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ecology and evolution > exam two > Flashcards

exam two Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three groups animals can be classified as based off way to regulate body temperature

A

homeotherm, poikilotherms, heterotherms

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2
Q

maintain constant internal temperature, regardless of external temperature

A

homeotherm

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3
Q

allow body temperatures to fluctuate with ambient temperature

A

poikilotherms

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4
Q

sometimes regulate body temperature and sometimes do not

A

heterotherms

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5
Q

what is the temperature coefficient

A

Q10

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6
Q

what is the factorial increase in metabolism over each 10°C increment of temperature

A

Q10; temp coeff.

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7
Q

what is the formula for Q10

A

RT/RT-10 (RT= metabolic rate at temp. T)

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8
Q

The Q10 does not apply to _____

A

homeotherms

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9
Q

if the metabolic rate is higher at a higher temperature than than Q10 is less than or greater than 1

A

greater than

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10
Q

what are three adaptations animals can have in response to temperature

A

avoidance(shelter), color/morphology, evaporative cooling

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11
Q

movement of a solvent through a semi permeable membrane into solution of higher concentration

A

osmosis

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12
Q

when cells are more dilute than surrounding environment (must inhibit water loss by osmosis)

A

hypoosmotic (hypotonic)

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13
Q

cells have same concentration as surrounding environment (do nothing to maintain osmotic balance)

A

isoosmotic (isotonic)

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14
Q

cells are more concentrated than surrounding environment (must prevent excessive water inflow)

A

hyperosmotic

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15
Q

the breakdown of chemical bonds formed during the construction of plant and animal tissues

A

decomposition

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16
Q

protozoa and nematodes

A

microfauna

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17
Q

bacteria and fungi

A

microflora

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18
Q

mites

A

mesofauna

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19
Q

termites

A

macrofauna

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20
Q

milipedes, earthworms, snails

A

megafauna

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21
Q

_______ are important decomposers because of their large numbers

A

microflora

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22
Q

dominant composers of dead animal matter

A

bacteria

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23
Q

major decomposers of dead plant matter

A

fungi

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24
Q

loss of soluble sugars and other dissolvable compounds (decomposing step one)

A

leaching

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25
Q

reduction of organic matter into smaller particles (Step two)

A

fragmentation

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26
Q

transformation of organic particles into inorganic forms (step 3)

A

mineralization

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27
Q

what is the soil region immediately surrounding the roots

A

rhizophere

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28
Q

what are the two ways soil is microbially active

A

root sloughing and root exudates

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29
Q

microorganisms prefer ______ molecules

A

simple

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30
Q

glucose, sucrose, cellulose, lignin goes simple to complex or complex to simple

A

simple to complex

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31
Q

faster decomposition and more microbial activity is due to _______ temp.

A

higher

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32
Q

any condition that favors microbrial activity _____ decomp.

A

favors

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33
Q

a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at the same time

A

population

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34
Q

what 4 things are populations characterized by

A

density, age structure, birth and death rate

35
Q

a __ organism has a predictable amd determinate life

A

unitary

36
Q

most plants are ____ organsims

A

modular

37
Q

the number of individuals per unit area

A

crude density

38
Q

density measured in terms of the amount of area available as living space

A

ecological density

39
Q

position of each individual is independent of the others

A

random dispersion

40
Q

individuals evenly distributed. also called uniform (lawns)

A

spaced dispersion

41
Q

individuals are distributed in patches
(humans)

A

clumped dispersion

42
Q

the movement of an individual out of one habitat and into another

A

emigration

43
Q

the movement of an individual into one habitat from another

A

immigration

44
Q

the ratio of sexes at conception

A

primary sex ratio

45
Q

the ratio of sexes at birth

A

secondary sex ratio

46
Q

number of birth per 1000

A

crude birth rate

47
Q

maximum possible number of births per female under ideal conditions

A

physiological natality

48
Q

rate or number of deaths

A

mortality

49
Q

following a cohort of individuals until all are dead

A

horizontal life table

50
Q

constructed by pooling several horizontal life tables

A

dynamic-composite life table

51
Q

constructed by sampling individuals of different ages during a single time period

A

vertical life table

52
Q

ratio of deaths to the number alive at the beginning of a period

A

death rate

53
Q

the number of breeding individuals that will be produced by each breeding individual in a pop.

A

net reproductive rate (Ro)

54
Q

Ro > 1

A

population growing in size

55
Q

for survivorship curve, survivors are plotted on ____ axis

A

y

56
Q

growth by populations in which generations do not overlap

A

geometric growth

57
Q

growth by populations in which generations do overlap

A

exponential growth

58
Q

two reasons exponential growth cannot continue forever

A

deterioration of environment, limited resources

59
Q

logistic population growth has _ shaped curve called _

A

S, sigmoidal

60
Q

when number of population is at ___ of carrying capacity it will be growing at ___ rate

A

1/2, fastest

61
Q

bisexual plants are called

A

hermaphrodites

62
Q

seperate male and female parts

A

dioecious

63
Q

______ hermaphrodites have seperate male and female flowers on same stem

A

monoecious

64
Q

outcrossing instead of self fertilization benefit?

A

increases genetic variation

65
Q

seeds are exposed during development

A

gymnosperm

66
Q

sequential hermaphrodite are _____ _____ at different stages

A

different sexes (jack=in-the-pulpit)

67
Q

competiton among individuals of the same gender for the oppurtunity to mate

A

intraexual selection

68
Q

_____ invest more in reproduction

A

females

69
Q

able to move at or shortly after birth

A

precocial

70
Q

born helpless, naked and often blind

A

altricial

71
Q

a megapode is _____ unlike most birds

A

precocial

72
Q

invest all their energy in growth, development and energy store for most of their lives, expand all energy in one massive suicidal reproductive effort

A

semelparous (corn, moths, salmon)

73
Q

produce few younger at one time and repeat reproduction throughout lifetime

A

iteroparous

74
Q

sex ratio will become skewed to ____ expensive sex

A

less

75
Q

small, high reproductive rates, live short lives

A

r-species

76
Q

large, low reproductive rates, live long

A

k-species

77
Q

two competing species with identical ecological requirements cannot occupy same area

A

competitive exclusion principle

78
Q

if two species co exist they must possess ecological differences

A

corollary

79
Q

the production and release of chemical substances by plant species that inhibit the growth of other plant species

A

allelopathy

80
Q

the fundamental role of the organism in the communty - what it does, its relation to its food and enemies

A

niche

81
Q

the conditions under which an organism actually exists

A

realized niche

82
Q

contraction od habitat resulting from competition

A

niche compression

83
Q

niche expansion in result to reduced interspecific competition

A

ecological release

84
Q

adoption of changed behavioral and feeding patterns by two or more competing populations to reduce interspecific competition

A

niche shift

ecology and evolution (5 decks)

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