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Bio111 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the endocrine system ?

A

Its functions with the nervous system
It helps to maintain homeo stasis
It produces hormones

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2
Q

What are the 5 major endocrine glands ?t

A

The pituitary gland

The thyroid gland

The para thyroid gland

The adrenal glands

The pineal gland

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3
Q

What are five organs that contain endocrine tissue ?

A 
The hypothalamus
The heart
The ovaries 
The pancreas 
The thymus
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4
Q

How do hormones travel through the body?

A

Hormones travel through the blood stream and extra cellular fluid

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5
Q

How do hormones find their target cells?

A

Hormones find their target cells by coming in contact with receptors

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6
Q

Explain how antagonist hormones work

A

Glucsgon increases the glucose level in the blood, insulin decreases the level of glucose in the blood they are antagonistic

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7
Q

Explain how synergistic hormones work

A

Hormones is synergistic when they both release at the same time, if they work together to increase the effect of their release they are synergistic

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8
Q

Explain how pessimistic hormones work

A

A pessimistic hormone is a hormone that must be absent for another hormone to have an effect

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9
Q

The pituitary gland has two lobes ehat are their names?

A

Anterior and posterior

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10
Q

The anterior pituitary releases 6 different hormones what are they ?

A 
Growth hormone 
Prolactin 
Thyroid stimulating hormone 
Adrenocorticotropuc hormone 
Follicle stimulating hormone 
And luteinizing hormone
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11
Q

What stimulates the release of growth hormone ?

A

Low levels of growth hormone, exercise and poor nutrition

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12
Q

What’s the affect of growth hormone ?

A

It stimulates the rate of cell division and increases cell size

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13
Q

What does the over secretion and undersectretion of growth hormone cause ?

A

Undersectretion causes dwarfism

Over secretion causes gigantism and accroegoly

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14
Q

What stimulates the release of prolactin?

A

The release of oxytocin and the duckling of an infant

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15
Q

What’s the affect of the hormone prolactin ?

A

Prolactin stimulates the production of milk from the mammary glands

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16
Q

What can prolactin do?

A

Interfere with female sex hormones

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17
Q

What does thyroid stimulating hormone do

A

Lowers the levels of thyroid hormone

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18
Q

What’s the effect of thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates thyroid gland synthesis and the release of thyroid hormones T3 and T4

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19
Q

What stimulates the release of adreno-corticotropic hormone?

A

High levels of stress

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20
Q

What’s the effect of adreno-corticotropic hormone ?

A

ACTH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of cortisol from the outer cortex of the adrenal glands

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21
Q

What stimulates the release of follicle stimulating hormone ?

A

Changes in levels of estrogen and progesterone in women or testosterone in men

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22
Q

What’s the effect of follicle stimulating hormone ?

A

It stimulates game production

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23
Q

What stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone?

A

Changes in levels of estrogen and progesterone in women or testosterone in men

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24
Q

What is the effect of luteinizing hormone ?

A

Causes ovulation in females and it stimulates production and secretion of testosterone in men

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25
Q

What stimulates the release of oxytocin?

A

Distension of the cervix and the uterus during labor

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26
Q

What’s the effect of oxytocin ?

A

Oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction of childbirth and it stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands

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27
Q

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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28
Q

What 4 hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release?

A 
Growth hormone 
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone 
Follicle stimulating hormone 
Adreno-corticotropic hormobe
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29
Q

What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone ?

A

Dehydration or hemoraging

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30
Q

What is the effect of anti diuretic hormone ?

A

It conserves body water by decreasing urine output and raising blood pressure

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31
Q

What does the undersectretion of antidiuretic hormone cause?

A

Diabetes insipidus

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32
Q

What two hormones does the thyroid gland release?

A

Thyroid hormone and calcitonin

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33
Q

What stimulates the release of thyroid hormone ?

A

Increases in the level of thyroid stimulating hormone

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34
Q

What’s the effect thyroid hormone ?

A

Thyroid hormone regulates metaboilc rate and production of heat, promotes normal functioning of several organ systems

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35
Q

What happens if undersectretion or Over secretion of thyroid hormone occurs ?

A

Over secretion results in graves disease , undersectretion results in goiter and cretinism

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36
Q

What stimulates the release of calcitonin?

A

Increases in blood calcium levels

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37
Q

What’s the effect of calcitonin?

A

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels and phosphate by stimulating uptake of calcium into the bone

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38
Q

What hormone is antagonist to parathyroid hormone?

A

Thyroid hormone

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39
Q

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone ?

A

Low levels of calcium in the blood

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40
Q

What’s the effect of parathyroid hormone ?

A

Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating the breakdown of bone resulting in the release of calcium into the blood

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41
Q

What does the adrenal medulla gland release?

A

Epinephrine and norepinethrine

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42
Q

What stimulates the release epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Release is stimulates by the fight or flight response

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43
Q

What’s the effect of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulates rise in heart rate, respiratory rate and blood and glucose levels

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44
Q

What 3 hormones does the adrenal cortex release?

A

Gonado, corticoids 1 (testosterone and estrogen), glucoocorticoids 2 (cortisol), minerralo-corticoids 3 (Aldosterone)

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45
Q

What causes the release of

A

X

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46
Q

What stimulates the gonado corticoids to release ?

A

Increases in ACTH

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47
Q

When gonado corticoids are releases what effect does it produce?

A

It stimulates the development of male and female secondary sex characteristics

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48
Q

What stimulates the release of glucoocorticoids (cortisol)

A

Cortisol is released when there is increases in Adrenocorticotropopic hormone (ACTH)

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49
Q

What effect does cortisol produce?

A

Cortisol stimulates the liver to convert fats and proteins to glucose to provide resistance to stress

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50
Q

What happens when cortisol is oversecreted ?

A

Cushings syndrome

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51
Q

What stimulates the release of aldosterone?

A

Dehydration

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52
Q

What is the hormonal effect aldosterone produces ?

A

When aldestrone is released it results in the increase resobsortion of sodium ions resulting in H20 retention, this raises the blood pressure,

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53
Q

Where is the pancreas located ?

A

In the abdomen

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54
Q

What are the names if the two hormones in the pancreas?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

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55
Q

Somewhat stimulates the release of Glucogon ?

A

Glucagon is released when decreases in the blood glucose occurs between meals

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56
Q

What’s the effect of glucagon?

A

Glucagon increases the level of blood sugar by stimulating breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose

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57
Q

What stimulates the release of insulin

A

The release of insulin is stimulates by an increase in blood glucose levels following a meal

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58
Q

What effect does insulin produce ?

A

Insulin decreases the the blood glucose level

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59
Q

What can happen if there is undersectretion of insulin

A

Diabetes mellitus

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60
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

A

Melatonin

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61
Q

What stimulates the release of melatonin ?

A

Reduction in light

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62
Q

What effect does melatonin produce?

A

Melatonin promotes sleep and influences daily rythmn

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63
Q

What effect does melatonin produce?

A

Melatonin promotes sleep and influences daily rythmn

64
Q

What occurs if melatonin is oversecreted?

A

Seasonal affect disorder

65
Q

What is the name of the 6 verterbrae from the neck down?

A

Cervical vertebrae

66
Q

What’s the name of the bone in the middle of the ribs ?

A

The sternum

67
Q

What’s the name of the lower jaw bone?

A

The mandible

68
Q

What is the name of the fused vertebrae forming the tailbone?

A

Coccyx

69
Q

What’s the name of the breastbone?

A

The sternum

70
Q

What’s the name of the 12cpsirs of bone that together with the sternum and the thoracic verterbrae protect the heart and lungs?

A

The ribs

71
Q

What’s the name of the bone that forms the forehead?

A

The frontal bone

72
Q

The verterbrae forming the curvature of the lower back are called what?

A

The thoracic vertebrae

73
Q

What are the shock absorbing cartilage pads located between the bone of the spine ?

A

Interverterbal disks

74
Q

Are the intervebreal disks bones ?

A

No they most certainly are not

75
Q

What’s the name of the bones forming the posterior portion of the cranium at the base of the skull?

A

Temporal bones

76
Q

What’s the name of the upper jaw bone?

A

Maxilla

77
Q

What’s the name of the five fused bones that articulate with the coccyx

A

Sacrum

78
Q

What’s the name of the vertebrae attached to the ribs?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

79
Q

What’s the name of the bones in the neck region ?

A

The cervical vertebrae

80
Q

What’s the name of the bones forming the tops and sides of the cranium?

A

The Parietal bones

81
Q

What’s the name of the cranial bones located below the parietal bones on each side of the skull ?

A

The occipital bones

82
Q

What 4 bones makeup the cranium ?

A

The occipital bones the temporal bones, the frontal bones and the temporal bones

83
Q

List the bones of the vertebral column in order

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Coccyx

84
Q

What bones isvtge rib cage composed of?

A

The thoracic vertebrae

85
Q

What’s the name the collarbone?

A

The clavicle

86
Q

What’s the name of the large upper arm bones?

A

The humerous

87
Q

What’s the name given to the bones of the fingers and of the toes?

A

Phalanges

88
Q

What’s the name of the kneecap?

A

The patella

89
Q

What’s the name of the bone found on the thumbdide of of the forearm?

A

The radius

90
Q

What’s the name of the bone found on the little finger dude of the forearm?

A

The Ulna

91
Q

What’s the name of the thigh bone (the longest bone in the body?

A

Femur

92
Q

What’s the shoulder blade bone called ?

A

Scapula

93
Q

What’s the shoulder blade bone called ?

A

Scapula

94
Q

What’s the name of the bones of the wrist?

A

Carpals

95
Q

What’s the name of the bones of the ankles ?

A

The tarsals

96
Q

What’s the name of the bones forming the palms of the hand?

A

Meta carpal

97
Q

What’s the name of the bones forming the instep of the foot?

A

Meta tarsals

98
Q

What’s the name of the hipbones?

A

Pelvic bones

99
Q

What’s the name of the cartilage disk located between the pelvic bobes?

A

The Pubic synthesis

100
Q

Whats the name of the shinbone the larger of the two bones of the lower leg?

A

The tibia

101
Q

What’s the name of the thinner more lateral bone of the lower leg?

A

The fibula

102
Q

What 4 bones make up the the region of the knee ?

A

The patella, the femur, the tibia and the fibula

103
Q

What three bones articulate at the elbow ?

A

The ulna, the radius, and the humerous

104
Q

What bones comprise the the pectoral girdle?

A

The scapula and the clavicle

105
Q

What muscle makes up the bulk of the breast muscle ?

A

Pectoralis major

106
Q

What is the name of the muscle that comprises the upper arm ?

A

The bicep

107
Q

What’s the name of the muscles that are below the breast muscle ?

A

The external oblique

108
Q

What’s the name of the ab muscles?

A

Erectus abdomonus

109
Q

What’s the name of the upper leg muscle group?

A

Quadriceps femoris group

110
Q

What’s the name of the lower leg muscle?

A

The tibialis anterior

111
Q

What’s the name of the muscle group above the shoulders ?

A

The trapezius

112
Q

What’s the name of the shoulder muscles at the top of the arm ?

A

The deltoid

113
Q

What’s the name of the rear upper muscle of the arm?

A

The biceps

114
Q

What’s the name of the back muscle group ?

A

Latissimus Dorsi

115
Q

What’s the name of the butt muscles

A

The gluteus maximus

116
Q

What’s the name of the rear upper muscle group?

A

Hamstring group

117
Q

What’s the name of the muscle group that forms the lower leg muscle?

A

Gastrocnemius

118
Q

What is adduction?

A

The movement of a body part toward the body midline

119
Q

What is abduction?

A

The movement of a body part away from the midline

120
Q

What is flexion?

A

Motion that decreases the angle between the bones of the joint bringing the bone together

121
Q

What is extension ?

A

Motion that increases the angle between the bones and the joint

122
Q

What is rotation?

A

The movement of a body part around it’s own axis

123
Q

What’s the trapeizius muscles two movement function

A

It turns the head, and raises the shoulders

124
Q

What is the triceps branchii movement function ?

A

It extends the forearm at the elbow

125
Q

What’s the hamstrings muscle 2 functions?

A

The hamstring flexes the leg at the knee joint and it extends the thigh at the hipjoint

126
Q

What’s the latissimus dorsi muscles functions?

A

Abuducts shoulders and the upper arm dorsally

127
Q

What’s the gluteus maximus`s 2 functions?

A

Extends thigh at the hip joint and rotates the thigh

128
Q

What’s the function of the gastrocnemius?

A

The gastrocnemius extends the foot away from the knee

129
Q

What’s the bone around the eye called?

A

Zygomatic bone

130
Q

What’s the bone around the nose called?

A

Nasal bone

131
Q

Explain the way the nervous system branches out

A

The central nervous system starts at the brain goes down the spinal cord

132
Q

What’s the second part of the nervous system?

A

The peripheral nervous system

133
Q

What is the Arachnoid matter

A

The middle layer of the meniges resembles a cobweb

134
Q

What is the pia matter?

A

The innermost layer of the meninges resembles spandex

135
Q

What’s the meninges

A

A three layer protective brain membrane

136
Q

W here is the cerebrospinal fluid located

A

In the ventricles

The central canal

The spinal cord

137
Q

What’s the functions of cerebrospinal fluid ?

A

Shock absorption, waste management, delivers nutrients and removes waste

138
Q

What is the blood brain barrier ?

A

A protective mechanism it utilizes tight junctions to selectively filtercegen blood enters the cerebrospinal fluid

139
Q

How is the blood-brain barrier formed ?

A

Tight junctions betweenbtge cells and csppiliaries in the brain form the blood-brain barrier

140
Q

What’s a characteristic of the brain?

A

It’s separated into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure

141
Q

What is the cerebral cortex ?

A

The outer rim of gray matter

142
Q

Whatscthe cerebral cortex composed of ?

A

Billions of of Neuro glial cells and unmylenated axons

143
Q

What is the cerebral white matter

A

The layer beneath the cerebral cortex

144
Q

What’s the corpus callosum?

A

The bridge between hemispheres responsible for communication between both sides

145
Q

What’s the frontal lobe associated with ?

A

The ability to reason, the ability to think abstractly, problem solving speech and emotions

146
Q

What’s the parietal lobes functiin?

A

Associated with movement orientation recognition of stimuli

147
Q

Zngcj

A

-

148
Q

What direction does the axon carry messages ?

A

Away from the neuron

149
Q

What’s the ratio of glial cells/-Neuro glial cells to neurons

A

Neuro glial cells outnumber neurons 10 to 1

150
Q

What are the 3 categories of neurons?

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons, motor (efferent) neurons and interneurons(association neurons)

151
Q

What do sensory (afferent) neurons do ?

A

Carry information towards the CNS from receptor cells

152
Q

What do motor (efferent) neurons do ?

A

Carry information away from the CNS to an effector muscle or gland

153
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

Interpret and integrate sensory signals

154
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Carry impulses towards the cell body of a neuron

155
Q

What’s the layout of a neuron from start to finish

A

Dendrites- > impulse-> axon-> impulse away-> cell body- axon ending/terminals

Bio111 (8 decks)

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