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soc 100 > Exam four > Flashcards

Exam four Flashcards

1
Q

an observation that paradigm cannot explain

A

anomaly

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2
Q

revolutionary, unprecedented, or groundbreaking inventions that form the basis for countless applications and for subsequent upgrades

A

basic innovations

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3
Q

social movement that seek to maintain a social order that reformist and revolutionary movements are seeking to change

A

counterrevolutionary movement

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4
Q

the stable of existing inventions that form the basis for further innovation

A

cultural base

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5
Q

one in which the use of fossil fuels shapes virtually every aspect of our personal and social lives

A

hydrocarbon society

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6
Q

modification of basic innovations that make them supposedly better in some way – bigger, smaller, faster, more user friendly, more efficient, more fashionable

A

improving innovations

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7
Q

an unprecedented increase in the amount of stored data and messages transmitted through all forms of media including digital, print, radio, and television

A

information explosion

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8
Q

the invention or discovery of something such as a new idea, process, practice, device, or tool

A

innovation

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9
Q

the dominant and widely accepted theories and concepts in a particular field of study

A

paradigms

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10
Q

a profit making strategy that involves producing goods that are disposable after a single use, have a shorter life cycle than the industry is capable of producing; or go out of style quickly even though the goods can still serve their purpose

A

planned obsolescence

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11
Q

social movements that target a specific feature of society as needing change

A

reformist movements

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12
Q

social movements that seek to turn back the hands of time to an earlier condition or state of being, one sometimes considered a “golden era”

A

regressive or reactionary movement

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13
Q

a situation in which a core group of sophisticated strategists world to harness a disaffected groups energies, attract money and supporters, capture the news medias attention, forge alliances with those in power, and develop an organization structure

A

resource mobilization

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14
Q

situations in which more or less the same invention is produced by two or more people working independently of one another at about the same time

A

simultaneous- independent invention

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15
Q

any significant alteration, modification, or transformation in the way social activities and relationships are organized

A

social change

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16
Q

a situation in which a substantial number of people organize to make a change, resist a change, or undo a change in some area of society

A

social movement

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17
Q

situation in which a previously rare event, response or opinion becomes dramatically more common

A

tipping point

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18
Q

the ceaseless increases in production and, by extension, ceaseless consumption needed to sustain the global economy’s success that is measured by increased profits

A

treadmill of production

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19
Q

a transformative process whereby people move away from sparsely populated rural environments to densely populated urban ones

A

urbanization

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20
Q

an institutionalized set of belifes about a nations past, present, and future and a corresponding set of rituals. both the belifes and the rituals take on a sacred quality and elicit feelings of patriotism. civil religion forges ties between religion and a nations needs and political interest

A

civil religion

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21
Q

very small, loosely organized groups, usually founded by a charismatic leader who attracts people by virtue of his or her personal qualities

A

cults

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22
Q

a hierarchical religious organization, led by a professionally trained clergy, in a society in which church and state are usually seperate

A

denomination

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23
Q

a professionally trained religious organization, governed by a hierarchy of leaders, that claims everyone in a society as a member

A

ecclesia

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24
Q

religious organizations, resembling both denominations and sects, that have left denominations or ecclesia and have existed long enough to acquire a large following and widespread respectability

A

established sects

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25
Q

a religious movement based on the idea that organized religions have a responsibility to demand social justice for the marginalized peoples of the world, especially landless peasants and the urban poor. and to take an active role at the grassroots level to bring about political and economic justice

A

liberation theology

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26
Q

an economic system that involves careful calculation of cost of production relative to profits, borrowing and lending money accumulating all forms of capital, and drawing labor from an unrestricted global labor pool

A

modern capitalism

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27
Q

religions in which the sacred is sought in states of being that, at their peak, can exclude all awareness of one’s existence, sensations, thoughts, and surroundings

A

mystical religions

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28
Q

a situation in which “more and more people live amid competing beliefs, values, and lifestyles” a situation that has profound effects on religion

A

pluralization

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29
Q

the belief that God has foreordained all things, including the salvation or damnation of individual souls

A

predestination

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30
Q

a term describing everything that is not sacred, including things opposed to the sacred and things that stand apart from the sacred, albeit not in opposition to it

A

profane

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31
Q

religions in which the sacred revolves around items that symbolize significant historical events or around the lives, teaching and writings of great people

A

prophetic religions

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32
Q

rules that govern howe people must behave in the presence of the sacred to achieve an acceptable state of being

A

rituals

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33
Q

religions in which the sacred is sought in places, objects and actions believed to house a god or spirit

A

sacramental religions

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34
Q

a domain of experiences that include everything regarded as extraordinary and that inspires in believers deep and absorbing sentiments of awe, respect, mystery, and reverence

A

sacred

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35
Q

a small community of believers led by a lay ministry, with no formal hierarchy or official governing body to oversee its various religious gathering and activities. sect are typically composed of people who broke away from denomination because that came to vier it as corrupt

A

sect

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36
Q

a process by which religious influences on thought and behavior are reduced

A

secularization

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37
Q

a belief that people are instruments of divine will and that god determines and directs their activities

A

this-worldly asceticism

38
Q

a situation in which people lack the resources to satisfy the basic needs no person should be without

A

absolute poverty

39
Q

the annual number of births per 1000 people

A

birth rate

40
Q

the emigration from a country of the most educated and talented people

A

brain drain

41
Q

a group of people born around the same time (such as a specified five year period) who share common experiences and perspectives by virtue of the time they were born

A

cohort

42
Q

a form of domination in which a foreign power imposes its political, economic, social, and cultural institutions on an indigenous population to control their resources, labor, and markets

A

colonialism

43
Q

a population pyramid that is narrower at the base than in the middle. it shows that population consists disproportionately of middle aged and older people

A

constrictive pyramid

44
Q

the annual number of deaths per 1000 people in a designated area of population

A

crude death rate

45
Q

a process of undoing colonialism such that the colonized country achieves independence from the so-called mother country

A

decolonization

46
Q

a condition society has imposed on those with certain impairments because of how inventions and social activities have been organized to inadvertently exclude them while accommodating others

A

disability

47
Q

a triangular population pyramid that is broadest at the base, with each successive bar smaller than the one below it. the pyramid shows that population consists disproportionately of young people

A

expansive pyramid

48
Q

a physical or mental condition that interferes with someone’s ability to perform a major life activity that the average person can perform without assistance or without altering the physical enviroment

A

impairment

49
Q

the annual number of deaths of infants less than one year of age for every 1000 such infants born alive

A

infant mortality rate

50
Q

the death of a woman, while pregnant or within 42 days of a termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or the way a pregnancy is managed per 100,000 live birth

A

maternal mortality

51
Q

emphasize that schools perform a number of important social function that, ideally, contribute to the smooth operation of society

A

functionalist perspective

52
Q

this sociologist points out that tests give the impression that education is meritocratic- that grades are awarded according to demonstrated academic abilities (as measured by test scores) and not family connections or class privilege

A

bourdieu

53
Q

this theory focuses on schooling as a sorting mechanism that disproportionately eliminates students from disadvantaged backgrounds

A

reproduction theory

54
Q

christian movement that played a major role in fighting against political dictatorship and poverty

A

liberation theology

55
Q

occurs in a spontaneous, unplanned way

A

informal education

56
Q

uncommon and extraordinary aspects of social life that inspires in believes feelings of awe, reverence, and respect

A

sacred

57
Q

emphasize that hidden curriculum in schools perpetuates social inequalities

A

conflict perspective

58
Q

is a form gatekeeping in which students are sorted by their perceived abilities rather than their achieved abilities

A

tracking

59
Q

this even created the belief that formal education was essential to the well-being of society

A

industrialization

60
Q

formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers

A

schooling

61
Q

begins with false definition of a situation

A

self fulfilling prophecy

62
Q

emphasize individual religious expression through belief, ritual, and experience

A

symbolic interactionist

63
Q

evaluates people based on schooling. helps those who are already advantaged and hurts those who are already disadvantaged

A

credential society

64
Q

transmission by schools of cultural goals, that are not openly acknowledged

A

hidden curriculum

65
Q

knowledge, attitudes, values, language, tastes, and abilities that transmitted from one generation to the next

A

cultural capital

66
Q

takes place in a classrooms, where there is a syllabus and set content to be taught to learned

A

formal education

67
Q

sanctifying the nation by associating its history, values, and institutions with God’s special favor

A

civil religion

68
Q

a religious group that is the outgrowth of a sect, yet remains isolated from society at large

A

established sect

69
Q

this sociologist proposed that religion taught people to endure suffering and deprivation instead of revolting against injustice

A

marx

70
Q

religion in which followers become involved in practices such as fasting or celibacy to separate themselves from worldly attachments

A

mystical

71
Q

a way of displaying population data that allows us to compare the size of age cohorts and the percentages of males and females in each cohort

A

population pyramid

72
Q

the 2011 haiti earthquake in which a large proportion of the population died represents

A

mortality crisis

73
Q

a form of domination in which a foreign power uses in superior military force to impose its political, economic, social and cultural institution on an indigenous population with the aim of dominating their resources, labor and markets population with the aim of dominating their resources, labor,, and markets

A

colonialism

74
Q

continuing economic dependence on former imposing powers

A

neocolonialism

75
Q

describes how a population’s birth and death rates (And disease patterns) correspond to its level of industrialization and economic development

A

theory of the demographic transition

76
Q

a process of economic, social, and cultural transmission in which a country “evolves” from one status to another

A

modernization theory

77
Q

argues that poor countries are poor because they have been, and continue to be, exploited by the world’s wealthiest governments and by the global and multinational corporations that based in the wealthy counties

A

dependency theory

78
Q

a five stage process, beginning with defining a behavior as deviant to institutionalization

A

medicalization

79
Q

associated with lifestyle choices that accompany economic development

A

diseases of affluence

80
Q

gas prices slowly rise over time, triggering small changes in driving habits. eventually the price becomes so that drastic changes in behaviors are made by a large quantity of people

A

tipping point

81
Q

the ever increasing flow of goods, services, money, people, information, and culture across political borders

A

globalization

82
Q

this principle is applied when a company uses the motto “ we deliver in 30 minutes or less!”

A

mcdonalization

83
Q

about 50 precent of the world’s population lives in_______ enviroment

A

urban

84
Q

revolutionary, unprecedented, or ground-breaking inventions that are the cornerstones for wide range of applications

A

basic innovations

85
Q

for many people, the idea that animals, rocks and plants should be treated respect is a new concept. example of…

A

paradigm shift

86
Q

the ceaseless increase in production and, by extension, ceaseless consumption needed to sustain the global economy’s success that is measured by increased profits

A

treadmill of production

87
Q

these theorist are interest in way changing climate is affecting interactions among Greenlanders

A

symbolic interactionists

88
Q

these theories focus on the many industries that have moved out of the US to other countries in order to exploit its resources for commercial interests

A

conflict

89
Q

formed when a substantial number of people organize to change, to resist change, or undo change in some area of society

A

social movement

90
Q

a society in which the use of fossil fuel shape virtually every aspect of peoples personal and social lives

A

hydrocarbon

soc 100 (5 decks)

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