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Z - Biology 2233 (S&T) > Exam Three > Flashcards

Exam Three Flashcards

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1
Q

Define sociobiology

A

the study of social behavior

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2
Q

Actor and Recipient both benefit

A

Cooperation

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3
Q

Actor benefits, Recipient is harmed

A

Selfishness

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4
Q

Actor is harmed, Recipient benefits

A

Altruism

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5
Q

Actor and Recipient are both harmed

A

Spite

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6
Q

Describe r

A

coefficient of relatedness (fraction of alleles shared by relative) or probability (average) of finding the same allele at any given gene in a relative

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7
Q

What is r for parent/child, full siblings, half siblings, first cousins, grandparent/child, and uncle/nephew

A

1/2, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/4, 1/4

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8
Q

Describe Hamilton’s Rule

A

If Br-C>0
Where B is benefit (increase to relative), C is cost (decrease to actor), and r is additive among relative benefited
Then alleles that cause altruistic behavior will increase in frequency by natural selection

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9
Q

What is the new definition of fitness

A

Inclusive fitness is direct fitness (personal reproduction) plus indirect fitness (reproduction by a relative due to altruistic behavior)

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10
Q

What is the yearling male dilemma in white-fronted bee eaters

A

Direct fitness-own nest

Indirect fitness-help at nest

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11
Q

What are the three requirements for eusociality?

A 
Generations overlap (siblings raising siblings)
Cooperative brood care
Specialized non-reproductive individuals (defn of eu)
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12
Q

What is the r for female siblings in haplodiploidy?

A

3/4

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13
Q

Describe facultative eusocialily

A

Can bred or raise siblings

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14
Q

What explains the eusocial set-up of naked mole rats?

A

inbreeding
Queen is often related to male she is breeding with
Sibling r is between ½ and ¾

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15
Q

What are the two factors that determine if a red squirrel female will adopt a kit and when will that occur?

A

Cost of adoption and benefit to adoptee (Br)

Occurs when Br is greater than C

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16
Q

What is the weaning conflict?

A

Natural selection favors parent that weans at B/C=1

Natural selection favors child that weans at B/C=½

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17
Q

What is r for workers and their brothers in Hymenoptera?

A

1/4

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18
Q

Why is there siblicide?

A

Prevents futile investment of energy and resources in an offspring that will die anyway

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19
Q

Describe reciprocal alturism

A

Natural selection will favor alleles that cause altruistic (fitness decreasing) acts to nonkin if equally valuable (fitness increasing) favors are returned

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20
Q

What are the two conditions on reciprocal altruism?

A

B/C must be > 1

Cheaters cannot be continuously rewarded

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21
Q

What are the three factors for the environment in reciprocal altruism?

A

Repeated interactions with the same individuals
Many opportunities for altruism in a lifetime
Interactive relationships are symmetrical

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22
Q

What are the four over-all rules for the situations in which reciprocal altruism occurs?

A

Be social
Small group size
Long lived
By mutually dependent (not eusocial)

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23
Q

What is the order of highest to lowest reward in the Prisoner’s Dilemma and what does this represent?

A

It is best if you cheat and they don’t (T), then if you both cooperate(R), then if you both defect(P), then if you cooperate and they defect(S)

This represents reciprocal altruism

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24
Q

What is the best basic strategy to win in the long term of the Prisoner’s Dilemma?

A

Best strategy is to start by cooperating and then repeat opponents last decision (TFT) - Tit for Tat

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25
Q

When is a strategy evolutionary stable?

A

A behavior strategy is evolutionary stable if the population of individuals practicing it cannot be exploited by a rare form practicing another strategy

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26
Q

What strategy did humans use when playing the Prisoner’s Dilemma and what modification did they make?

A

If stuck in a defect - defect loop between 2 players using TFT
GTFT will cooperate to break the loop

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27
Q

What is the greenbeard effect?

A

Reciprocal altruism amplified with recognition
Imagine an allele with 3 effects on phenotype
Causes green beards
Recognizes green beards in others
Altruism toward anyone with a green beard
The frequency of that allele would increase rapidly

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28
Q

What is kind of selection is reciprocal altruism?

A

Average fitness of members higher than a group not practicing reciprocal altruism
Multilevel selection

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29
Q

What is group selection?

A

Group selection is when you lower your own fitness for the good of the species
Almost never happens

30
Q

What three things is energy used for before and after maturity?

A

energy is used for growth, metabolism and repair, after maturity it is used for metabolism, repair, and reproduction

31
Q

What kinds of things will cause an organism to undergo repair?

A

Damage by: parasites, pathogens, wounds, toxic substances (exogenous from nature or endogenous from metabolic by-products)

32
Q

What time scale do organisms optimize their reproduction based on?

A

Lifetime

33
Q

What is senescence?

A

Late life decline in fitness (probability of survival and rate of reproduction)

34
Q

What is the rate of living hypothesis?

A 
Finite amount of metabolism can occur in a lifetime
Accumulation of:
Errors in DNA replication
Errors in gene expression
Poisonous metabolic by-product
35
Q

What two things disprove the rate of living hypothesis?

A

If this is true, then there should exist a constant total lifetime metabolic limit across species (kcal/g body weight/lifetime)
Even just looking at mammals (especially similar size), this is not true
If ROL is true, then natural selection should have already maximized lifespan
15 generations of selecting flies increases average longevity by a lot

36
Q

What is the rate of cell division hypothesis?

A

Finite number of cell divisions are possible
Finite number of chromosome replications
Linear chromosomes become shorter with each generations
Taking red blood cells from mammals and making a graph with lifespan of red blood cells against maximum lifespan for species is a direct + correlation

37
Q

What adds length to chromosomes?

A

Telomerase

38
Q

What is the effect of telomerase in cell culture?

A

In cell culture
No telomerase activity=short lived
Moderate=long lived
High=immortal (cancers)

39
Q

What is the evolutionary hypothesis for senescence?

A

Maximum lifetime reproductive potential

40
Q

What are the two things that make up the evolutionary hypothesis for senescence?

A

Deleterious mutations with late life effect are not strongly selected against
Therefore they can accumulate with little cost to lifetime reproductive success and will shorten lifespan
There is positive selection for mutations that trade early reproduction for less repair with late life effect so they will accumulate, shortening lifespan

41
Q

Describe transitional forms

A

Fossils or organisms that show the intermediate states between an ancestral form and that of its descendants (not linear, common ancestor)

42
Q

What are vestigial organs?

A

Remnants of something previous

43
Q

What two things does piloerection do in mammals?

A

Aggression or defense-look larger

Insulation from cold

44
Q

Give an example of structural homology

A

Forearm in humans, moles, horses, bat, and dolphin all have humerus/radius/ulna/carpals/metacarpals/phalanges

45
Q

Give an example of developmental homology

A

The common ancestor to all tetrapods (everything that first left the sea) had five digits in fore and hind feet, mammals retain this pattern
Horse has five fused

The evolutionary changes (mutation) that cause chickens to have 4 in wing and 3 in feet affect development after the embryonic appearance of the digits (appear, then go away)

Laryngeal nerve anatomy
Goes all the way down the giraffe neck then back up instead of a few inches across
This is because it first evolved in fish (with a direct route)

46
Q

Give an example of molecular homology

A 
We all have DNA that is set up the same
We also have the same mechanisms of 
DNA replication
Transcription
Translation

The genes that control early development are the same
Mouse genes can go in flies to develop fly eyes
Same gene, very different results

47
Q

What are Lack’s two assumptions?

A

Reproductive potential in one year does not affect reproductive potential in the next and Fitness of offspring does not depend on originating clutch size

48
Q

Does evolution change the population or the individual?

A

Population

49
Q

Does selection act on phenotype or genotype?

A

Phenotype

50
Q

Does natural selection follow with or behind environment?

A

Behind

51
Q

Does natural selection create new structures or adapt ones?

A

Adapt

52
Q

Is selection towards complexity or fitness?

A

Fitness

53
Q

Is selection/mutation random?

A

Only mutation

54
Q

Refute: Perfection and complexity require instant creation.

A

Numerous graduations from a simple and imperfect system to one complex and perfect system have been shown to exist. Parts that make up a system have functions alone.

55
Q

Refute: Evolution is not falsifiable by testing and makes no testable predictions.

A

Current evolution is falsifiable by testing, darwin’s postulates have been tested and found valid, r=h^2S, every experiment had a hypothesis, and predictions of fossil record findings are common.

56
Q

Refute: The age of the earth is 6000 to 8000 years old.

A

Geology, physics, astronomy, and cosmology say that’s crap. Radiometric dating also says it’s crap.

57
Q

Refute: Evolution defies the second law of thermodynamics.

A

The second law only applies in a closed system.

58
Q

Refute: No one has ever observed speciation because it takes too long.

A

We may have observed speciation (or are about to). We observe millions of species for a short time and can reconstruct the events of evolution.

59
Q

Discuss the three areas of observation at Darwin’s time that indicated to scientists that evolution was the origin of the diversity.

A

Age of the earth (Kelvin said 20m, Lyell said 100m, Darwin said older), change over time (fossil record shows relationship between fossils and extant organisms, principle of faunal succession, vestigial organs), and common ancestry (homology in structure, development, and molecular).

60
Q

Name Darwin’s four postulates

A

Individuals within a species are variable, some of these generations are passed onto offspring, in every generation more offspring are produced than can survive, survival and reproduction are not random: the individuals that survive and go on to reproduce (or who reproduce the most) are those with the most favorable variations (they are naturally selected).

61
Q

Describe how Darwin’s four postulates were tested

A

Beak depth is variable, beak depth is heritable, not all finches survive, drought causes birds with appropriate beaks to survive more (which is disruptive selection that causes population characteristics to change in the next generation).

62
Q

Restate Darwin’s postulates in modern terms

A

Mutation creates new alleles and recombination produces new genetic combinations, so individuals vary in phenotype. Alleles are passed from parent to progeny unchanged. More offspring are produced than can survive. Individuals that survive, or reproduce the most, determine the new genotypic frequencies, and therefore the phenotypic characteristics of the next generation.

63
Q

Refute: A perfect and complex biological organ or system requires an intelligent designer.

A

Numerous graduations from a simple and imperfect system to one complex and perfect system have been shown to exist. Parts that make up a system have functions alone.

64
Q

Refute: Even evolutionary biologists have problems with evolution as evidenced by their disagreements.

A

Arguments are not about evolution, but the path it took. Quotes are taken out of context.

65
Q

Refute: Evolution is just a theory.

A

It is a theory in the sense that evolutionary theory (natural selection) is a formulation of the underlying principles of natural selection and that formulation has been verified to an extreme degree. Evolution is a observable face, natural selection is the explanations that has been verified.

66
Q

What is the significance of Epperson vs Arkansas?

A

Supreme court removed laws banning the teaching of evo

67
Q

What is the significance of

Edwards vs Aguillard?

A

Supreme court said creation science was religion, illegal to teach

68
Q

What is the significance of

Kitzmiller et al. vs Dover School District?

A

Intelligent design is creation science is religion, illegal to teach

69
Q

Where did intelligent design come from?

A

Irreducible complexity

70
Q

What is ontological naturalism?

A

Nothing exists outside the natural world, philosophy

71
Q

What is methodological naturalism?

A

Physical evidence can only provide info about the natural world, science

72
Q

Crystallin

A

Different lineages use different proteins for the eye, only need it to be flexible and clear

Z - Biology 2233 (S&T) (6 decks)

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