Exam three lecture 17

Question 1

thick walls; waxy cuticle

Answer 1

Epidermis

Question 2

Layers of defense are

Answer 2

Epidermis and Cellular immune system

Question 3

Virulent

Answer 3

able to cause severe disease and may be life threatening

Question 4

Avirulent

Answer 4

Only able to cause minor infection that the plant can eventually clear

Question 5

What two components of the Cellular immune system rely on receptors

Answer 5

Basal resistance and Specific resistance

Question 6

First line of defense and is triggered by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs); causes cells to thicken and the production of toxic phytochemicals

Answer 6

Basal Resistance

Question 7

Responds to a specific pathogen; controlled by R genes (resistance genes) triggers a strong antimicrobial response against an individual virus

Answer 7

Specific Resistance

Question 8

Beats infection before it can get into plant

Answer 8

Basal Resistance

Question 9

what has antiviral resistance

Answer 9

Specific Resistance

Question 10

What are responses to an infection

Answer 10

-physical
-chemical
-hypersensitive

Question 11

What immune response is only specific to plants

Answer 11

Hypersensitive

Question 12

Plug xylem to cause infected parts of the plant to die and prevents the infection spreading through the xylem

Answer 12

Physical response

Question 13

How can a physical response end up killing a plant

Answer 13

If the xylem gets too plugged it can prevent water from getting through

Question 14

occurs when basal defense is suppressed by the pathogen; deliberate cell suicide of infected cells and cells adjacent to infected cells to prevent disease

Answer 14

Hypersensitive response

Question 15

Triggers defenses in uninfected tissues

Answer 15

Mobile signals

Question 16

Chemical signals travel from infected tissues to uninfected tissues via___

Answer 16

phloem

Question 17

What only works against viruses

Answer 17

Small interfering RNA

Question 18

Small interfering RNA moves where to do what

Answer 18

into the phloem and into other cells to alert them that a virus was there

Question 19

What happens when the interfering RNA alerts other cells

Answer 19

The plant gains systemic immunity to the virus

Question 20

What are some plant pathogens

Answer 20

-bacteria
-virus
-fungi
-Protists
-parasitic plants

Question 21

keeps the host alive and feeds on the living plants tissues

Answer 21

Biotrophic Pathogens

Question 22

use toxins or enzymes to cause massive tissue damage leading to a rapid release of nutrients from dying cells

Answer 22

Necrotrophic Pathogens

Question 23

What do parasitic plants do

Hint:Tree roots

Answer 23

penetrate the root or stems of other plants
-taps into host plant vascular system

Question 24

What are some strategies to fight off herbivores

Answer 24

-mechanical defense
-chemical defense
-symbiont defense
-rapid regrowth

Question 25

What are some mechanical defenses to fight off herbivores

Answer 25

-Bark -thorns and spines -silica plates -sticky sap

Question 26

What are some CHEMICAL defenses

Answer 26

Alkaloids -terpenes -phenols -protease

Question 27

Nitrogen containing compounds like caffeine or cocaine

Answer 27

Alkaloid defense

Question 28

Common in conifers; insect repellents and pathogen inhibitors

Answer 28

terpenes defense

Question 29

Combat soil borne pathogens and root feeding insects

Answer 29

Phenol defense

Question 30

Protects against insect herbivory by inhibiting digestion

Answer 30

Protease

Question 31

What are some ways plants defend against herbivores

Answer 31

Symbiont defense Chemical defense mechanical defense rapid growth

Question 32

Provide nests/food for animals that are aggressive towards herbivores

Answer 32

Symbiont Defense

Question 33

Prairie/savannah plants like grasses have evolved to grow from their bases

Answer 33

Rapid regrowth

Question 34

How are chemical or modulated defenses regulated

Answer 34

by turning on and off certain genes

Question 35

What does it mean when it says plants have to trade off between different uses for their energy

Answer 35

faster growth comes at the expense of defense and vice versa

Question 36

How do plants decide where to place their resources

Answer 36

Based off of environmental cues such as how nutrient rich the soil is and how much herbivory pressure is there

Question 37

How do plants co-evolve with herbivores and pathogens

Answer 37

Plants evolve new defenses and pathogens/herbivores evolve new ways around the defenses

Question 38

how old are angiosperms

Answer 38

140 million years old

Question 39

What percent of plants are angiosperms

Answer 39

90 percent

Question 40

What are the four major plant groups

Answer 40

-bryophytes -lycophytes, ferns and horsetails -gymnosperms -angiosperms

Question 41

What is byrophytes gametophyte generation adapted for

Answer 41

Aquatic reproduction

Question 41

What is bryophytes dominant generation

Answer 41

Gametophyte

Question 42

What are bryophytes sporophyte generation adapted for

Answer 42

Reproduction via air

Question 43

What did lycophytes ferns and horsetails evolve

Answer 43

Vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients efficiently

Question 44

Which plants evolved the first leaves and roots

Answer 44

lycophytes ferns and horsetails

Question 45

What do the xylem and phloem allow terrestrial plants to do

Answer 45

grow larger

Question 46

What did gymnosperms first evolve

Answer 46

seeds

Question 47

What don't gymnosperms need for fertilization?

Answer 47

external water they are windblown pollen

Question 48

Gymnosperms ____ is dependent on the ______

Answer 48

Gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte

Question 49

Angiosperms have what type of pollinator

Answer 49

Animal

Question 50

Angiosperms evolved a more efficient_____

Answer 50

Xylem