EXAM TERMS 4

Question 1

Evocative effect

Answer 1

An increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation

Question 2

Value-altering effect

Answer 2

An alteration in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event as a result of a motivating operation

Question 3

Abative effect

Answer 3

A decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation

Question 4

Behavior altering effect

Answer 4

An alteration in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is altered in effectiveness by the same motivating operation

Question 5

Establishing operation

Answer 5

A motivating operation that establishes the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer

Question 6

Abolishing operation

Answer 6

A motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event

Question 7

Omnibus Terms

Answer 7

Cover various functions of stimuli; used to categorize stimuli that have multiple functions

Question 8

Aversive Stimulus

Answer 8

Its presentation evokes behavior that terminates it
Its onset weakens behavior that precedes its onset
Its offset strengthens behavior that precedes its offset
It abates behavior that removes it
It may elicit smooth muscle and gland responses

Question 9

Appetitive Stimulus

Answer 9

Its onset strengthens behavior that precedes its onset
Its offset weakens behavior that precedes its offset
It abates behavior that removes it
It may elicit smooth muscle and gland responeses

Question 10

Behavior Chain

Answer 10

A sequence of responses in which each response produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcement for that response and as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain

Question 11

Chained Schedule

Answer 11

A schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of two or more basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered

Question 12

Induction

Answer 12

The spread of the effects of reinforcement to responses outside the limits of an operant class

Question 13

Shaping

Answer 13

The differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior

Question 14

Shaping across topographies

Answer 14

The terminal target response is a distinct topography - a different response - than the response that is currently occuring

Question 15

Shaping within topographies

Answer 15

The terminal target response is similar in form to the initial response, but varies across some dimension, such as rate or duration

Question 16

Parameters of Reinforcement

Answer 16

Magnitude
Quantity
Duration

Question 17

Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 17

A schedule of reinforcement is the rule which describes or specifies which responses will be followed by reinforcement and which will not

Question 18

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 18

Each and every single response that is emitted in reinforced; that is, reinforcement occurs each and every single time the behavior occurs; used to establish or strengthen behavior

Question 19

Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 19

Some responses are reinforced and some are not; used to maintain already established behavior

Question 20

Ratio

Answer 20

Reinforcement is delivered after a certain number of responses

Question 21

Interval

Answer 21

Reinforcement is delivered for the FIRST response after a certain amount of time since the previous reinforcement

Question 22

Fixed

Answer 22

The number of responses or amount of time, remains the same

Question 23

Variable

Answer 23

The number of responses or amount of time is random but centers around (ie averages out to) a particular value

Question 24

Limited Hold

Answer 24

A restriction placed on an interval schedule requiring that the response occur within a specified time limit following the interval to be eligible for reinforcement

Question 25

FR schedules

Answer 25

All or none schedules, as they produce a pause in responding immediately after reinforcement which is followed by a burst of responding. Pauses tend to be longer the thinner the schedule

Question 26

VR schedules

Answer 26

Produces steady and high rates of responding

Question 27

Ratio Strain

Answer 27

A behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules

Question 28

FI schedules

Answer 28

Scalloped; produce a pause in responding immediately after reinforcement which is followed by a gradual increase in the rate of responding, with the highest rates at time closest to reinforcement

Question 29

VI schedules

Answer 29

Produce steady, low to moderate rates of responding

Question 30

time-based schedules

Answer 30

A preferred stimulus is delivered at a point in time without a response requirement

Question 31

Differential Reinforcement of a high Rate of Responding (DRH)

Answer 31

Reinforcement occurs if and only if the rate of response is equal to or greater than a specified value

Question 32

DRH-IRT schedules

Answer 32

The contingency for reinforcement is governed by the time elapsed between successive responses (as opposed to responses per unit of time)

Question 33

Concurrent schedules

Answer 33

Consists of two or more schedules operating simultaneously but independently of each other, each for a different response

Question 34

Multiple Schedule

Answer 34

consists of two or more alternating schedules each associated with a different stimulus

Question 35

Mixed Schedule

Answer 35

The same as a multiple schedule except that there are no different stimuli associated with each component schedule

Question 36

Chained Schedule

Answer 36

A conditioned reinforcer is produced by completion of the response requirements for that component schedule in the chain

Question 37

Tandem schedules

Answer 37

No discriminative stimuli in the links of the chain

Question 38

Behavioral Contrast

Answer 38

A change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in a response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule

Question 39

Matching Law

Answer 39

The allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement