What is the effect of luteinizing hormone ?
A
Causes ovulation in females and it stimulates production and secretion of testosterone in men
25
What stimulates the release of oxytocin?
Distension of the cervix and the uterus during labor
26
What's the effect of oxytocin ?
Oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction of childbirth and it stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands
27
What two hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
28
What 4 hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release?
```
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Adreno-corticotropic hormobe
```
29
What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone ?
Dehydration or hemoraging
30
What is the effect of anti diuretic hormone ?
It conserves body water by decreasing urine output and raising blood pressure
31
What does the undersectretion of antidiuretic hormone cause?
Diabetes insipidus
32
What two hormones does the thyroid gland release?
Thyroid hormone and calcitonin
33
What stimulates the release of thyroid hormone ?
Increases in the level of thyroid stimulating hormone
34
What's the effect thyroid hormone ?
Thyroid hormone regulates metaboilc rate and production of heat, promotes normal functioning of several organ systems
35
What happens if undersectretion or Over secretion of thyroid hormone occurs ?
Over secretion results in graves disease , undersectretion results in goiter and cretinism
36
What stimulates the release of calcitonin?
Increases in blood calcium levels
37
What's the effect of calcitonin?
Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels and phosphate by stimulating uptake of calcium into the bone
38
What hormone is antagonist to parathyroid hormone?
Thyroid hormone
39
What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone ?
Low levels of calcium in the blood
40
What's the effect of parathyroid hormone ?
Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating the breakdown of bone resulting in the release of calcium into the blood
41
What does the adrenal medulla gland release?
Epinephrine and norepinethrine
42
What stimulates the release epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Release is stimulates by the fight or flight response
43
What's the effect of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulates rise in heart rate, respiratory rate and blood and glucose levels
44
What 3 hormones does the adrenal cortex release?
Gonado, corticoids 1 (testosterone and estrogen), glucoocorticoids 2 (cortisol), minerralo-corticoids 3 (Aldosterone)
45
What causes the release of
X
46
What stimulates the gonado corticoids to release ?
Increases in ACTH
47
When gonado corticoids are releases what effect does it produce?
It stimulates the development of male and female secondary sex characteristics
48
What stimulates the release of glucoocorticoids (cortisol)
Cortisol is released when there is increases in Adrenocorticotropopic hormone (ACTH)
49
What effect does cortisol produce?
Cortisol stimulates the liver to convert fats and proteins to glucose to provide resistance to stress
50
What happens when cortisol is oversecreted ?
Cushings syndrome
51
What stimulates the release of aldosterone?
Dehydration
52
What is the hormonal effect aldosterone produces ?
When aldestrone is released it results in the increase resobsortion of sodium ions resulting in H20 retention, this raises the blood pressure,
53
Where is the pancreas located ?
In the abdomen
54
What are the names if the two hormones in the pancreas?
Insulin and Glucagon
55
Somewhat stimulates the release of Glucogon ?
Glucagon is released when decreases in the blood glucose occurs between meals
56
What's the effect of glucagon?
Glucagon increases the level of blood sugar by stimulating breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose
57
What stimulates the release of insulin
The release of insulin is stimulates by an increase in blood glucose levels following a meal
58
What effect does insulin produce ?
Insulin decreases the the blood glucose level
59
What can happen if there is undersectretion of insulin
Diabetes mellitus
60
What hormone does the pineal gland release?
Melatonin
61
What stimulates the release of melatonin ?
Reduction in light
62
What effect does melatonin produce?
Melatonin promotes sleep and influences daily rythmn
63
What effect does melatonin produce?
Melatonin promotes sleep and influences daily rythmn
64
What occurs if melatonin is oversecreted?
Seasonal affect disorder
65
What is the name of the 6 verterbrae from the neck down?
Cervical vertebrae
66
What's the name of the bone in the middle of the ribs ?
The sternum
67
What's the name of the lower jaw bone?
The mandible
68
What is the name of the fused vertebrae forming the tailbone?
Coccyx
69
What's the name of the breastbone?
The sternum
70
What's the name of the 12cpsirs of bone that together with the sternum and the thoracic verterbrae protect the heart and lungs?
The ribs
71
What's the name of the bone that forms the forehead?
The frontal bone
72
The verterbrae forming the curvature of the lower back are called what?
The thoracic vertebrae
73
What are the shock absorbing cartilage pads located between the bone of the spine ?
Interverterbal disks
74
Are the intervebreal disks bones ?
No they most certainly are not
75
What's the name of the bones forming the posterior portion of the cranium at the base of the skull?
Temporal bones
76
What's the name of the upper jaw bone?
Maxilla
77
What's the name of the five fused bones that articulate with the coccyx
Sacrum
78
What's the name of the vertebrae attached to the ribs?
Thoracic vertebrae
79
What's the name of the bones in the neck region ?
The cervical vertebrae
80
What's the name of the bones forming the tops and sides of the cranium?
The Parietal bones
81
What's the name of the cranial bones located below the parietal bones on each side of the skull ?
The occipital bones
82
What 4 bones makeup the cranium ?
The occipital bones the temporal bones, the frontal bones and the temporal bones
83
List the bones of the vertebral column in order
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Coccyx
84
What bones isvtge rib cage composed of?
The thoracic vertebrae
85
What's the name the collarbone?
The clavicle
86
What's the name of the large upper arm bones?
The humerous
87
What's the name given to the bones of the fingers and of the toes?
Phalanges
88
What's the name of the kneecap?
The patella
89
What's the name of the bone found on the thumbdide of of the forearm?
The radius
90
What's the name of the bone found on the little finger dude of the forearm?
The Ulna
91
What's the name of the thigh bone (the longest bone in the body?
Femur
92
What's the shoulder blade bone called ?
Scapula
93
What's the shoulder blade bone called ?
Scapula
94
What's the name of the bones of the wrist?
Carpals
95
What's the name of the bones of the ankles ?
The tarsals
96
What's the name of the bones forming the palms of the hand?
Meta carpal
97
What's the name of the bones forming the instep of the foot?
Meta tarsals
98
What's the name of the hipbones?
Pelvic bones
99
What's the name of the cartilage disk located between the pelvic bobes?
The Pubic synthesis
100
Whats the name of the shinbone the larger of the two bones of the lower leg?
The tibia
101
What's the name of the thinner more lateral bone of the lower leg?
The fibula
102
What 4 bones make up the the region of the knee ?
The patella, the femur, the tibia and the fibula
103
What three bones articulate at the elbow ?
The ulna, the radius, and the humerous
104
What bones comprise the the pectoral girdle?
The scapula and the clavicle
105
What muscle makes up the bulk of the breast muscle ?
Pectoralis major
106
What is the name of the muscle that comprises the upper arm ?
The bicep
107
What's the name of the muscles that are below the breast muscle ?
The external oblique
108
What's the name of the ab muscles?
Erectus abdomonus
109
What's the name of the upper leg muscle group?
Quadriceps femoris group
110
What's the name of the lower leg muscle?
The tibialis anterior
111
What's the name of the muscle group above the shoulders ?
The trapezius
112
What's the name of the shoulder muscles at the top of the arm ?
The deltoid
113
What's the name of the rear upper muscle of the arm?
The biceps
114
What's the name of the back muscle group ?
Latissimus Dorsi
115
What's the name of the butt muscles
The gluteus maximus
116
What's the name of the rear upper muscle group?
Hamstring group
117
What's the name of the muscle group that forms the lower leg muscle?
Gastrocnemius
118
What is adduction?
The movement of a body part toward the body midline
119
What is abduction?
The movement of a body part away from the midline
120
What is flexion?
Motion that decreases the angle between the bones of the joint bringing the bone together
121
What is extension ?
Motion that increases the angle between the bones and the joint
122
What is rotation?
The movement of a body part around it's own axis
123
What's the trapeizius muscles two movement function
It turns the head, and raises the shoulders
124
What is the triceps branchii movement function ?
It extends the forearm at the elbow
125
What's the hamstrings muscle 2 functions?
The hamstring flexes the leg at the knee joint and it extends the thigh at the hipjoint
126
What's the latissimus dorsi muscles functions?
Abuducts shoulders and the upper arm dorsally
127
What's the gluteus maximus`s 2 functions?
Extends thigh at the hip joint and rotates the thigh
128
What's the function of the gastrocnemius?
The gastrocnemius extends the foot away from the knee
129
What's the bone around the eye called?
Zygomatic bone
130
What's the bone around the nose called?
Nasal bone
131
Explain the way the nervous system branches out
The central nervous system starts at the brain goes down the spinal cord
132
What's the second part of the nervous system?
The peripheral nervous system
133
What is the Arachnoid matter
The middle layer of the meniges resembles a cobweb
134
What is the pia matter?
The innermost layer of the meninges resembles spandex
135
What's the meninges
A three layer protective brain membrane
136
W here is the cerebrospinal fluid located
In the ventricles
The central canal
The spinal cord
137
What's the functions of cerebrospinal fluid ?
Shock absorption, waste management, delivers nutrients and removes waste
138
What is the blood brain barrier ?
A protective mechanism it utilizes tight junctions to selectively filtercegen blood enters the cerebrospinal fluid
139
How is the blood-brain barrier formed ?
Tight junctions betweenbtge cells and csppiliaries in the brain form the blood-brain barrier
140
What's a characteristic of the brain?
It's separated into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure
141
What is the cerebral cortex ?
The outer rim of gray matter
142
Whatscthe cerebral cortex composed of ?
Billions of of Neuro glial cells and unmylenated axons
143
What is the cerebral white matter
The layer beneath the cerebral cortex
144
What's the corpus callosum?
The bridge between hemispheres responsible for communication between both sides
145
What's the frontal lobe associated with ?
The ability to reason, the ability to think abstractly, problem solving speech and emotions
146
What's the parietal lobes functiin?
Associated with movement orientation recognition of stimuli
147
Zngcj
-
148
What direction does the axon carry messages ?
Away from the neuron
149
What's the ratio of glial cells/-Neuro glial cells to neurons
Neuro glial cells outnumber neurons 10 to 1
150
What are the 3 categories of neurons?
Sensory (afferent) neurons, motor (efferent) neurons and interneurons(association neurons)
151
What do sensory (afferent) neurons do ?
Carry information towards the CNS from receptor cells
152
What do motor (efferent) neurons do ?
Carry information away from the CNS to an effector muscle or gland
153
What do interneurons do?
Interpret and integrate sensory signals
154
What do dendrites do?
Carry impulses towards the cell body of a neuron
155
What's the layout of a neuron from start to finish
Dendrites- > impulse-> axon-> impulse away-> cell body- axon ending/terminals
