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Z - Biology 2233 (S&T) > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of micro-evolution?

A

small changes in population allele frequencies

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2
Q

What is the definition of macro-evolution?

A

creation of new species

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3
Q

What is the definition of evolution?

A

a change in allele frequency in a population over time

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4
Q

What is the definition of population?

A

same gene, same location, same chromosomes, same geographical location

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5
Q

What is the definition of gene pool?

A

all of the gametes in a population

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6
Q

What is the definition of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and what is the phrase used to describe it?

A

Given that p is the frequency of one allele and q is the frequency of the other and that p+q is one then genotypic frequencies will be p^2+2pq+q^2 which is one AND the allele frequencies will stay the same from generation to generation

Null hypothesis

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7
Q

What are the five requirements for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium to be true?

A

Mating is random, no migration, no mutation, infinite population size, no selection

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8
Q

What is the formula for getting genotypic frequency from allele frequency?

A

Population 1 has allele p with a frequency of X% and allele q with a frequency of X%

p^2 + 2pq +q^2 (AA is p^2, 2pq is Aa, and aa is q^2)

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9
Q

What is the formula for getting allele frequency from genotypic frequency? (on formula sheet)

A

Population 1 A1A1 has a frequency of X% and so to for A1A2 and A2A2

freq(homozygotes) + ½ freq(heterozygotes) is frequency of allele

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10
Q

What is the definition of selection?

A

differential lifetime reproductive success

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11
Q

What is the definition of fitness?

A

probability of survival and rate of reproduction relative to other phenotypes

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12
Q

What is the formula relating max fitness and actual fitness?

A

w=1-s

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13
Q

Describe zygotic selection

A

Zygote not surviving to adults

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14
Q

Describe sexual selection

A

male and female pairing

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15
Q

Describe fecundity selection

A

the production of sperm/egg (ex:low sperm count)

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16
Q

Describe gametic selection

A

sperm/egg forming zygotes (ex:low sperm quality)

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17
Q

Describe directional selection

A

allele frequencies move toward 1.0 or 0.0 (fixation or loss) in a asymptotic parabolic curve

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18
Q

Describe heterozygote advantage selection

A

allele frequencies stabilize between 1.0 and 0.0 (Equilibrium value is a function of s1 and s2)

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19
Q

Describe homozygote advantage selection

A

Allele frequency destabilized-
One allele will dominate the other (depends on current frequency and s’s)

Threshold of divergence (starting frequency needed to dominate) is a function of s1 and s2

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20
Q

How do you calculate mean fitness? (on formula sheet)

A

Mean fitness is equal to p^2(wAA) + 2pq(1wAa) + q^2(waa)

p^2 + 2pq +q^2 (AA is p^2, 2pq is Aa, and aa is q^2)

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21
Q

What is the definition of mutation?

A

change one allele into another allele (new or existing)

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22
Q

How do you find the new frequency of the alleles after some ps change to qs?

A

P has changed by -p*mutation rate

Q has changed by +p*mutation rate

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23
Q

What is the formula for the frequency of an allele after many generations of mutation? (formula sheet)

A

pn = po * e^-mutation rate times n

Pn is frequency after n generations
Po is frequency now
Mutation rate is rate that the allele mutates into another

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24
Q

What is the equilibrium value for mutation-selection balance? (on formula sheet)

How will it change if each component is larger or smaller?

A

Equilibrium value (q with a ^ above it) is equal to the square root of the mutation rate divided by s

If the mutation rate increases, the value will increase
If fitness increases (s is smaller), the value will increase

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25
Q

Describe the relative fitness required for directional selection

A

Highest fitness at one extreme and lowest at the other (can tie for lowest)

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26
Q

Describe the relative fitness required for heterozygote advantage selection and the phrase used to describe it

A

Heterozygotes have the maximum fitness (1), the others are lower

overdominance

27
Q

Describe the relative fitness required for homozygote advantage selection and the phrase used to describe it

A

Heterozygotes have the lowest fitness

underdominance

28
Q

What is the definition of an allele, where do they come from, and how many do adults and gametes have?

A

Different forms of a gene, each child receives one from each parent (adults have two, gametes have one)

29
Q

What will happen to an allele that is lost or fixed?

A

It will stay that way, assuming no mutation or migration

30
Q

Describe frequency dependent selection

A

the higher the frequency of an allele the higher the s value it is associated with (its fitness lowers in connection to how prevalent it is)

31
Q

Define migration

A

gene flow from one population to another

32
Q

What is the equation that is equal to the frequency of an allele after migration? (on formula sheet)

A

Pnew=m * pmigrant + (1-m) * pnative

M is % migrants
1-m is % natives
Pnew is new frequency
Pmigrant is frequency of allele among individuals that migrated
Pnative is frequency among native population

33
Q

Compare migration and selection

A

Migration changes allele frequencies, but does not lead to adaptations (can affect direction of change)

34
Q

What must happen after a migrant population meets the native population?

A

Admixture, or random mating

35
Q

Define genetic drift

A

Random changes in allele frequency

36
Q

How does the strength of genetic drift vary with size of population?

A

Smaller population is more drift

37
Q

Are allele frequencies more likely to change or remain the same in a very small population?

A

Change

38
Q

When is frequency of heterozygotes at a maximum?

A

When the allele frequencies are .5 and .5

39
Q

Describe the relationship between population, effective population, and frequency of heterozygotes

A

Because the rate at which heterozygotes is lost (genetic drift) is a function of population size, population size can be estimated with loss of frequency of heterozygotes. However, the effective population size is almost always smaller than the actual population size (pop size will be estimated low) because
not all members of a population will reproduce.

40
Q

Describe the Founder Effect

A

a small sample of a population forms a new population that only breeds among themselves and the resulting population has different allele frequencies than the original

(small differences in sample + genetic drift)

41
Q

Describe assortative mating vs selection

A

Mating is not random - greater occurrence of like/like or unlike/unlike
Not selection - All genotypes still have the same rate of reproduction (all still mate and have same number of kids)

42
Q

Describe positive assortative mating

A

like/like or inbreeding

43
Q

Describe negative assortative mating

A

unlike/unlike or outbreeding

44
Q

What is the most severe inbreeding?

A

Breeding with yourself

45
Q

What sort of frequencies does assortative mating change?

A

Genotypic

46
Q

What is the relationship between positive assortative mating and frequency of heterozygotes? (can be extrapolated to homo and outbreeding)

A

Positive assortative mating reduces heterozygotes

47
Q

What is the definition of the coefficient of inbreeding? (F)

A

Probability of homozygote by descent (ancestor gave them a gene twice)

48
Q

What is the equation for the coefficient of inbreeding in a population? (on formula sheet)

A

F= 1- (het0/2pq)

Het0 is observed frequency of heterozygotes
2pq represents expected frequency of heterozygotes (if random mating)

49
Q

Describe the information learned if F is 0,<0,>0

A

=0 then it is in HWE
>0 then positive assortative mating or inbreeding
<0 then negative assortative mating or outbreeding

50
Q

What are the four major patterns of selection?

A

Directional, heterozygote advantage, homozygote advantage, frequency dependent

51
Q

What is the definition of inbreeding depression?

A

Lowering of mean fitness when there is directional selection and inbreeding

52
Q

What are the three observations that were learned from experiments with the coefficient of inbreeding depression?

A

Inbreeding depression increases with age, increases with stress, and is variable between genotypes

53
Q

Name the three mechanisms that nature uses to avoid inbreeding

A

Mate choice, reproductive systems, dispersal

54
Q

Give two examples of mate choice (avoiding inbreeding)

A

Young females do not mature to breeding condition while father is dominant male, Plant self-incompatibility, mammalian MHC

55
Q

Describe dioecy (plants)

A

Male and female plants

56
Q

Describe monoecy (plants)

A

Male and female flowers on the same individual (but different place)

57
Q

Describe heterostyly (plants)

A

Structure of the flower has male and female parts in the same flower, but the stigma and the style (female) are very tall, while the stamen (male) is very short so the pollen won’t fall on the female parts

58
Q

Describe timing (plants)

A

Stamen and pistil will not mature at the same time

59
Q

Give two examples of dispersal (avoiding inbreeding)

A

Mammals- Males disperse to new community

Birds- Females disperse to new community

60
Q

Describe the situation in which inbreeding is beneficial

A

Homozygous Advantage

61
Q

How common is cystic fibrosis? (one in #)

A

1/2500

62
Q

What disease was used to detect a certain pattern of selection in DeltaF508?

A

Typhoid fever

63
Q

What is the F value in barn mice? (experiment) (compare to 0)

A

<0, outbreeding

Z - Biology 2233 (S&T) (6 decks)

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