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Bio111 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does cell theory state ?

A

Cells are the smallest units of life
Cells make up all living things
All cells arise from preexisting cells

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2
Q

What are the 4things all living things contain

A

Nucliecid acids dna/rna
Polypeptides (proteins)
Carbohydrates (sugars)
Lipids (triglycerides)/fats/ oils

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3
Q

What is catabolism ?

CAT

A

The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

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4
Q

What charge does a proton have ?

A

Positive

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5
Q

What charge does a electron have ?

A

Negative

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6
Q

What charge does a neutron have?

A

No charge

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7
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses

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8
Q

What determines how and whether a ATOM will bond?

A

Electrons

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9
Q

What is a compound ?

A

A molecule that contains two or more different elements

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10
Q

What’s an ionic bond

A

Ionic bond is when oppositly charged ions are attracted to rather shared

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11
Q

What does splitting water give us?

A

Ionized hydroxide (OH) and ionized hydrogen (H)

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12
Q

What’s important about the ph scale?

A

It goes by the number squared when it drops or goes up it’s not by just one number it’s in hundreds

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13
Q

As the ph scale goes down what happens?

A

It becomes base

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14
Q

As the oh scale rises what happens?

A

It becomes more acidic

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15
Q

If a oh scale drops from 7.4 to 6.4 what does a drop by 1 ph represent

A

Ten times as many H+ ions in the solution can be extremely hazardous

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16
Q

What happens when the ph scale is lower ?

A

It becomes more acidic

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17
Q

What does the phase cell division Include?

A

Mitosis cytokinesis, prophaze, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

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18
Q

What is the main purpose of mitosis

A

To initial cell growth and to replace old cells

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19
Q

What cell only divides when the need arises ?

A

Liver cells

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20
Q

What cell does not divide at all in a mature human?

A

Nerve cells

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21
Q

What are the attached double stranded chromosomes called?

A

Sister chromatids

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22
Q

Before DNA replication are chromosomes single stranded or double stranded?

A

Single stranded

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23
Q

After DNA replication are chromosomes single stranded or double stranded?

A

They are double stranded

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24
Q

What happens during the s phase of interphase?

A

DNA is replicated creating 2 copies of each chromsome

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25
Q

What is the name of the sequence cells go through to divide ?

A

Cell cycle

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26
Q

How is the cell cycle broken into parts

A

It consists of the growth phase/ interrogate

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27
Q

Reproductive cells such as the the sperm and egg are also referred to as what?

A

Gametes or sex cells

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28
Q

Any cell containing two of each mind of chromsosome is called / described as what

A

Diploid

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29
Q

What is a diploid represented as?

A

2N

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30
Q

Any cell containing only one of each kind of chromosome is described as/ referred to as what?

A

Haploid

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31
Q

What is a haploid represented as ?

A

N

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32
Q

What is the main purpose of meiosis

A

Meiosis keeps the number of chromosomes in a body cell constant over generations, preventing birth defects and allowing new life to form

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33
Q

In what stage are two daughter cells formed?

A

Cytokinesis

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34
Q

In what stage are two daughter cells formed?

A

Cytokinesis

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35
Q

At what two phases is the nuclear membrane absent ?

A

Metaphase and anaphase

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36
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method

A

Observation/questions
Hypothesis/prediction
Expermint//data
Results/conclusion

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37
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribono nucleic Acid

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38
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Chromosomes are tightly coiled DNA molecules combined with specialized proteins [histones] which are found in the cellular orgenelle called the nucleus

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39
Q

What are the two types of cell division

A

Mitosis and meiosis

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40
Q

What makes a chromosomes make male and femsle

A

Xx = female xy =male

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41
Q

What are the two major phases in the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and cell division

42
Q

Somatic cells include all body cell except which cells?

A

Reproductive sex cells

43
Q

Nerve cells emter a stagr called what?

A

G(0) where cells stop dividing

44
Q

What is the g1 phase of the cell cycle what occurs during this phase ?

A

The first gap a time of major growth before DNA synthesis, chromosomes at this stage consist of a strand of DNA and proteins

45
Q

What occurs during the S stage of interphase ?

A

During the S phase DNA us replicated into two copies of the chromosomes called chomotids which remain attached at the centomere

46
Q

What occurs during the g2 phase of interphase

A

The g2 phase is the period after DNA is synthesized and before mitosis begins, with continues

47
Q

What is the order of inner phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

48
Q

What 3 transitions occur during prophase?

A

1Chromatin condenses and form chromosomes as dan wraps around histone

49
Q

What 2 changes occur during metaphase?

A

1 chromosomes attach to miotic spindles and form a line at the center of the cell

50
Q

What 2 changes occur during metaphase?

A

1 chromosomes attach to miotic spindles and form a line at the center of the cell

51
Q

What changes occur during Anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids of each chromosome begin to we separate, slitting at the centromere, the sister chromatids are considered chromosomes

52
Q

What are the two movements across the plasma membrane?

A

Passive transport and active transport

53
Q

Does passive transport require energy?

A

Passive transport does not require cellular energy

54
Q

Does active transport require energy?

A

Active transport does require cellular energy

55
Q

What are the 2 basic types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

56
Q

What does prokaryotic domain include ?

A

Bacteria and archaea

57
Q

What’s the difference between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic

A

Prokaryotic cells have a small simple structure and they lack internal membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic cells have a complex and larger structure, they also have membrane bound organelles.

58
Q

What does the Eukaryotic kingdom consist of?

A

Protista, fungi, plantae and animalia

59
Q

What is simple difusion

A

The random movement of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

60
Q

What is facilitated difusion

A

Movement from a region of higher concentrations to regions of lower concentration with the aid of of a carrier or channel

61
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water from a region of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to a region of of lower water concentration.

62
Q

What is active transport ?

A

Movement often from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration with the aid of a carrier protein and energy often atp.

63
Q

What is Endocytosis ?

A

The Process by which materials ARE engulfed by plasma membrane and drawn into cell in a vesicle

64
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

Process by which a membrane bound vesicle from inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane and spills it’s contents outside the cell

65
Q

What is The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components referred to as?

A

Catabolism

66
Q

What is a diploid ?

A

Any cell containing two of each kind of chromsosome

67
Q

What is a molecule that contains two or more different elements

A

A compound

68
Q

What is deductive reasoning ?

A

If then

69
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The relatively constant and self corrective internal environment of a living organism

70
Q

What is the role of microtubule in cells

A

They are responsible for the structure and movement of cilia and flagella

71
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Tubulin

72
Q

What happens with a hypotonic solution

A

Cells swell

73
Q

What happens in a hypersonic sollutionn

A

The cells shrivel

74
Q

What happens in an isotonic solution

A

Cell Equilibrium

75
Q

What are organelles

A

Little organs

76
Q

What are the two functions of the plasma membrane?

A

It controls which substances enter and leave a cell

It maintains structural integrity of the cell

77
Q

What is simple diffusion ?

A

The random movement of a substance from a region of higher concentrations to region of lower concentration.

78
Q

What is facilitaed diffusion?

A

Movement of a substance from a region of higher concentrations to a region of lower concentration with the aid of a membrane protein

79
Q

What form of diffusion is the one where molecules pass through a protein channel instead of between phospholipids ?

A

Facilitated diffusion

80
Q

What does a membrane bound organnele nucleus do?

A

It is the brain of the cell which contains almost all of cell genetic information it is surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double) membrane which allows communication from the nuclear pores.

81
Q

What serves as the brain of the cell which contains almost all of cell genetic information it is surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double) membrane which allows communication from the nuclear pores.

A

The cell membrane bound organelles nucleus

82
Q

What organelle is membranous, modifies proteins and uses vesicles to ship them to other organanelles or out of the celk

A

The Golgi complex

83
Q

what organelle performs protein synthesis ?

A

Ribosomes

84
Q

What is not a product of cellular respiration ?

A

Oxygen

85
Q

What are the three processes which together are called cellular respiration?

A

Glycosis, citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain.

86
Q

True or false without oxygen the cells can’t produce any energy at all

A

False through fermentation cells can produce 2 atp molecules

87
Q

What does h2o do?

A

H20 always shoots towards the higher solute.

88
Q

What form of of diffusion is the one in which molecules pass through a protein Chanel instead of between the phispholipids?

A

Facilitated diffusion

89
Q

What 3 fibers does the cytoskeleton consist of ?

A

Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments

90
Q

What 2 traits do microtubules have

A

They are the thickest

They assemble and dissemble

91
Q

What two traits do the intermediate filaments have?

A

Intermediate size

More permanent

92
Q

What 2 traits do microfillaments posses

A

Thinnest

They assemble and dissemble

93
Q

What happens in a ionic bond?

A

Either a electron is lost or gain

94
Q

What bond is the strongest

A

Covalant bonds.

95
Q

What 3 factors determine the rate of diffusion ?

A

Temperature, size of molecules and the steepness of the concentration gradient.

96
Q

Temperature, size of molecules and the steepness of the concentration gradient determines what ?

A

The rate of diffusion

97
Q

What ate enzymes?

A

Proteins

98
Q

What is polarity ?

A

The tendency of a molecule to have postivevand negative regions

99
Q

In DNA what always pairs with thymine ?

A

Adenine

100
Q

In DNA what always guanine always pairs with what?

A

Cytosine

Bio111 (8 decks)

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