Evolution of Plants

Question 1

Phylum Bryophyta: vascular or non-vascular?

Answer 1

Bryophyta is non-vascular

Question 2

Phylum Bryophyta gametophyte (both)

Answer 2

1. ) Dominant stage of plant’s alternation of generation

2. ) Consists of leafy, brushy part of plant where sperm and egg are deposited

Question 3

Phylum Bryophyta male gametophyte

Answer 3

1. ) Sperm

2. ) Flagellated to move through moisture accumulated on leaves

Question 4

Phylum Bryophyta female gametophyte

Answer 4

1.) Egg

Question 5

Phylum Bryophyta sporophyte

Answer 5

1. ) Sporophytes produce spores that primarily move through water
2. ) Attached to gametophyte
3. ) Small, at top of gametophyte, called “spore capsule”

Question 6

Phylum Pterophyta: vascular or non-vascular?

Answer 6

Vascular

Question 7

Phylum Pterophyta structures

Answer 7

1. ) Roots
2. ) Stipe
3. ) Pinnae
4. ) Xylem
5. ) Phloem

Question 8

Phylum Pterophyta gametophyte

Answer 8

1. ) Exists in frond, above-ground portion of fern
2. ) From this point forward, the larger the plant is, the smaller the gametophyte is
3. ) No longer dominant form of alternation of generations
4. ) Consists of antheridia (male), and archegonia (female)

Question 9

Phylum Pterophyta antheridia and archegonia

Answer 9

1. ) Antheridium holds the sperm cells until triggered to release, usually in the accumulation of water
2. ) Archegonia holds egg

Question 10

Phylum Pterophyta sporophyte

Answer 10

1. ) Sori

2. ) Appear underneath leaves

Question 11

Phylum Coniferophyta gametophyte

Answer 11

1. ) Cones
2. ) Male cone, microstrobili
3. ) Female cone, megastrobili
4. ) Both mature at different times to prevent self-pollination
5. ) The fusion of the gametes produce the sporophyte: an enclosed seed
6. ) No longer relies on water for carrying of the sperm
7. ) Relies on weather to carry pollen

Question 12

Phylum Antophyta gametophyte

Answer 12

1. ) Pistil, consisting of style and ovary
2. ) Style provides tube for sperm to travel through: one sperm for nutrition, one for fertilization of egg
3. ) Fruit develops to enclose seed and provide nutrition, also entices animals to eat and fertilize seed

Question 13

Phylum Anthophyta sporophyta

Answer 13

1. ) Stamen, consisting of anther and filament

2. ) Produces pollen

Question 14

Phylum Anthophyta reproduction

Answer 14

1. ) Primary source of transportation is now insects and birds
2. ) Provides diversity as plant sex cells will move longer distances and are more reliable
3. ) Animals are rewarded with nectar and fruit
4. ) Weather is secondary