Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What does cell theory state ?
A
Cells are the smallest units of life
Cells make up all living things
All cells arise from preexisting cells
2
Q
What are the 4things all living things contain
A
Nucliecid acids dna/rna
Polypeptides (proteins)
Carbohydrates (sugars)
Lipids (triglycerides)/fats/ oils
3
Q
What is catabolism ?
CAT
A
The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
4
Q
What charge does a proton have ?
A
Positive
5
Q
What charge does a electron have ?
A
Negative
6
Q
What charge does a neutron have?
A
No charge
7
Q
What are isotopes?
A
Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses
8
Q
What determines how and whether a ATOM will bond?
A
Electrons
9
Q
What is a compound ?
A
A molecule that contains two or more different elements
10
Q
What’s an ionic bond
A
Ionic bond is when oppositly charged ions are attracted to rather shared
11
Q
What does splitting water give us?
A
Ionized hydroxide (OH) and ionized hydrogen (H)
12
Q
What’s important about the ph scale?
A
It goes by the number squared when it drops or goes up it’s not by just one number it’s in hundreds
13
Q
As the ph scale goes down what happens?
A
It becomes base
14
Q
As the oh scale rises what happens?
A
It becomes more acidic
15
Q
If a oh scale drops from 7.4 to 6.4 what does a drop by 1 ph represent
A
Ten times as many H+ ions in the solution can be extremely hazardous
16
Q
What happens when the ph scale is lower ?
A
It becomes more acidic
17
Q
What does the phase cell division Include?
A
Mitosis cytokinesis, prophaze, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
18
Q
What is the main purpose of mitosis
A
To initial cell growth and to replace old cells
19
Q
What cell only divides when the need arises ?
A
Liver cells
20
Q
What cell does not divide at all in a mature human?
A
Nerve cells
21
Q
What are the attached double stranded chromosomes called?
A
Sister chromatids
22
Q
Before DNA replication are chromosomes single stranded or double stranded?
A
Single stranded
23
Q
After DNA replication are chromosomes single stranded or double stranded?
A
They are double stranded
24
Q
What happens during the s phase of interphase?
A
DNA is replicated creating 2 copies of each chromsome
25
What is the name of the sequence cells go through to divide ?
Cell cycle
26
How is the cell cycle broken into parts
It consists of the growth phase/ interrogate
27
Reproductive cells such as the the sperm and egg are also referred to as what?
Gametes or sex cells
28
Any cell containing two of each mind of chromsosome is called / described as what
Diploid
29
What is a diploid represented as?
2N
30
Any cell containing only one of each kind of chromosome is described as/ referred to as what?
Haploid
31
What is a haploid represented as ?
N
32
What is the main purpose of meiosis
Meiosis keeps the number of chromosomes in a body cell constant over generations, preventing birth defects and allowing new life to form
33
In what stage are two daughter cells formed?
Cytokinesis
34
In what stage are two daughter cells formed?
Cytokinesis
35
At what two phases is the nuclear membrane absent ?
Metaphase and anaphase
36
What are the steps of the scientific method
Observation/questions
Hypothesis/prediction
Expermint//data
Results/conclusion
37
What does DNA stand for
Deoxyribono nucleic Acid
38
What are chromosomes
Chromosomes are tightly coiled DNA molecules combined with specialized proteins [histones] which are found in the cellular orgenelle called the nucleus
39
What are the two types of cell division
Mitosis and meiosis
40
What makes a chromosomes make male and femsle
Xx = female xy =male
41
What are the two major phases in the cell cycle?
Interphase and cell division
42
Somatic cells include all body cell except which cells?
Reproductive sex cells
43
Nerve cells emter a stagr called what?
G(0) where cells stop dividing
44
What is the g1 phase of the cell cycle what occurs during this phase ?
The first gap a time of major growth before DNA synthesis, chromosomes at this stage consist of a strand of DNA and proteins
45
What occurs during the S stage of interphase ?
During the S phase DNA us replicated into two copies of the chromosomes called chomotids which remain attached at the centomere
46
What occurs during the g2 phase of interphase
The g2 phase is the period after DNA is synthesized and before mitosis begins, with continues
47
What is the order of inner phases of mitosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
48
What 3 transitions occur during prophase?
#1Chromatin condenses and form chromosomes as dan wraps around histone
#2 The nuclear membrane starts to breakdown
#3 the miotic spindle forms
49
What 2 changes occur during metaphase?
#1 chromosomes attach to miotic spindles and form a line at the center of the cell
#2 the alignment ensures each daughter cell receives one chromatic from each of the 46 chromsomes
50
What 2 changes occur during metaphase?
#1 chromosomes attach to miotic spindles and form a line at the center of the cell
#2 the alignment ensures each daughter cell receives one chromatic from each of the 46 chromsomes
51
What changes occur during Anaphase?
Sister chromatids of each chromosome begin to we separate, slitting at the centromere, the sister chromatids are considered chromosomes
52
What are the two movements across the plasma membrane?
Passive transport and active transport
53
Does passive transport require energy?
Passive transport does not require cellular energy
54
Does active transport require energy?
Active transport does require cellular energy
55
What are the 2 basic types of cells?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
56
What does prokaryotic domain include ?
Bacteria and archaea
57
What's the difference between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic
Prokaryotic cells have a small simple structure and they lack internal membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells have a complex and larger structure, they also have membrane bound organelles.
58
What does the Eukaryotic kingdom consist of?
Protista, fungi, plantae and animalia
59
What is simple difusion
The random movement of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
60
What is facilitated difusion
Movement from a region of higher concentrations to regions of lower concentration with the aid of of a carrier or channel
61
What is osmosis?
Movement of water from a region of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to a region of of lower water concentration.
62
What is active transport ?
Movement often from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration with the aid of a carrier protein and energy often atp.
63
What is Endocytosis ?
The Process by which materials ARE engulfed by plasma membrane and drawn into cell in a vesicle
64
What is Endocytosis?
Process by which a membrane bound vesicle from inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane and spills it's contents outside the cell
65
What is The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components referred to as?
Catabolism
66
What is a diploid ?
Any cell containing two of each kind of chromsosome
67
What is a molecule that contains two or more different elements
A compound
68
What is deductive reasoning ?
If then
69
What is homeostasis
The relatively constant and self corrective internal environment of a living organism
70
What is the role of microtubule in cells
They are responsible for the structure and movement of cilia and flagella
71
What are microtubules made of?
Tubulin
72
What happens with a hypotonic solution
Cells swell
73
What happens in a hypersonic sollutionn
The cells shrivel
74
What happens in an isotonic solution
Cell Equilibrium
75
What are organelles
Little organs
76
What are the two functions of the plasma membrane?
It controls which substances enter and leave a cell
| It maintains structural integrity of the cell
77
What is simple diffusion ?
The random movement of a substance from a region of higher concentrations to region of lower concentration.
78
What is facilitaed diffusion?
Movement of a substance from a region of higher concentrations to a region of lower concentration with the aid of a membrane protein
79
What form of diffusion is the one where molecules pass through a protein channel instead of between phospholipids ?
Facilitated diffusion
80
What does a membrane bound organnele nucleus do?
It is the brain of the cell which contains almost all of cell genetic information it is surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double) membrane which allows communication from the nuclear pores.
81
What serves as the brain of the cell which contains almost all of cell genetic information it is surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double) membrane which allows communication from the nuclear pores.
The cell membrane bound organelles nucleus
82
What organelle is membranous, modifies proteins and uses vesicles to ship them to other organanelles or out of the celk
The Golgi complex
83
what organelle performs protein synthesis ?
Ribosomes
84
What is not a product of cellular respiration ?
Oxygen
85
What are the three processes which together are called cellular respiration?
Glycosis, citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain.
86
True or false without oxygen the cells can't produce any energy at all
False through fermentation cells can produce 2 atp molecules
87
What does h2o do?
H20 always shoots towards the higher solute.
88
What form of of diffusion is the one in which molecules pass through a protein Chanel instead of between the phispholipids?
Facilitated diffusion
89
What 3 fibers does the cytoskeleton consist of ?
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments
90
What 2 traits do microtubules have
They are the thickest
| They assemble and dissemble
91
What two traits do the intermediate filaments have?
Intermediate size
| More permanent
92
What 2 traits do microfillaments posses
Thinnest
| They assemble and dissemble
93
What happens in a ionic bond?
Either a electron is lost or gain
94
What bond is the strongest
Covalant bonds.
95
What 3 factors determine the rate of diffusion ?
Temperature, size of molecules and the steepness of the concentration gradient.
96
Temperature, size of molecules and the steepness of the concentration gradient determines what ?
The rate of diffusion
97
What ate enzymes?
Proteins
98
What is polarity ?
The tendency of a molecule to have postivevand negative regions
99
In DNA what always pairs with thymine ?
Adenine
100
In DNA what always guanine always pairs with what?
Cytosine
