Exam 3 nervous system

Question 1

What is a nervous system?

Answer 1

Network of interconnected nerve cells

Question 2

What do nervous systems let animals do

Answer 2

Allow an animal to see the environment around it

Question 3

What do more complex nervous systems do

Answer 3

allow animals to regulate internal processes and make sophisticated behaviors possible

Question 4

What animal does not have a nervous system

Answer 4

sponges

Question 5

What animals have a simple nervous system

Answer 5

cnidarians

Question 6

what animal has a complex nervous system

Answer 6

Bilaterians

Question 7

What are neurons

Answer 7

nerve cells share certain feature regardless of function

Question 8

tree-like structures that extend away from the cell body to receive messages from other neurons

Answer 8

dendrites

Question 9

extends as a narrow conduit from the soma to a branching terminal

Answer 9

axon

Question 10

located at the transition point form the cell body to the axon where signals form multiple dendrites are compiled

Answer 10

Axon hillock

Question 11

produce neurotransmitters to signal the dendrites of the adjacent cells to which they connect

Answer 11

Axon terminals
or
Synaptic Boutons

Question 12

lipid rich layers that wrap around the neuron axon provide insulation for the eclectically conducted signal

Answer 12

Myelin Sheath

Question 13

support neurons by providing a variety of functions including nutrition and support

Answer 13

Glial Cells

Question 14

regular gaps in the myelin sheath where the axon is exposed

Answer 14

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 15

Synaptic Cleft

Answer 15

gap between connected neurons

Question 16

Types of neurons

Answer 16

Sensory
Interneurons
Motor Neurons

Question 17

Activated by sensory input from the environment

Answer 17

sensory neurons

Question 18

very short convey signals between neurons or process information form sensory neurons

Answer 18

interneurons

Question 19

very long neurons originating in the brain or spinal cord that may trigger muscle movement or effect change in the internal body systems

Answer 19

Motor Neurons

Question 20

What neurons tend to have fewer _______ compared to other neurons

Answer 20

dendrites

Question 21

What neurons can be several feet in length

Answer 21

motor neurons

Question 22

How do nerve cell membranes segregate ions

Answer 22

By charge
Negative inside
Positive Outside

Question 22

Nerves send ______ from one end of the cell to the other

Answer 22

electrical signals

Question 22

Due to difference in number of charged ions across the membrane (Na+ and K+)

Answer 22

Membrane Potential

Question 22

A neuron membrane is ______

Answer 22

polarized

Question 22

difference in relative charge across the membrane

Answer 22

polarized

Question 23

What is the resting membrane potential

Answer 23

Negative at rest; -40--80 millivolts depending on the nerve cell type

Question 24

What kind of response does an axon have

Answer 24

an all or nothing firing response

Question 25

travels the length of the axon and causes release of neurotransmitter into the synapse.

Answer 25

Action potential

Question 26

minimal stimulation needed to trigger the firing of an action potential above the resting

Answer 26

Threshold potential

Question 26

What does the axon begin to do once the threshold potential is achieved

Answer 26

depolarize

Question 27

Where does depolarization begin/continue

Answer 27

at the end of the axon closest to the dendrites and then continues toward the axon terminal

Question 28

What happens to the voltage during depolarization

Answer 28

it rapidly changes

Question 29

What do voltage gated channels do

Answer 29

creates a positive feedback loop

Question 30

How is depolarization similar to dominos falling

Answer 30

because depolarization at one point in the plasma membrane ultimately causes depolarization across the whole of the membrane of the axon

Question 31

what does the transporter pump out and what does the transporter pump in?

Answer 31

Transporter pumps K ions into the cell and Na out of the cell

Question 32

Slow closing potassium channels result in hyperpolarization until the membrane returns to its resting potential the neuron can not be fired again (until it can get its action potential)

Answer 32

Refractory period

Question 33

insulates the axon causing the electrical potential to travel very fast

Answer 33

myelin sheath

Question 34

what are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier

Answer 34

Sodium and Potassium voltage gated ion channels

Question 35

nerve impulse (action potential) to jump from node to node

Answer 35

saltatory propagation

Question 36

control synaptic transmission between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle

Answer 36

ligand gated ion channels

Question 37

work by causing Cl- ions to enter a neuron or by causing K+ ions to exit it

Answer 37

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

Question 38

what is the result of IPSP

Answer 38

the interior of a neuron becomes more negative which means that the neuron membrane becomes hyperpolarized

Question 39

where are the excitatory and inhibitory signals received and summoned at

Answer 39

Received by the dendrites and summoned at the axon hillock

Question 40

In order for an action potential to be generated the voltages must_______

Answer 40

exceed the threshold potential

Question 41

What is the central nervous system

Answer 41

Brain and spinal cords

Question 42

Nerves connecting to sensory organs and muscles includes cranial nerves in the head

Answer 42

Peripheral Nervous System

Question 43

The peripheral nervous system has both ______ and ______

Answer 43

voluntary and involuntary components

Question 44

-under conscious control -sensing and responding to external stimuli

Answer 44

Voluntary (somatic)

Question 45

Not under conscious control regulate internal bodily functions

Answer 45

Involuntary (autonomic)

Question 46

Two components of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 46

sympathetic parasympathetic

Question 47

tend to decrease response time and increase action trigger fight, flight and freeze behaviors

Answer 47

Sympathetic

Question 48

tends to decrease activity and stimulates digestion; triggers "rest and digest" behaviors

Answer 48

Parasympathetic