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Biology > Exam three lecture 17 > Flashcards

Exam three lecture 17 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

thick walls; waxy cuticle

A

Epidermis

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2
Q

Layers of defense are

A

Epidermis and Cellular immune system

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3
Q

Virulent

A

able to cause severe disease and may be life threatening

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4
Q

Avirulent

A

Only able to cause minor infection that the plant can eventually clear

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5
Q

What two components of the Cellular immune system rely on receptors

A

Basal resistance and Specific resistance

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6
Q

First line of defense and is triggered by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs); causes cells to thicken and the production of toxic phytochemicals

A

Basal Resistance

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7
Q

Responds to a specific pathogen; controlled by R genes (resistance genes) triggers a strong antimicrobial response against an individual virus

A

Specific Resistance

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8
Q

Beats infection before it can get into plant

A

Basal Resistance

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9
Q

what has antiviral resistance

A

Specific Resistance

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10
Q

What are responses to an infection

A

-physical
-chemical
-hypersensitive

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11
Q

What immune response is only specific to plants

A

Hypersensitive

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12
Q

Plug xylem to cause infected parts of the plant to die and prevents the infection spreading through the xylem

A

Physical response

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13
Q

How can a physical response end up killing a plant

A

If the xylem gets too plugged it can prevent water from getting through

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14
Q

occurs when basal defense is suppressed by the pathogen; deliberate cell suicide of infected cells and cells adjacent to infected cells to prevent disease

A

Hypersensitive response

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15
Q

Triggers defenses in uninfected tissues

A

Mobile signals

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16
Q

Chemical signals travel from infected tissues to uninfected tissues via___

A

phloem

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17
Q

What only works against viruses

A

Small interfering RNA

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18
Q

Small interfering RNA moves where to do what

A

into the phloem and into other cells to alert them that a virus was there

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19
Q

What happens when the interfering RNA alerts other cells

A

The plant gains systemic immunity to the virus

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20
Q

What are some plant pathogens

A

-bacteria
-virus
-fungi
-Protists
-parasitic plants

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21
Q

keeps the host alive and feeds on the living plants tissues

A

Biotrophic Pathogens

22
Q

use toxins or enzymes to cause massive tissue damage leading to a rapid release of nutrients from dying cells

A

Necrotrophic Pathogens

23
Q

What do parasitic plants do

Hint:Tree roots

A

penetrate the root or stems of other plants
-taps into host plant vascular system

24
Q

What are some strategies to fight off herbivores

A

-mechanical defense
-chemical defense
-symbiont defense
-rapid regrowth

25
Q

What are some mechanical defenses to fight off herbivores

A

-Bark
-thorns and spines
-silica plates
-sticky sap

26
Q

What are some CHEMICAL defenses

A

Alkaloids
-terpenes
-phenols
-protease

27
Q

Nitrogen containing compounds like caffeine or cocaine

A

Alkaloid defense

28
Q

Common in conifers; insect repellents and pathogen inhibitors

A

terpenes defense

29
Q

Combat soil borne pathogens and root feeding insects

A

Phenol defense

30
Q

Protects against insect herbivory by inhibiting digestion

A

Protease

31
Q

What are some ways plants defend against herbivores

A

Symbiont defense
Chemical defense
mechanical defense
rapid growth

32
Q

Provide nests/food for animals that are aggressive towards herbivores

A

Symbiont Defense

33
Q

Prairie/savannah plants like grasses have evolved to grow from their bases

A

Rapid regrowth

34
Q

How are chemical or modulated defenses regulated

A

by turning on and off certain genes

35
Q

What does it mean when it says plants have to trade off between different uses for their energy

A

faster growth comes at the expense of defense and vice versa

36
Q

How do plants decide where to place their resources

A

Based off of environmental cues such as how nutrient rich the soil is and how much herbivory pressure is there

37
Q

How do plants co-evolve with herbivores and pathogens

A

Plants evolve new defenses and pathogens/herbivores evolve new ways around the defenses

38
Q

how old are angiosperms

A

140 million years old

39
Q

What percent of plants are angiosperms

A

90 percent

40
Q

What are the four major plant groups

A

-bryophytes
-lycophytes, ferns and horsetails
-gymnosperms
-angiosperms

41
Q

What is byrophytes gametophyte generation adapted for

A

Aquatic reproduction

41
Q

What is bryophytes dominant generation

A

Gametophyte

42
Q

What are bryophytes sporophyte generation adapted for

A

Reproduction via air

43
Q

What did lycophytes ferns and horsetails evolve

A

Vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients efficiently

44
Q

Which plants evolved the first leaves and roots

A

lycophytes ferns and horsetails

45
Q

What do the xylem and phloem allow terrestrial plants to do

A

grow larger

46
Q

What did gymnosperms first evolve

A

seeds

47
Q

What don’t gymnosperms need for fertilization?

A

external water they are windblown pollen

48
Q

Gymnosperms ____ is dependent on the ______

A

Gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte

49
Q

Angiosperms have what type of pollinator

A

Animal

50
Q

Angiosperms evolved a more efficient_____

A

Xylem

Biology (6 decks)

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