Exam Two

Question 1

Monocots vs. Dicots

Answer 1

1. ) Monocots flower in multiples of three, dicots flower in multiples of four or five.
2. ) Monocots have one cotyledon, dicots have two cotyldeons.

Question 2

Meristems

Answer 2

Produce new roots, stems, leaves, and flowers throughout lifespan

Question 3

How do tree rings form?

Answer 3

Layers expand in primary and secondary growth during growing series, but stops during winter.

Question 4

Primary vs. Secondary Growth

Answer 4

Primary growth: increase in length of shoot

Secondary growth: increase in thickness/girth of plant

Question 5

Cause of Primary vs. Secondary Growth

Answer 5

Primary growth: cell division in shoot apical meristem

Secondary growth: cell division in lateral meristem

Question 6

Micronutrients vs. Macronutrients

Answer 6

Micronutrients: trace amounts
Macronutrients: large amounts

Question 7

Examples of micronutrients

Answer 7

Iron, chlorine, zinc, copper, nickel

Question 8

Examples of macronutrients:

Answer 8

Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, sulfur, calcium, mangnesium

Question 9

What factors influence soil formation?

Answer 9

Time, parent material, climate, topography, biota

Question 10

Mycorrhizae

Answer 10

Fungi that infest plants and plant soil, absorbing carbs and phosphorous

Question 11

Where do carnivorous plants live and why?

Answer 11

Wet, boggy, acidic soils where nitrogen is used up by other plants - they gain nitrogen by eating insects

Question 12

Turgor pressure

Answer 12

Positive pressure potential that maintains physical structure and prevents wilting

Question 13

Aquaporins

Answer 13

Membrane channels that water can diffuse through

Question 14

Cations vs. Anions

Answer 14

Cations are moved into the cell by facilitated diffusion

Anions are moved into the cell by coupling their movement with that of H+

Question 15

SPAC

Answer 15

Soil Plant Atmosphere Continuum

Question 16

Transpiration

Answer 16

Evaporation of water from cells in the leaves, generates tension, cools leaves

Question 17

Cohesion

Answer 17

Water molecules in xylem sap due to hydrogen bonds

Question 18

Tension

Answer 18

Appears on xylem sap resulting from transpiration

Question 19

Apoplast vs. Symplast

Answer 19

Apoplast is fast-flowing with cells connected in continuous meshwork
Symplast requires water to move through plasma membranes in connected cytoplasms, which is slower

Question 20

Stomata and transpiration’s relation

Answer 20

Stomata regulates transpiration

Question 21

Stomata

Answer 21

Pores in plant epidermis, on undersides of leaves. Opens and closes to allow CO2 to enter.

Question 22

Guard cells

Answer 22

Respond quickly to light, which communicate with stomata to open and close. Guard cells trigger proton pump to increase the solute concentration of the plant, resulting in water intake.

Question 23

Translocation

Answer 23

movement of solutes in the phloem, from sources to sinks

Question 24

Source

Answer 24

organ that produces or stores carbohydrates - leaves, storage roots, etc.

Question 25

Sink

Answer 25

organs that consume carbohydrates for growth and storage - roots, flowers, fruit, developing leaves

Question 26

Pressure Flow Model

Answer 26

At source:

1. Sucrose is transported into companion cells
2. Water potential is lowered
3. Water enters sieve tube elements from xylem by osmosis
4. Turgor pressure increases, which pushes sieve tube contents towards sink

At sink:

1. Sucrose moves out of the phloem
2. Water moves back into the xylem

Question 27

Loading

Answer 27

Transport of solutes from sources into sieve tubes

Question 28

Unloading

Answer 28

transport of solutes from sieve tubes into sinks

Question 29

Gibberellins

Answer 29

Increase stem elongation, fruit growth, germination

Question 30

Auxin

Answer 30

Enables plants to bend towards light by increasing auxin concentration on shaded side causing bend

Question 31

Comparison between plants and animal hormones

Answer 31

1. Hormones are synthesized all over the plant instead of specialized glands or cells
2. Hormones can work locally or distant, whereas animal hormones are generally distant and transported
3. Plant hormones can be very diverse, whereas animal hormones are often specific
4. Plant hormones are regulated by biochemical feedback, whereas animals are regulated by the nervous system and ions as well as biochemistry

Question 32

Pollination

Answer 32

process of moving pollen produced by the anthers of a flower to the stigma

Question 33

Three main contexts of pollination

Answer 33

1. hermaphroditic flowers (both male and female on same flower)
2. hermaprhoditic plants (separate male and female on same plant)
3. dioecious plants (either male or female parts, but not both)

Question 34

The male spermophyte does what

Answer 34

produces pollen, the gametophyte

Question 35

Effective pollinator

Answer 35

animal that picks up pollen as their body moves past the anthers of a flower and carries the pollen to the stigma of that flower, a female flower on the same plant, or to different plants.

Question 36

Why is there a distinction between flower visitors and pollinators?

Answer 36

Not all visitors perform pollination

Question 37

Nectar uses how much of plant’s available energy?

Answer 37

30%

Question 38

Annuals vs Biennials vs Perennials

Answer 38

Annuals: Plants that perform their entire life cycle from seed to flower to seed within a single growing season. All roots, stems and leaves of the plant die annually.

Biennials - Plants which require two years to complete their life cycle. First season growth results in a small rosette of leaves near the soil surface. During the second season’s growth stem elongation, flowering and seed formation occur followed by the entire plant’s death.

Perennials - Plants that persist for many growing seasons. Generally the top portion of the plant dies back each winter and regrows the following spring from the same root system.

Question 39

Vegetative vs. Seed

Answer 39

Vegetative (non-vascular, asexual) requires water, seeds require either wind (gymnosperms) or pollinators (angiosperms)

Question 40

Forest pathology

Answer 40

1. Science of the causes and effects of diseases in forestry

2. Much caused by fungi

Question 41

Signs of forest pathology

Answer 41

1. Direct evidence of fungi and dying bark (cankers)

2. Chlorosis: insufficient chlorophyl in leaves, indicated by yellowing or paling

Question 42

Demise of American chestnut

Answer 42

1. Destroyed by fungus
2. Unintentionally imported from Asia
3. Created “chestnut blight”
4. Destroyed 4 billion American chestnuts

Question 43

What is being done to fix the American chestnut blight epidemic

Answer 43

1. Breeding the potentially blight-resistant trees
2. Hybrid breeding with resistant Asian chestnut trees
3. Engineering genetic resistance