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ecology and evolution > exam four > Flashcards

exam four Flashcards

1
Q

what is the carbon dioxide concentration in the air?

A

0.0419%

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2
Q

120, 60, 60

A

120 is the amount of carbon dioxide that is assimilated by land plants
60 is amount plants respire into atmosphere
60 is emitted from the soil into atmosphere

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3
Q

what are the two major sources of carbon dioxide into atmosphere (increase)

A

fossil fuels and deforestation

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4
Q

when the sun is up the leaves photosynthesize which cause them to ____. their carbon dioxide intake

A

increase

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5
Q

as light intensity gets _____, carbon dioxide increases

A

lower

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6
Q

at the floor of the forest the co2 concentration is the ____

A

highest

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7
Q

CO2 is ____ in the atmosphere across the world

A

homogenous (more or less the same everywhere)

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8
Q

what is the atmospheric concentration of nitrogen (N2)

A

78%

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9
Q

most of the nitrogen is in the ____ of the earth

A

lower and upper mantel

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10
Q

Factories turn atmospheric nitrogen into _____ for farmers in crops and animals

A

fertilizer

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11
Q

Lightening can form N2 into _____ and it gets into the water

A

nitrate

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12
Q

Legumes can fix ____ and turn it into ammonium

A

nitrogen

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13
Q

the conversion of N2 into ammonium and nitrate by bacteria is called (2 types)

A

biological nitrogen fixation

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14
Q

what bacteria does symbiotic N2 fixation

A

rhizobia

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15
Q

____ have a mutualistic relationship with N2 fixing bacteria

A

legumes

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16
Q

what legumes have mutualistic relationship

A

peanuts, clover, peas, soy bean, coffee tree, black locust

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17
Q

white clover contains nodules which have _____ in them that are converting N2

A

bacteria

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18
Q

nonleguminous plants that have N2 fixing ability

A

black alder (play important role in late succession species ; enrich soil with nitrogen)

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19
Q

water fern is another example of ____ fixing plant (helps in rice fields; commensalism; water fern not affected)

A

nitrogen

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20
Q

non-symbitoic N2 fixation is done by

A

free living bacteria in the soil & cyanobacteria in aquatic ecosystems

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21
Q

nitrification (NH4-NO3; two steps) can only occur by ____ condition

A

aerobic

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22
Q

denitrification (no3 to n2) requires ____ condition

A

anaerobic

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23
Q

(wetland conditions) Nitrate is very _____

A

mobile (this allows it to go under aerobic layer to anaerobic layer)

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24
Q

in soil pH > 7 a process called ammonium ____ occurs (NH4 —> NH3)

A

volatilization

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25
Q

biomass burning and land clearing/animals (cow poop) both cause a lot of _____ into atmosphere or ground water

A

nitrogen

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26
Q

Why is nitrogen deposition high in indiana?

A

more agriculture, more nitrogen in the ground.

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27
Q

nitrate is more or less mobile than ammonium

A

more (maybe the most mobile; nitrate will rise in concentration first)

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28
Q

average composition of oxygen in atmosphere

A

20.95%

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29
Q

two types of oxygen in atmosphere

A

o2, o3

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30
Q

what are the two ways o2 is added in atmosphere

A

dissociation of h20 and photosynthesis

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31
Q

o2 is produced in first step of photosynthesis which is called

A

photolysis (splits water)

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32
Q

glucose is made from what two products

A

CO2 and H2O

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33
Q

Oxygen concentration and carbon conc. has been ____

A

variable

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34
Q

cause smog and can be damaging (ozone)

A

pollutant

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35
Q

can prevent excessiev UV light from reaching earths surface (ozone)

A

acting as sunscreen

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36
Q

any ozone in troposphere is ____ but ___ in stratosphere

A

bad; good

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37
Q

UV light splits O2 and those Oxygen molecules can interact with another to make ____ (happens in stratosphere)

A

03

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38
Q

three chemicals which destroy ozone in atmosphere

A

chlorofluorocarbons, N2O, methane (green house gases)

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39
Q

A chlorine molecule in contact with UV radiation breaks off and colides with __ to make O2 (then the Cl is freed when a free oxygen kicks it off)

A

O3

40
Q

both nitrous oxide and nitric oxide can destroy ____

A

ozone

41
Q

Ozone is measured in two units, what are they?

A

DU, nb

42
Q
A
43
Q

in an ozone hole the O3 concentration has decreased to < ____ DU

A

220

44
Q

temperature differs the most when it comes to ____ of location

A

latitude

45
Q

the most variable factor when changing altitude is ____

A

temperature

46
Q

when you go up in elevation the temp will ____

A

decrease

47
Q

coniferous trees are found at ____ elevation in rocky mountains

A

higher

48
Q

vegetation types in the rocky mountains ____ based off elevation

A

vary

49
Q

what environmental factor will change the most when you move across a continent

A

moisture

49
Q

____ and _____ determine type of vegetation zonation and animals present

A

temperature and moisture

50
Q

major regional ecological community of plants and animals

A

biome

51
Q

what is the major forest community in indiana?

A

temperate; oak hickory and beech maple (beech maple is the best answer)

52
Q

when temperature and precipitation are very high what is the vegetation?

A

tropical rainforest

53
Q

when temp is low and preci. low

A

tundra

54
Q

temp is high, precipitation is low

A

desert

55
Q

merriam life zones are based on

A

temperature

56
Q

what are the three merriam regions in north america

A

boreal, austreal, and tropical

57
Q

hardiness zone is based on _____ over 30 years

A

temperature

58
Q

holdridge life zone is based off

A

average biotemp. and precipitation

59
Q

evaporation + transpiration = PET (evapotranspiration; amount of water in atmosphere. what can PET tell us?

A

whether an area will become dry or wet
PET=1 means no change
PET>1 means area will get drier

60
Q

major ecosystems that result from predic. patters influenced by latitude, global position, and altitude

A

ecoregions

61
Q

what is the largest category of ecoregions

A

domains (4 in north america)

62
Q

biogeographical regions are distributed by

A

terrestrial animals (world is divided into 6)

63
Q

house sparrow is a very adaptable bird species and is found _____

A

everywhere

64
Q

north america is _____

A

nearctic

65
Q

When CO2 increases, theoretically _____ rate should also increase (because co2 is a substrate of this reaction)

A

photosynthetic

66
Q

photosynthetic rate is measured in the field by a _____ which looks at co2

A

machine

67
Q

what is the response ratio of elevated CO2 on photosynthetic rate, what were the findings of CO2 being doubled compared to ambient CO2

A

doubled CO2/ ambient CO2. there is a 44% increase in photosynthetic rate when CO2 is doubled

68
Q

the higher level of photo rate in correlation with elevated co2 is called

A

fertilization effect of elevated CO2

69
Q

what environmental factors affect photo. rate

A

water, soil nutrient level, ozone

70
Q

under drought stress plants will grow more or less with ambient CO2 compared to elevated CO2

A

less

71
Q

low soil nutrient level will affect the plant so that elevated co2 will or will not make a difference

A

will not

72
Q

a higher level of ozone negatively affect plant growth where?

A

root system (underground)

73
Q

The CO2 increase makes ozone affect less or more serious

A

less

74
Q

The CO2 elevation allows plants to allocate more resources to fight the negative affects from _____ and ____

A

ozone, water

75
Q

which functional group will respond more photosynthetically to elevated co2? C3 or C4

A

C3

76
Q

C4 plants do well under CO2 duress, ___ have higher CO2 compensation point

A

C3

77
Q

which functional group will respond more photosynthetically to elevated CO2? leguminous or non-leguminous

A

leguminous (because they have nitrogen fixing bacteria)

78
Q

how sustainable is effect of elevated co2 on photosynthesis on an individual level

A

as co2 increase, photosyn. rate will increase and then plateau

79
Q

how sustainable is effect of elevated co2 on photosynthesis on a community or ecosystem level

A

the photo. rate will increase and then plateau (same on individual level as community level)

79
Q

any chnage in plant respiration of carbon has larger affects than ____ ____ burning

A

fossil fuel

80
Q

Respiration associated with synthesis of new materials.

A

growth respiration

80
Q

– Respiration associated with maintenance of existing materials.

A

Maintenance respiration

80
Q

very high concentration of co2 can ____ enzymes (such as decomposition) ; this is. a direct response

A

inhibit

81
Q

very high co2 can be bad though because it can possibly inhibit _____ enzymes

A

respiratory

81
Q

elevated co2 affects leaf chemistry which is a ____ response

A

indirect

81
Q

what is the relationship between

leaf carbohydrates/ starch and elevated CO2

A

there is a higher level of starch with elevated c02

81
Q

why respiration might be higher at 2x co2

A

respiration could be regulated by need for respiration
or
supply of substrates for photosynthesis (CO2) or
higher number of mitochondria

82
Q

what is the relationship between

leaf nitrogen and elevated co2

A

elevated co2 will decrease leaf nitrogen concentration (nitrogen is directly related to protein)

83
Q

water use effeciency in plants will be higher with elevated co2, why?

A

they can afford to close their stomata more and not lose as much water

84
Q

nutrient use efficiency is the _____ of the amount of nutrient

A

opposite/ reciprocal

85
Q

elevated co2 will increase total plant _____ or biomass

A

product (plants will grow bigger)

86
Q

crop quality and elevated co2

A

protein level like nitrogen will drop so crop quality will drop (legumes are least affected)

87
Q

global temperature is rising why?

A

4 greenhouse gases are rising (N02, CO2, methane, CCl3)

88
Q

the concentration of O2 and CO2 have been ____ in the history

A

variant

89
Q

when CO2 goes down, 02 goes ____

A

up

90
Q

CO2 has never exceeded __ ppm until now

A

300

ecology and evolution (5 decks)

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