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Biology 197 > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

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1
Q

Define evolution

A

The change in genetic composition of populations over time

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2
Q

Define evolutionary theory

A

Large body of accumulated science on what evolutionary changes have occurred and how they occur

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3
Q

What are the three principles of Darwin’s theory?

A
  1. ) Species change over time
  2. ) Divergent species share a common ancestor
  3. ) The change in species can be explained by natural selection
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4
Q

Define natural selection

A

Increased survival and reproduction of some individuals compared with others due to preferable traits

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5
Q

Define population

A

Group of individuals of a single species that live and interbreed in a particular geographic area at the same time

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6
Q

Fill in the blank:

Individuals do not evolve; ________ do.

A

Populations

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7
Q

What are the five processes for evolution?

A
  1. ) Mutations
  2. ) Selection
  3. ) Gene flow
  4. ) Genetic drift
  5. ) Non-random mating
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8
Q

Define mutation

A

Change in sequence of organism’s DNA

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9
Q

Are mutations helpful, harmful, or random in that sense?

A

Random

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10
Q

Define adaptation

A
  1. ) Favored trait that evolves through natural selection

2. ) The process of evolving favored traits

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11
Q

What is the difference between stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection?

A

Stabilizing favors average individuals.
Directional favors one extreme.
Disruptive favors both extremes.

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12
Q

Define genetic drift

A

Random changes in allele frequencies in generations

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13
Q

When is genetic drift most likely to occur?

A

Smaller populations as a result of “population bottlenecks”

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14
Q

Define founder effect

A

Small number of individuals colonize new area; unlikely to include all genetic variation of source population

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15
Q

Why does non-random mating affect allele frequencies?

A
  1. ) An organism that survives but fails to reproduce makes no contribution to the next generation.
  2. ) Traits evolved to appeal to non-random mating can harm chances of survival (i.e. bright feathers can be appealing to mates but also predators)
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16
Q

How is evolution measured?

A

Changes in allele/genotype frequencies over time

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17
Q

Define Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

Purely theoretical situation where evolution does not occur

  1. ) No mutation
  2. ) No selection among genotypes
  3. ) No gene flow
  4. ) Huge population size
  5. ) Mating is random
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18
Q

Define genome

A

Complete DNA sequence

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19
Q

Define phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of organisms

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20
Q

Define phlyogenetic tree

A

Diagram of evolutionary history organized by lineage

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21
Q

Define ancestral trait and derived trait

A

Ancestral trait: initial condition

Derived trait: new condition

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22
Q

Define morphology

A

Physical characteristics

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23
Q

Define paleontology

A

Study of fossils

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24
Q

Define molecular data

A

DNA, genome

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25
Q

Define species

A
  1. ) Groups of organisms that mate with one or another
  2. ) Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups
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26
Q

Define reproductive isolation

A

Situation where two groups of organisms cannot exchange genes

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27
Q

Define taxonomy and systemics

A

Science of classifying and naming species

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28
Q

Define habitat partitioning

A

Speciation dependent on fulfilling survival/reproductive niche (i.e. birds that become separate in diet and their abilities to fulfill their dietary needs)

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29
Q

What are the limitations of hybridization?

A
  1. ) Mechanical isolation: reproductive organs are physically incompatible
  2. ) Temporal isolation: species have different mating seasons, so are partitioned in time
  3. ) Behavioral isolation: rejection or failure to recognize individuals of other species as mating partners.
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30
Q

Define hybrid zones

A

Areas where hybridization can still occur

31
Q

Define de-extinction

A

Science of bringing extinct species back to life

32
Q

Define binomial nomenclature

A

Two part naming system:

  1. ) Genus
  2. ) Specific identifier

i.e. Homo sapiens

33
Q

Define half-life

A

Half of the atoms in a radioisotope decay to become a different, stable, isotope; basis for radiometric dating

34
Q

Define plate tectonics

A

Movement of major land masses

35
Q

What happens in response to dramatic changes in Earth’s physical environment?

A

Mass extinctions

36
Q

What words describe earth’s conditions on a short-term and long-term basis?

A

Short-term: weather

Long-term: climate

37
Q

Define fossil

A

Remains or impression of an ancient organism

38
Q

Define prokaryote

A

Single-celled organism lacking nucleus

39
Q

Define eukaryote

A

Multi-cellular organism with genetic material in a nucleus

40
Q

Define endosymbiosis

A

Engulfment of one cyanobacterium by larger eukaryotic cell

41
Q

Define chloroplasts

A

Enzymes and pigments that perform photosynthesis and only occur in eukaryotes

42
Q

Define alternation of generations

A

Process that includes a multicellular diploid stage (sporophyte) and a multicellular haploid stage (gametophyte). Spores develop into gametophytes.

43
Q

Define gametes

A

Mature reproductive cell (egg or sperm)

44
Q

Define vascular plants (tracheophytes)

A

Well developed vascular systems with fluid-containing cells called tracheids

45
Q

Define nonvascular plants

A

Plants in which some have conduction cells, but no tracheids

46
Q

Define tracheids

A

A type of water-conducting cell in the xylem; used for transport

47
Q

Give examples of nonvascular plants

A

Liverworts, mosses, hornworts

48
Q

Where do nonvascular plants live?

A

Moist habitats

49
Q

How big are nonvascular plants and why?

A

Generally small because the lack of transport of water; must rely on diffusion

50
Q

What do liverworts look like?

A

Green, leaflike gametophytes

51
Q

Mosses have what important structure that is important in gas exchange and water retention?

A

Stomata

52
Q

Fill in the blank:

Mosses have a similar structure to tracheids called ____.

A

Hydroids

53
Q

Where do mosses live?

A

Almost all land environments

54
Q

What do hornworts’ sporophytes look like?

A

Small horns

55
Q

How many chloroplasts do the cells of hornworts contain?

A

One chloroplast

56
Q

The sporophytes grow from where and can divide how many times?

A

Basal region; infinite

57
Q

Hornworts have symbiotic relationships with what? Where do they live? What do they do?

A

Cyanobacteria; internal caveties; nitrogen fixation

58
Q

Define vascular system

A

System consisting of tissues specialized for the transport of water and materials from one part of the plant to another.

59
Q

Define xylem

A

Structure that conducts water and minerals from the soil to the aerial parts of the plant.

60
Q

Phloem

A

Structure that conducts products of photosynthesis from production sites to use or storage sites.

61
Q

What is the significance of lignin?

A

Exists in cell walls to provide structural support, allowing taller growth

62
Q

Define monilophytes

A

horsetails and ferns

63
Q

What do the leaves of the horsetails look like?

A

They’re smaller and in whorls

64
Q

Fill in the blank:

Horsetails have an independent ________ and _______.

A

Sporophytes and gametophytes

65
Q

Define seed plants

A

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

66
Q

What are the significance of seeds?

A

Seeds provide a secure and lasting dormant stage for the embryo. They also provide nutrients when the embryo begins to grow.

67
Q

What is the male gametophyte in seed plants? What is its significance?

A

Pollen grain; contains sporopollenin which prevents drying and chemical damage.

68
Q

Define secondary growth

A

Increasing diameter of roots and stems by growth of xylem (forms wood)

69
Q

Define gymnosperms

A

Seed plants that do not form flowers or fruits

70
Q

Gymnosperms produce “naked seeds”, which means what?

A

The ovules and seeds are not protected by ovary or fruit tissue

71
Q

Gymnosperms include conifers, which mean what?

A

Cone-bearing plants

72
Q

Define cuticles

A

a waxy coating that slows water loss

73
Q

Define stomata

A

closable openings that regulate gas exchange and water loss

74
Q

Embryos

A

young plants contained within a protective structure

Biology 197 (8 decks)

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