EXAM TERMS 4 Flashcards
Evocative effect
An increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation
Value-altering effect
An alteration in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event as a result of a motivating operation
Abative effect
A decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation
Behavior altering effect
An alteration in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is altered in effectiveness by the same motivating operation
Establishing operation
A motivating operation that establishes the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer
Abolishing operation
A motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event
Omnibus Terms
Cover various functions of stimuli; used to categorize stimuli that have multiple functions
Aversive Stimulus
Its presentation evokes behavior that terminates it
Its onset weakens behavior that precedes its onset
Its offset strengthens behavior that precedes its offset
It abates behavior that removes it
It may elicit smooth muscle and gland responses
Appetitive Stimulus
Its onset strengthens behavior that precedes its onset
Its offset weakens behavior that precedes its offset
It abates behavior that removes it
It may elicit smooth muscle and gland responeses
Behavior Chain
A sequence of responses in which each response produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcement for that response and as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain
Chained Schedule
A schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of two or more basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered
Induction
The spread of the effects of reinforcement to responses outside the limits of an operant class
Shaping
The differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior
Shaping across topographies
The terminal target response is a distinct topography - a different response - than the response that is currently occuring
Shaping within topographies
The terminal target response is similar in form to the initial response, but varies across some dimension, such as rate or duration
Parameters of Reinforcement
Magnitude
Quantity
Duration
Schedule of Reinforcement
A schedule of reinforcement is the rule which describes or specifies which responses will be followed by reinforcement and which will not
Continuous Reinforcement
Each and every single response that is emitted in reinforced; that is, reinforcement occurs each and every single time the behavior occurs; used to establish or strengthen behavior
Intermittent Reinforcement
Some responses are reinforced and some are not; used to maintain already established behavior
Ratio
Reinforcement is delivered after a certain number of responses
Interval
Reinforcement is delivered for the FIRST response after a certain amount of time since the previous reinforcement
Fixed
The number of responses or amount of time, remains the same
Variable
The number of responses or amount of time is random but centers around (ie averages out to) a particular value
Limited Hold
A restriction placed on an interval schedule requiring that the response occur within a specified time limit following the interval to be eligible for reinforcement
FR schedules
All or none schedules, as they produce a pause in responding immediately after reinforcement which is followed by a burst of responding. Pauses tend to be longer the thinner the schedule
VR schedules
Produces steady and high rates of responding
Ratio Strain
A behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules
FI schedules
Scalloped; produce a pause in responding immediately after reinforcement which is followed by a gradual increase in the rate of responding, with the highest rates at time closest to reinforcement
VI schedules
Produce steady, low to moderate rates of responding
time-based schedules
A preferred stimulus is delivered at a point in time without a response requirement
Differential Reinforcement of a high Rate of Responding (DRH)
Reinforcement occurs if and only if the rate of response is equal to or greater than a specified value
DRH-IRT schedules
The contingency for reinforcement is governed by the time elapsed between successive responses (as opposed to responses per unit of time)
Concurrent schedules
Consists of two or more schedules operating simultaneously but independently of each other, each for a different response
Multiple Schedule
consists of two or more alternating schedules each associated with a different stimulus
Mixed Schedule
The same as a multiple schedule except that there are no different stimuli associated with each component schedule
Chained Schedule
A conditioned reinforcer is produced by completion of the response requirements for that component schedule in the chain
Tandem schedules
No discriminative stimuli in the links of the chain
Behavioral Contrast
A change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in a response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule
Matching Law
The allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement
