exam one Flashcards
1
Q
survival and reproduction; the unit of natural selection is _____
A
organism
2
Q
what is the unit of evolution?
A
population
3
Q
who coined the term ecology
A
ernst haeckel
4
Q
the study of living organisms and interactions with non-living environment (structure and function of nature)
A
ecology
5
Q
ecology is a _____ discipline
A
multifaceted
6
Q
who pointed out that regions of the world with similar climates supported similar vegetation
A
Ludwig Willdenow, Humboldt
7
Q
who wrote first ecology book
A
warming
8
Q
henry cowles established plant ____ as concept of modern ecology
A
succession
9
Q
brought environmental problems to public attention
A
rachel carson
10
Q
___ ____ can be reflected or absorbed by atmosphere or earths surface
A
solar radiation
11
Q
how much of solar radiation is reflected back or absorbed
A
49%
12
Q
how much of solar radiation is absorbed by earths surface
A
51%
13
Q
_____ reflects light back at the highest rate (45-90%)
A
snow and ice
14
Q
_____ reflects light back at 2%
A
water
15
Q
_____ reflects light back at 5-30%
A
forests
16
Q
climate is ___ ____ and weather is ____ ___
A
long term, short term
17
Q
humans have ____% neanderthal DNA
A
1-2
18
Q
water content in the air is defined in terms of ____ ____ (megapascal)
A
vapor pressure
19
Q
the amount of pressure water vapor exerts independent of the dry air
A
vapor pressure
20
Q
the pressure that water vapor exerts when the air is moisture saturated (can hold no more water)
A
saturation VP
21
Q
saturation VP - current VP =
A
vapor pressure deficit
22
Q
the temperature at which saturation VP is achieved for a given water content of the air
A
dew point temperature
23
Q
____ air holds more moisture
A
hot
24
Q
relative humidity =
A
current VP/ saturation VP x 100
25
under what circumstance does dew point temperature = current temp.
when air is 100% saturated with moisture
26
when the air is drier is there a small or big difference in dew point temp. vs. current temp.
big
27
____ ____ is a disruption of the normal ocean-atmosphere system in the pacific ocean
el nino
28
what does el nino cause
unusually warm water
29
what does el nino mean
little boy or christ child
30
how often does el nino occur
every 4-7 years
31
what is the current trend of el nino occurrences
they are stronger and more frequent
32
el nino is caused by ____ ____ air pressure from east to west (also called souther oscillation)
non consistent
33
sea temp is higher in the west than in south america due to ______; which causes ____ water from deeper levels to rise
upwelling; cold
34
what are two possible causes of el nino
underwater earthquakes, pacific trying to keep up scale with sun
35
la nina causes ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical pacific to be ____
cooler
36
el nina occurs when
after some el nino years but not all
37
what are four important greenhouse gases
carbon dioxide, methane, chloroflurocarbons, nitrous oxide
38
what is the most important greenhouse gas
water vapor
39
water vapor contributes to ___ of the greenhouse gas effect
3/4
40
what is the most important human made green house gas
carbon dioxide
41
how much does carbon dioxide contribute to the human made greenhouse effect
1/2
42
the greenhouse effect is _____ for life on earth
essential
43
the greenhouse effect keeps earth's temp at about ____
15°C
44
what would the temperature be without greenhouse effect
-18°C
45
anthropogenic means
man made
46
what are the consequences of the man made green house effect
rising in global temp, melting of ice caps, flooding of low-lying regions
47
what are the two groups of photosynthetic pigments
chlorophylls and carotenoids
48
energy intercepted by plants have what unit of measurement
micomol per square meter per second
49
what is the leaf area index equation
total leaf area/ ground area
50
what is the unit of leaf cover _______
dimensionless
51
total leaf area refers to the area of only ___ side of leaves
52
Earth is approximately ____ of ocean
70%
53
approximately 75% of earths fresh water is in ______ and _______
glaciers and ice sheets
54
water molecules are linked to each other by ___ ____
hydrogen bonds
55
soil consists of what three things
solids, liquid and gases.
56
soil has what 3 horizons
A, B , C
57
the unconsolidated mass in which soil formation takes place
parent material (factors in soil formation)
58
radiate energy and water
climate (factors in soil formation)
59
affect soil development through its effect on climate
topography (factors in soil formation)
60
vegetation, animals, bacteria, and fungi
biota (factors in soil formation)
61
formation of soil requires
time (factors in soil formation)
62
well developed soils high in organic matter and calcium; very productive
mollisols
63
moist, moderately weathered mineral soils
alfisols
64
basic constituents of all organic matter. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
constituent elements
65
nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium
macronutrients
66
calcium, iron, manganese, boron, cobalt, copper, molydenum, zinc, iodine
micronutrients
67
if one nutrient is deficient, pkant growth will be limited even though supplies of all essential elements are adequate, this is what?
law of the minimum
68
soil with aluminum production is
acidic
69
soil with calcium production is
basic
70
any heritable, morphological, or physiological trait that maintains or increases the fitness of an organism under a given set of environmental conditions
adaptation
71
where do light reactions occur
thylakoids of granna in the chloroplast
72
where do dark reactions occur
stroma in cholroplasts
73
what is the process of splitting of water molecules
photolysis
74
in the dark reaction how many carbon atoms will always remain
36
75
what is another name for dark reaction
calvin cycle
76
light reaction ends in what product being made
ATP , NADPH
77
what is the most abundant protein on earth
rubisco
78
in light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis are water molecules reduced
no; oxidized
79
Are ADP molecules made in light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
no; ATP
80
does the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis utilize photons
yes
81
Do O2 molecules form in the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis
yes
82
what are C3 plants
plants that produce 3-carbon (3PGA) during initial steps of dark reactions
83
what are C4 plants
plants that produce 4-carbon (OAA)
84
plants that are ____ cannot grow tall
avascular
85
what does vascular tissue in plants do?
transport water and nutrients
86
4 carbon OAA is produced from PEP and _____ during ____ reactions at night
CO2, dark
87
OAA is converted into ____ ____ and stored in vacuoles
malic acid
88
once outside of vacuoles (during daytime) the malic acid is converted into ______ _____ and _____
pyruvic acid and CO2
89
what happens to the CO2 from CAM
it enters the calvin cycle
90
what enzyme is important for CAM at night
PEP
91
what enzyme is important for CAM during the day
rubisco
92
what do C3, C4, and CAM all have in common
contain the calvin cycle
93
C4 and CAM have additional steps before ____ enters the C3 pathway
CO2
94
CO2 concentrating + calvin cycle =
The C4 pathway
95
in the C4 pathway where is malic acid converted into pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide
bundle sheath cells
96
malic acid is _ C atoms, _ pyruvic, _ carbon dioxide
4,1,3
97
when is C3 more efficient than C4 and CAM
cool and moist conditions
98
all trees are ___ plants
C3
99
when is C4 faster than C3 plants (because the CO2 is delivered directly to rubisco)
high light intensity and high temperature
100
The c4 plant has better water use efficiency because PEP carbox. brings in CO2 faster and keeps _____ open less.
stomata
101
the C4 plant evolved for times when ___ was low
CO2
102
under _____ conditions, CAM is better than C3 because stomata opens at night
arid
103
CAM plants store more malic acid when?
at night
104
What is the most overall efficient pathway for water lost
CAM
105
when can photorespiration occur
when light is available
106
photorespiration is absent in which plants
C4
107
provides energy for plant growth and maintenance; happens in living cells all the time
dark respiration
108
photosynthesis or respiration? anabolism and only autotrophs
photorespiration
109
when a plant adapts to a certain temperature its photosynthetic rate will _____
follow
110
an endothermic plant can generate its own ____
heat
111
one advantage of endothermic plants is to attract early insects for ______ and get _____ without canopy
pollination; light
112
how do vegetables avoid being frozen
lower freezing temp
113
how do vegetables lower their freezing point
breaking down large molecules into smaller ones
114
trees and plants have ____ which allows them to grow up
polarity
115
when is polarity in a plant first established
in the embryo of the seed
116
loss of water through stomata
transpiration
117
when ____ comes in, ____ goes out
CO2, water
118
Water flows from ____ water potential to ____ water potential
higher to lower
119
soil has ____ water potential
negative
120
soil has _____ water potential
highest
121
what is the water potential of standing water
0
122
when the stomata is closed, there is more or less. CO2
less
123
when there is less co2 due to stomata closing the photosynthetic rate is
lower
124
during the _____ ____ plants close stomata to avoid loss of water
midday depression
125
plants cannot photosynthesize without ____; which means they are _____
light; respirating
126
there can be an equal amount of CO2 in and CO2 out, at ___ levels of light
low
127
with more light, photosynthetic rate _____ and more CO2 goes out
increases
128
what is the light compensation point
no net chnage between CO2 out or in
129
when light is at 0, what is occuring
dark respiration
130
at light saturation point ___ will not increase
photosynthetic rate
131
when light is greater then light compensation point is there a net gain or loss of carbon
gain
