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Biology > Exam 3 nervous system > Flashcards

Exam 3 nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a nervous system?

A

Network of interconnected nerve cells

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2
Q

What do nervous systems let animals do

A

Allow an animal to see the environment around it

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3
Q

What do more complex nervous systems do

A

allow animals to regulate internal processes and make sophisticated behaviors possible

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4
Q

What animal does not have a nervous system

A

sponges

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5
Q

What animals have a simple nervous system

A

cnidarians

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6
Q

what animal has a complex nervous system

A

Bilaterians

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7
Q

What are neurons

A

nerve cells share certain feature regardless of function

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8
Q

tree-like structures that extend away from the cell body to receive messages from other neurons

A

dendrites

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9
Q

extends as a narrow conduit from the soma to a branching terminal

A

axon

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10
Q

located at the transition point form the cell body to the axon where signals form multiple dendrites are compiled

A

Axon hillock

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11
Q

produce neurotransmitters to signal the dendrites of the adjacent cells to which they connect

A

Axon terminals
or
Synaptic Boutons

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12
Q

lipid rich layers that wrap around the neuron axon provide insulation for the eclectically conducted signal

A

Myelin Sheath

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13
Q

support neurons by providing a variety of functions including nutrition and support

A

Glial Cells

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14
Q

regular gaps in the myelin sheath where the axon is exposed

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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15
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

gap between connected neurons

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16
Q

Types of neurons

A

Sensory
Interneurons
Motor Neurons

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17
Q

Activated by sensory input from the environment

A

sensory neurons

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18
Q

very short convey signals between neurons or process information form sensory neurons

A

interneurons

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19
Q

very long neurons originating in the brain or spinal cord that may trigger muscle movement or effect change in the internal body systems

A

Motor Neurons

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20
Q

What neurons tend to have fewer _______ compared to other neurons

A

dendrites

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21
Q

What neurons can be several feet in length

A

motor neurons

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22
Q

How do nerve cell membranes segregate ions

A

By charge
Negative inside
Positive Outside

22
Q

Nerves send ______ from one end of the cell to the other

A

electrical signals

22
Q

Due to difference in number of charged ions across the membrane (Na+ and K+)

A

Membrane Potential

22
Q

A neuron membrane is ______

A

polarized

22
Q

difference in relative charge across the membrane

A

polarized

23
Q

What is the resting membrane potential

A

Negative at rest; -40–80 millivolts depending on the nerve cell type

24
Q

What kind of response does an axon have

A

an all or nothing firing response

25
Q

travels the length of the axon and causes release of neurotransmitter into the synapse.

A

Action potential

26
Q

minimal stimulation needed to trigger the firing of an action potential above the resting

A

Threshold potential

26
Q

What does the axon begin to do once the threshold potential is achieved

A

depolarize

27
Q

Where does depolarization begin/continue

A

at the end of the axon closest to the dendrites and then continues toward the axon terminal

28
Q

What happens to the voltage during depolarization

A

it rapidly changes

29
Q

What do voltage gated channels do

A

creates a positive feedback loop

30
Q

How is depolarization similar to dominos falling

A

because depolarization at one point in the plasma membrane ultimately causes depolarization across the whole of the membrane of the axon

31
Q

what does the transporter pump out and what does the transporter pump in?

A

Transporter pumps K ions into the cell and Na out of the cell

32
Q

Slow closing potassium channels result in hyperpolarization until the membrane returns to its resting potential the neuron can not be fired again (until it can get its action potential)

A

Refractory period

33
Q

insulates the axon causing the electrical potential to travel very fast

A

myelin sheath

34
Q

what are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier

A

Sodium and Potassium voltage gated ion channels

35
Q

nerve impulse (action potential) to jump from node to node

A

saltatory propagation

36
Q

control synaptic transmission between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle

A

ligand gated ion channels

37
Q

work by causing Cl- ions to enter a neuron or by causing K+ ions to exit it

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

38
Q

what is the result of IPSP

A

the interior of a neuron becomes more negative which means that the neuron membrane becomes hyperpolarized

39
Q

where are the excitatory and inhibitory signals received and summoned at

A

Received by the dendrites and summoned at the axon hillock

40
Q

In order for an action potential to be generated the voltages must_______

A

exceed the threshold potential

41
Q

What is the central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cords

42
Q

Nerves connecting to sensory organs and muscles
includes cranial nerves in the head

A

Peripheral Nervous System

43
Q

The peripheral nervous system has both ______ and ______

A

voluntary and involuntary components

44
Q

-under conscious control
-sensing and responding to external stimuli

A

Voluntary (somatic)

45
Q

Not under conscious control
regulate internal bodily functions

A

Involuntary (autonomic)

46
Q

Two components of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

47
Q

tend to decrease response time and increase action trigger fight, flight and freeze behaviors

A

Sympathetic

48
Q

tends to decrease activity and stimulates digestion; triggers “rest and digest” behaviors

A

Parasympathetic

Biology (6 decks)

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