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soc 100 > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

1
Q

as bureaucracies and corporations grow, human life is trumped by these. it becomes less important to cater to the individual

A

alienation

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2
Q

an organizational structure put into place to achieve a goal by the most efficient means using coordinated human activity

A

bureaucracy

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3
Q

formal organizations which lure people in who have no choice but to participate. examples are socialization or re-socialization structures like school or prison

A

coercive organization

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4
Q

the guiding, monitoring, and regulating of the production of the delivery of a product or service

A

control

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5
Q

a claim made by an organization about it’s product or services ability to move a consumer quickly from one state or being to another. such as moving from hungry to satisfied

A

efficiency

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6
Q

cost of using or acquiring a product that are not factored into the price of the product or paid by producers. such as what disposing the product does to the enviroment

A

externality cost

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7
Q

official aspects of an organization such as written rules, descriptions of jobs and procedures

A

formal dimension

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8
Q

coordinating mechanisms which bring together people, resources, and technology, to control human activity in an effort to achieve a certain goal or outcome. EX apple creates technology for consumers

A

formal organizations

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9
Q

a formal organization which is dedicated to the fast production of food regardless of whether it is nutritious or not, in the sole effort to make profit, reduce cost in all forms

A

industrial food system

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10
Q

a deliberate simplification which exaggerates defining characteristics of something, which establishes a standard that real cases can be compared to

A

ideal type

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11
Q

the unofficial dimension of an organization. usually defined by norms and values that employees create and behaviors which ignore or bypass the formal dimensions of the organization. EX not washing your hands after going to the bathroom even if there is a sign next to the sink

A

informal dimension

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12
Q

irrationalities generated by rational systems

A

iron cage of rationality

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13
Q

process by which the principles and formal dimensions of the fast food chain are dominating more and more sectors of american society

A

mcdonaldization

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14
Q

there a only few complete power. only a select few possess the decision-making power in a company

A

oligarchy

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15
Q

the expectation that good or service will be the same wherever you purchase it

A

predictability

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16
Q

the trend of organizations hiring experts with formal training in specific areas which are needed to achieve certain goals

A

professionalization

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17
Q

numerical indications which make it easy for consumers to evaluate products and services EX. rate your experience

A

quantification and calculation

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18
Q

when a process of thought or action rooted in emotion, superstition or traditions is replaced by an instrumental rational approach. EX going from making something because you love your consumers to doing it solely for a profit

A

rationalization

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19
Q

quantitative measures of how well an organization and its part are performing

A

statistical measures of performance

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20
Q

the inability to respond in unique or unusual circumstances, do to specialized and repetitive training EX not knowing how to respond to an unhappy costumer when you did exactly what you were told todo a million times in trainiing

A

trained incapacity

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21
Q

companies with countless enterprises in different countries other than where they are headquartered

A

transnational corporations

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22
Q

organizations that draw people in who are searching for material gain EX companies who are looking for employees

A

utilitarian organization

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23
Q

organization which draw together people to give time and talent to support a mutual interest or meet a goal

A

voluntary organizations

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24
Q

groups of people who come together with a clear purpose of goal in mind. largely impersonal. and may vary in size

A

secondary group

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25
Q

instrumental rational methods of thought, rationalization. power lies in the position, not the person in that position

A

weber

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26
Q

coined the term mcdonalization

A

george ritzer

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27
Q

concerned with trained incapacity. also investigated how companies may use computers to automate or informate employees

A

Thorstein Veblen and Shoshana Zuboff

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28
Q

noticed that large organizations seem to inevitably become oligarchies over time

A

robert michels

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29
Q

professionalization. these experts do not seek eventual control over the corporation. the relationship between corporations and expert is problmatic

A

Blau and Schoenherr

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30
Q

alienation in the face of huge bureaucracies

A

Marx

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31
Q

concepts about how the world works and how the individual fits that are accepted as true

A

beliefs

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32
Q

subcultures that challenge, or outright reject mainstream culture

A

countercultures

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33
Q

some material or nonmaterial aspect of culture that elicits consensus of its importance within the group, but also allows room dissent and discussion

A

cultural anchors

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34
Q

when a group tries to eliminate every aspect of a culture, because they see it as wrong

A

cultural genocide

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35
Q

the perspective that another culture should be judged in relation to ones own home culture

A

culture relativism

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36
Q

specific responses or practices of a culture that handle lifes’ challenges

A

cultural particulars

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37
Q

things that all cultures have in common

A

cultural universals

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38
Q

the beliefs, norms, symbols, and values shared by a group. the way of life for a group, and the strategies they use to adjust and adapt

A

culture

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39
Q

the strain one feels when entering a new culture, and orienting yourself to it

A

culture shock

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40
Q

when an idea, invention, or cultural item is borrowed from another culture

A

diffusion

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41
Q

judging all other cultures based on your own

A

ethnocentrism

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42
Q

norms which express appropriate ways to express internal sensations

A

feeling rules

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43
Q

norms that apply to the mundane everyday aspect of life

A

folkways

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44
Q

the ever increasing exchange of products and services across transnational borders

A

globalization

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45
Q

a symbol system using gestures, sounds, and characters to convey menaing

A

language

46
Q

the idea that the language you learn as you group up effects how you view the world. no two languages are ever similar enough to possess a similar view

A

linguistic relativity hypothesis

47
Q

all natural and created objects to which we assign meaning

A

material culture

48
Q

critical norms that must be followed, or are met with severe punishment if broken

A

mores

49
Q

non-physical creations we cannot hold or see

A

nonmaterial culture

50
Q

written and non-written rules which dictate what is and is not appropriate to specific social settings

A

norms

51
Q

the difficult one has returning to his own culture after spending a significant time immersed in another culture

A

reentry shock

52
Q

when home culture is regarded as inferior to foreign cultures

A

reverse ethnocentrism

53
Q

internal bodily sensation experienced in relationships with other people

A

social emotions

54
Q

groups within a majority that may disagree with a particular aspect of the larger culture, but not the whole

A

subcultures

55
Q

general shared conceptions about what is good, right, appropriate, and important with regard to the conduct, appearance and state of being people within society

A

values

56
Q

to make something that is not real (abstract), real (concrete).

A

reify

57
Q

those who are given the job to block or hide things deemed deviant or that disagree with a certain societies values an beliefs

A

censors

58
Q

a method of preventing information from reaching an audience

A

censorship

59
Q

people who make or promote claims, and who gain in some way from people accepting these claims.

A

claims maker

60
Q

activities designed to draw support for a claim that someone has made

A

claims- making activities

61
Q

people who follow the rules and regulations of the group they belong to

A

conformists

62
Q

an approach which focuses on how groups, activities and conditions come to be defined as problem

A

constructionist approach

63
Q

crimes committed by a corporation through how it does business in relation to others

A

corporate crimes

64
Q

any behavior or appearance that challenges the norms or expectations of a group

A

deviance

65
Q

cultures or group that are a part of the larger society, but which hold a certain belief, behavior, or appearance that is in violation with the larger society

A

deviant subcultures

66
Q

a social arrangement which normalizes surveillance, making it expected

A

disciplinary societies

67
Q

those who are accused or treated as deviant, even though they did not commit any acts of deviance

A

falsely accused

68
Q

expressions of approval or disapproval for a behavior, which are backed by laws, rules, or policies.

A

formal sanctions

69
Q

social settings and arrangements which offer people the opportunity to commit particular types of crimes

A

illegitimate opportunity structures

70
Q

expressions of approval or disapproval for a behavior that are not backed by formal laws. usually spontaneous in nature

A

informal sanctions

71
Q

accepting of culturally supported goals but rejection of the legitimate meaning of achieving them

A

innovation

72
Q

large scale surveillance of a group that goes beyond the normal in attempts to prevent a targeted population from engaging in what id defined as wrongdoing

A

mass surveillance

73
Q

when the status of being a deviant overshadows any other status the person may possess

A

master status of deviant

74
Q

norms which people view as critical to the function of society. if broken, there will be severe punishment

A

mores

75
Q

negative sansctions

A

an expression of disapproval

76
Q

positive sanctions

A

an expression of approval

77
Q

those whose deviance is viewed as understandable or insignificant due to the social status they possess. EX a rich person getting special treatment by the court system, because of his status in relation to the crime he commited

A

primary deviants

78
Q

the corporations which benefit from providing services to a correctional facility

A

prison-industrial complex

79
Q

people who are caught committing acts of deviance, and are punished for it as well as being labelled an outsider

A

pure deviants

80
Q

full or partial rejection of the meaning of attaining as well as the goals themselves, which are held by a group. additionally, there the instillation of a new set of goals and mean to achieve them

A

rebellion

81
Q

the rejection of societal goals, and means to achieve them

A

retreatism

82
Q

the rejection of societal goals, but the rigid adherence to the means of achieving said goals

A

ritualism

83
Q

reactions of approval or lack there of in response to someones

A

sanctions

84
Q

those whose deviance is treated as something significant, which cannot just be overlooked.

A

secondary deviants

85
Q

methods used to teach, persuade or force a groups members to comply with groups norms and expectations

A

self control

86
Q

any situation in which the goals have unclear limits, people are unsure whether they can achieve these goals, or legitimate means to achieve them are unavailable to to large portion of people

A

structural strain

87
Q

a method of social control in which people are monitored so that they are persuaded to not commit wrongdoing

A

surveillance

88
Q

a campaign to identify, investigate, and correct a behavior seen as deviant. often, the behavior is not the real problem, but is used to distract the majority from the real problem to make it see m like more of an easy fix

A

witch hunt

89
Q

crimes committed by those of high status in an effort to carry out the duties of the position which they hold

A

write-collar crimes

90
Q

the idea that deviance only exists when someone identifies an sanctions someone for a so-called “deviant” behavior or appearance

A

labelling theory

91
Q

a strict system that uses stratification to separate classes mainly by ascribed status. there is virtually no way to move within statuses. the one your are born with is what you are stuck with for your life

A

caste system (closed system)

92
Q

chance defines the characteristics and experiences which are not due to choice, will, or effort.

A

chance

93
Q

the social setting you life your life in, or are born into. as well as the barriers or opportunities this context presents for the people in it

A

context

94
Q

the conscious act of choosing a certain behavior, appearance, or path

A

choice

95
Q

a system that employs stratification to create classes mainly based on income an wealth. however, there is significantly more room within this system to move up or down from the class you are born into. the barriers are much easier to surpass with effort

A

class or open system

96
Q

a persons economic and social status within the stratification system

A

class

97
Q

a persons reputation within an ascribed or achieved status. this earned from those who observe them

A

esteem

98
Q

anything this is embedded through socialization that an be seen valuable. such as someone who grows up wealthy and goes to dinner parties knowing how to act appropriately at these events. anything consciously and unconsciously internalized

A

embodied cultural capital

99
Q

things that are either material or nonmaterial that are seen as valuable in social setting

A

institutionalized culture capital

100
Q

any material object of value that person possesses

A

objectified culture capital

101
Q

a category of people Weber classified as lacking skills, employment, and property. they usually depend on seasonal employment, and make up the very bottom of the class system

A

negatively privileged property class

102
Q

those weber saw as the top of the class system

A

positively privileged property class

103
Q

a level of respect one gets for a particular status that sets them apart from others who occupy the same status

A

political prestige

104
Q

The systematic process by which people are ranked on a scale of social worth and awarded access to valued resources and experiences

A

social stratification

105
Q

an amorphous group held together by lifestyle or virtue

A

status group

106
Q

the very bottom class, the negatively privileged underclass who abide in cities with little resources or employment connections

A

urban underclass

107
Q

the sum of one’s income and any other holding such as stocks or home, minus debt

A

wealth

108
Q

social factors associated with gains and losses in status over the course of a person’s lifetime

A

intragenerational mobility

109
Q

social factors associated with rises and drops in children’s status relative to their parents

A

intergenerational mobility

110
Q

inequality is the mechanism by which societies attract the most qualified people to the most functionally important occupations

A

functionalist view of social inequality

111
Q

food system are those in which the goal is to maximize profit by speeding up production, increasing the amount of produced while cutting labor cost and the costs of ingredients

A

industrial food systems

112
Q

from a sociological perspective, formal organizations

A

continue to exist even as their members die, quit, or return

soc 100 (5 decks)

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