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ecology and evolution > exam one > Flashcards

exam one Flashcards

1
Q

survival and reproduction; the unit of natural selection is _____

A

organism

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2
Q

what is the unit of evolution?

A

population

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3
Q

who coined the term ecology

A

ernst haeckel

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4
Q

the study of living organisms and interactions with non-living environment (structure and function of nature)

A

ecology

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5
Q

ecology is a _____ discipline

A

multifaceted

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6
Q

who pointed out that regions of the world with similar climates supported similar vegetation

A

Ludwig Willdenow, Humboldt

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7
Q

who wrote first ecology book

A

warming

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8
Q

henry cowles established plant ____ as concept of modern ecology

A

succession

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9
Q

brought environmental problems to public attention

A

rachel carson

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10
Q

___ ____ can be reflected or absorbed by atmosphere or earths surface

A

solar radiation

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11
Q

how much of solar radiation is reflected back or absorbed

A

49%

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12
Q

how much of solar radiation is absorbed by earths surface

A

51%

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13
Q

_____ reflects light back at the highest rate (45-90%)

A

snow and ice

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14
Q

_____ reflects light back at 2%

A

water

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15
Q

_____ reflects light back at 5-30%

A

forests

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16
Q

climate is ___ ____ and weather is ____ ___

A

long term, short term

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17
Q

humans have ____% neanderthal DNA

A

1-2

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18
Q

water content in the air is defined in terms of ____ ____ (megapascal)

A

vapor pressure

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19
Q

the amount of pressure water vapor exerts independent of the dry air

A

vapor pressure

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20
Q

the pressure that water vapor exerts when the air is moisture saturated (can hold no more water)

A

saturation VP

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21
Q

saturation VP - current VP =

A

vapor pressure deficit

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22
Q

the temperature at which saturation VP is achieved for a given water content of the air

A

dew point temperature

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23
Q

____ air holds more moisture

A

hot

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24
Q

relative humidity =

A

current VP/ saturation VP x 100

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25
Q

under what circumstance does dew point temperature = current temp.

A

when air is 100% saturated with moisture

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26
Q

when the air is drier is there a small or big difference in dew point temp. vs. current temp.

A

big

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27
Q

____ ____ is a disruption of the normal ocean-atmosphere system in the pacific ocean

A

el nino

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28
Q

what does el nino cause

A

unusually warm water

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29
Q

what does el nino mean

A

little boy or christ child

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30
Q

how often does el nino occur

A

every 4-7 years

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31
Q

what is the current trend of el nino occurrences

A

they are stronger and more frequent

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32
Q

el nino is caused by ____ ____ air pressure from east to west (also called souther oscillation)

A

non consistent

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33
Q

sea temp is higher in the west than in south america due to ______; which causes ____ water from deeper levels to rise

A

upwelling; cold

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34
Q

what are two possible causes of el nino

A

underwater earthquakes, pacific trying to keep up scale with sun

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35
Q

la nina causes ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical pacific to be ____

A

cooler

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36
Q

el nina occurs when

A

after some el nino years but not all

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37
Q

what are four important greenhouse gases

A

carbon dioxide, methane, chloroflurocarbons, nitrous oxide

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38
Q

what is the most important greenhouse gas

A

water vapor

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39
Q

water vapor contributes to ___ of the greenhouse gas effect

A

3/4

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40
Q

what is the most important human made green house gas

A

carbon dioxide

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41
Q

how much does carbon dioxide contribute to the human made greenhouse effect

A

1/2

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42
Q

the greenhouse effect is _____ for life on earth

A

essential

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43
Q

the greenhouse effect keeps earth’s temp at about ____

A

15°C

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44
Q

what would the temperature be without greenhouse effect

A

-18°C

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45
Q

anthropogenic means

A

man made

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46
Q

what are the consequences of the man made green house effect

A

rising in global temp, melting of ice caps, flooding of low-lying regions

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47
Q

what are the two groups of photosynthetic pigments

A

chlorophylls and carotenoids

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48
Q

energy intercepted by plants have what unit of measurement

A

micomol per square meter per second

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49
Q

what is the leaf area index equation

A

total leaf area/ ground area

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50
Q

what is the unit of leaf cover _______

A

dimensionless

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51
Q

total leaf area refers to the area of only ___ side of leaves

A
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52
Q

Earth is approximately ____ of ocean

A

70%

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53
Q

approximately 75% of earths fresh water is in ______ and _______

A

glaciers and ice sheets

54
Q

water molecules are linked to each other by ___ ____

A

hydrogen bonds

55
Q

soil consists of what three things

A

solids, liquid and gases.

56
Q

soil has what 3 horizons

A

A, B , C

57
Q

the unconsolidated mass in which soil formation takes place

A

parent material (factors in soil formation)

58
Q

radiate energy and water

A

climate (factors in soil formation)

59
Q

affect soil development through its effect on climate

A

topography (factors in soil formation)

60
Q

vegetation, animals, bacteria, and fungi

A

biota (factors in soil formation)

61
Q

formation of soil requires

A

time (factors in soil formation)

62
Q

well developed soils high in organic matter and calcium; very productive

A

mollisols

63
Q

moist, moderately weathered mineral soils

A

alfisols

64
Q

basic constituents of all organic matter. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

A

constituent elements

65
Q

nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium

A

macronutrients

66
Q

calcium, iron, manganese, boron, cobalt, copper, molydenum, zinc, iodine

A

micronutrients

67
Q

if one nutrient is deficient, pkant growth will be limited even though supplies of all essential elements are adequate, this is what?

A

law of the minimum

68
Q

soil with aluminum production is

A

acidic

69
Q

soil with calcium production is

A

basic

70
Q

any heritable, morphological, or physiological trait that maintains or increases the fitness of an organism under a given set of environmental conditions

A

adaptation

71
Q

where do light reactions occur

A

thylakoids of granna in the chloroplast

72
Q

where do dark reactions occur

A

stroma in cholroplasts

73
Q

what is the process of splitting of water molecules

A

photolysis

74
Q

in the dark reaction how many carbon atoms will always remain

A

36

75
Q

what is another name for dark reaction

A

calvin cycle

76
Q

light reaction ends in what product being made

A

ATP , NADPH

77
Q

what is the most abundant protein on earth

A

rubisco

78
Q

in light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis are water molecules reduced

A

no; oxidized

79
Q

Are ADP molecules made in light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

A

no; ATP

80
Q

does the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis utilize photons

A

yes

81
Q

Do O2 molecules form in the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis

A

yes

82
Q

what are C3 plants

A

plants that produce 3-carbon (3PGA) during initial steps of dark reactions

83
Q

what are C4 plants

A

plants that produce 4-carbon (OAA)

84
Q

plants that are ____ cannot grow tall

A

avascular

85
Q

what does vascular tissue in plants do?

A

transport water and nutrients

86
Q

4 carbon OAA is produced from PEP and _____ during ____ reactions at night

A

CO2, dark

87
Q

OAA is converted into ____ ____ and stored in vacuoles

A

malic acid

88
Q

once outside of vacuoles (during daytime) the malic acid is converted into ______ _____ and _____

A

pyruvic acid and CO2

89
Q

what happens to the CO2 from CAM

A

it enters the calvin cycle

90
Q

what enzyme is important for CAM at night

A

PEP

91
Q

what enzyme is important for CAM during the day

A

rubisco

92
Q

what do C3, C4, and CAM all have in common

A

contain the calvin cycle

93
Q

C4 and CAM have additional steps before ____ enters the C3 pathway

A

CO2

94
Q

CO2 concentrating + calvin cycle =

A

The C4 pathway

95
Q

in the C4 pathway where is malic acid converted into pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide

A

bundle sheath cells

96
Q

malic acid is _ C atoms, _ pyruvic, _ carbon dioxide

A

4,1,3

97
Q

when is C3 more efficient than C4 and CAM

A

cool and moist conditions

98
Q

all trees are ___ plants

A

C3

99
Q

when is C4 faster than C3 plants (because the CO2 is delivered directly to rubisco)

A

high light intensity and high temperature

100
Q

The c4 plant has better water use efficiency because PEP carbox. brings in CO2 faster and keeps _____ open less.

A

stomata

101
Q

the C4 plant evolved for times when ___ was low

A

CO2

102
Q

under _____ conditions, CAM is better than C3 because stomata opens at night

A

arid

103
Q

CAM plants store more malic acid when?

A

at night

104
Q

What is the most overall efficient pathway for water lost

A

CAM

105
Q

when can photorespiration occur

A

when light is available

106
Q

photorespiration is absent in which plants

A

C4

107
Q

provides energy for plant growth and maintenance; happens in living cells all the time

A

dark respiration

108
Q

photosynthesis or respiration? anabolism and only autotrophs

A

photorespiration

109
Q

when a plant adapts to a certain temperature its photosynthetic rate will _____

A

follow

110
Q

an endothermic plant can generate its own ____

A

heat

111
Q

one advantage of endothermic plants is to attract early insects for ______ and get _____ without canopy

A

pollination; light

112
Q

how do vegetables avoid being frozen

A

lower freezing temp

113
Q

how do vegetables lower their freezing point

A

breaking down large molecules into smaller ones

114
Q

trees and plants have ____ which allows them to grow up

A

polarity

115
Q

when is polarity in a plant first established

A

in the embryo of the seed

116
Q

loss of water through stomata

A

transpiration

117
Q

when ____ comes in, ____ goes out

A

CO2, water

118
Q

Water flows from ____ water potential to ____ water potential

A

higher to lower

119
Q

soil has ____ water potential

A

negative

120
Q

soil has _____ water potential

A

highest

121
Q

what is the water potential of standing water

A

0

122
Q

when the stomata is closed, there is more or less. CO2

A

less

123
Q

when there is less co2 due to stomata closing the photosynthetic rate is

A

lower

124
Q

during the _____ ____ plants close stomata to avoid loss of water

A

midday depression

125
Q

plants cannot photosynthesize without ____; which means they are _____

A

light; respirating

126
Q

there can be an equal amount of CO2 in and CO2 out, at ___ levels of light

A

low

127
Q

with more light, photosynthetic rate _____ and more CO2 goes out

A

increases

128
Q

what is the light compensation point

A

no net chnage between CO2 out or in

129
Q

when light is at 0, what is occuring

A

dark respiration

130
Q

at light saturation point ___ will not increase

A

photosynthetic rate

131
Q

when light is greater then light compensation point is there a net gain or loss of carbon

A

gain

ecology and evolution (5 decks)

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