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ecology and evolution > exam four; pt. two > Flashcards

exam four; pt. two Flashcards

1
Q

the ____ sparrow is considered invasive in north america

A

house

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2
Q

higher PET, the number of _____ richness increases

A

species

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3
Q

indiana has how many endemic (unique) to indiana

A

0

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4
Q

the states with more endemic species have more ____; resulting from different topography within the state

A

microniches

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5
Q

the penstemon deamii may be endemic to indiana

A
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6
Q

____ covers 25% of earths land surface; there are two types

A

grassland; tropical and temperate

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7
Q

high evaporation,
​
severe droughts (periodically)
​
rolling - to - flat terrain
​
fires are needed to maintain grasslands
​
dominate animals are grazing and burrowing (bison and prairie dog)

A

4 common charac. of grasslands

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8
Q

if there is no fire in the grassland what happens

A

overgrowth of trees

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9
Q

what are the two grass forms of grassland

A

sod and bunch grass

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10
Q

examples of c4 grass species are

A

corn, sugar cane

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11
Q

c3 grasses species are

A

wheat and rice

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12
Q

a family can have C3 or C4 members; true or false?

A

true

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13
Q

plant family with most species

A

orchid

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14
Q

plant family with the most individuals

A

grasses

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15
Q

big bluestem grass is significant because

A

it grows tall

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16
Q

common forbs in grasslands

A

goldenrod, sweet cone flower, purple cone flower, prairie blazing star

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17
Q

more biomass in soil than above ground in ____; because of ___

A

grassland; fires

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18
Q

when temp increases, productivity of grassland _____

A

decreases (bc of dry soil)

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19
Q

high temp cause forest productivity to _____

A

increase (forests have deep roots; so dry temp. does not affect them)

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20
Q

most of the tropical savannas are in ___

A

africa

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21
Q

a tropical grassland with scattered trees or shrubs

A

savanna

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22
Q

what biome?

  • low soil nitrogen
  • extreme fluctuation of precipitation
  • not a lot of trees (vertical structure)
  • great diversity of hoofed animals (ungulates)
  • dominate herbivores: invertebrates (termites, grasshoppers)
A

savanna

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23
Q

common animals in grassland

A

african elephant, hyena, warthog, ostrich

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24
Q

common charac. of shrubland

A
  • wet winter season; dry summers
  • chapralls in california (evergreen)
  • chapralls at foot of rocky (deciduous; no chamise)
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25
Q

chapralls in california are

A

highly flammable, fire dependent and autosuccessive

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26
Q

autosucsession

A

plant species will be replaced by themselves

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27
Q

where are shrublands located

A

coastal california, mediterannian, australia, northern africa, southern europe

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28
Q

two types of deserts

A

arid and semiarid

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29
Q

there is a lot of ____ in australia

A

iron

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30
Q

two semiarid deserts

A

gobi and the great basin

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31
Q

two arid deserts

A

australian desert and sahara

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32
Q

plants are adapted to desert by ___ ____ or ____ _____

A

drought evasion; drought resistance

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33
Q

drought evasion or draught resistance?

active growth only when there is water (geophytee or hemicryophytes)

A

drought evasion

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34
Q

drought resistance or drought evasion?

mostly evergreen which are deep rotted (perennials)

A

drought resistance

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35
Q

plants with deep roots are most likely using what mechanism

A

drought resistance

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36
Q

what biome?

permanent layer of frozen ground (permafrost)

A

tundra

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37
Q

no more woody species in higher elevation of tundra, which results in stunted form of tress

A

krumholts

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38
Q

there are three types of forests, what are they? (most important in global carbon cycle, does 60 mega of carbon assmilition )

A

coniferous, temperate deciduous, tropical `

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39
Q

the coniferous plants are _____, whose seeds are not enclosed in ovary during development

A

gymnosperms

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40
Q

all coniferous are evergreen except

A

bald cypress (southern indiana), larch

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41
Q

angiosperms are ____ plants

A

flowering

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42
Q

conifer: genous picea (monoecious), what species?

A

norway spruce

43
Q

conifer: abies balsamea (monoecious)

A

balsam fir (christmas tree)

44
Q

conifer: pinus taeda (monoecious), what species?

A

loblolly pine

45
Q

conifer: larix laricina (monoecious) what species

A

eastern larch

46
Q

conifer: monoecious means

A

male and female parts on individual stem

47
Q

conifer: Tsuga canadensis

A

eastern hemlock

48
Q

conifer: juniper communis (dioecious) species

A

common juniper

49
Q

all conifer are monoecious except

A

juniper

50
Q

all conifers are evergreen except

A

larynx

51
Q

temperate deciduous forests located where in the world

A

europe, east asia, north america

52
Q

deciduous: fagus; species?

A

american beech (late successional species; shade tolerant)

53
Q

deciduous: acer; species?

A

sugar maple (late successional, on the rise ) 1

54
Q

deciduous: quercus; species?

A

eastern red oak

55
Q

deciduous: betula; species?

A

yellow birch

56
Q

deciduous: liriodendron; species?

A

magnoliacae

57
Q

deciduous: populas tremuloides; species? it is the most widely distributed tree in north america

A

trembling aspen

58
Q

sugar maple is on the rise because of putting out ____ ____, causes oak trees to get pushed out (oat trees are fire resistant)

A

forest fires

59
Q

what are the three broadleaved, evergreen trees

A

eucalyptus, nothofagus, southern magnolia

60
Q

the tropical rainforests cover ___% of worlds total land area and ___ of plant and animal species live in them

A

23; half

61
Q

Trees in tropical rain forest have ____ and ___ bark ( becasue there is no need for storage of water)

A

smooth; thin

62
Q

in tropical rain forest leaves have large oval leaves and “___ ____” so they don’t collect water

A

drip tips

63
Q

the buttress or prop roots of a tree in tropical rainforest are meant to help ____ the tree

A

stabilize

64
Q

corn plants can grow ___ ____ to support themselves in chaotic environment

A

pop roots

65
Q
A
66
Q

in tropical rainforest there is a lot of _____

A

epiphytes

67
Q

______ are plants that grow on the plants of other plants

A

epiphytes

68
Q

the distance between tree canopies

A

crown shyness (causes: to avoid overuse and lower branches get sunlight)

69
Q

the bird of paradise is a _____ animal

A

rainforest

70
Q

the purpose of a bird of paradise tail is

A

to attract mates (bird with longest tail has highest reproductive success)

71
Q

what are the two types of aquatic ecosystems

A

salt and fresh water

72
Q

freshwater ecosytem can be further divided into ___ and ___

A

lakes (lentic) ; rivers

73
Q

four different type of lakes

A

pot hole, glacial, volcanic crater, oxbow

74
Q

the top layer of the lake is called

A

limnetic zone

75
Q

the bottom layer of the lake is called

A

profundal

76
Q

in between limnetic and profundal zones of a lake there is

A

compensation level

77
Q

helophytes grow in the soil and are submerged in water, at a lake what is this zone called

A

littoral zone

78
Q

what type of lake status? low surface-voume ratio
clean and clear
low in primary and secondary productivity (not a lot of fish and other organisms)

A

oligotrphic

79
Q

what is the lake status?
high surface-to-volume ratio
muddy

A

eutrophic (trophic means nutrients; eu means abundant)

80
Q

the limiting nutrient in lakes for algae growth is

A

phosphorous (because it is immobile)

81
Q

what ecosystem has these characteristics?
- mostly heterotrophic
- most energy comes from surrounding forests, higher
- productivity of primary producers (6-30 x higher than lakes)

A

river

82
Q

a small headwater stream with no tributaries

A

first order stream

83
Q

two first order streams join to form ___ ____ stream

A

second order

84
Q

a body of land from where all water drains to the same river

A

watershed

85
Q

three zones of ocean

A

euphotic, disphotic, aphotic

86
Q

in the intertidal zone of ocean, the vegetation is known as

A

tidal marsh

87
Q

a special species in tidal marshe is ___ ___ ____ it has (2 adaptations) specialized salt-secreting cells, have hollow tubes leading from leaf to roots

A

smooth cord grass

88
Q

lots of fish lay eggs in ____ ___ because there are no waves (ecosystem is common in florida)

A

mangrove swamp

89
Q

the red mangroev reproduces by ____; which means the mother plants makes little plants, not seeds

A

vivipary

90
Q

the effects of deforestation on tropical rainforest

A

loss of biodiversity, soil erosion and flooding, weather pattern changes, loss of carbon sink

91
Q

what are the two types of smog

A

industrial and photochemical

92
Q

what four conditions must occur to have photochem. smog

A

sunlight, temp greater than 18°C, NO2 and VOC(volatile organic compounds)

93
Q

NO2+VOC makes

A

PAN (secondary pollutant) or smog

94
Q

isoprene and monoterpenes are tress which emit ___

A

VOC

95
Q

process of being able to track where pollution is coming from (usually from factories)

A

point pollution source

96
Q

non point source pollution is where the source of pollution can be from large stretch of ___

A

farmland

97
Q

biological pollutants can be (ex. purple loosestrife, multiflowered rose, garlic mustard, japanese honeysuckle, bradford pear)

A

invasive species

98
Q

biological pollutants (animals)

A

zebra mussel, brown snake, japanese beetles, emerald ash borer, honey bee, brown stink bug, spotted lantern fly, european starling

99
Q

insects can develop ____ to pest control products

A

resistance

100
Q

the percentage of crops lost has only grown a small amount since ____

A

pesticide

101
Q

after a pest has been virtually eliminated with a pesticide, the pest pop. recovers and explodes to higher number. what is this called?

A

resurgance

102
Q

what are the mites on honey bees

A

varona

103
Q

osprey and bald eagle have declined because of ____. It affects the formation of their eggshells

A

DDT

104
Q

long term solution of pest control is

A

using natural enemies of pests

ecology and evolution (5 decks)

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