EXAM STUDY

Question 1

What are the typical contents of the different sections of an APA article?

Answer 1

Abstract- A 150-250 word summary of the research, covering the purpose, methods, results, and conclusions.

Introduction-Introduces the topic, reviews relevant literature, states the research question or hypothesis, and outlines the study’s goals.

Methods-Describes participants, materials, procedures, and how data was analyzed.

Results-Presents the findings, typically with tables or figures, including statistical outcomes.

Discussion-Interprets the results, discusses implications, acknowledges limitations, and suggests future research.

References- A list of all cited sources in APA format.

Question 2

What are the different types of validity and how do you establish them?

Answer 2

Construct
Concurrent
Predictive
Face
Discriminant (divergent)
Convergent

Question 3

What is construct validity?

Answer 3

Construct validity ensures that a measurement accurately captures the complexities of the concept it is intended to measure, rather than something else.

Question 4

What is concurrent validity ?

Question 5

What is predictive validity?

Answer 5

Predictive validity refers to the extent to which a measurement or scale can accurately forecast future behaviors or outcomes that are theoretically related to the construct being measured1 .
Essentially, it’s about determining whether the scores on a particular measure can effectively predict real-world behaviors or events connected to the concept it aims to assess.

For instance, if a measure of job satisfaction has strong predictive validity, it should successfully predict which employees are more likely to stay with a company and which are likely to seek other employment

Question 6

What is face validity?

Answer 6

Face validity is a subjective assessment of whether a measurement appears to be measuring what it is supposed to measure. It’s determined by simply looking at the measurement and judging whether it seems relevant to the construct being measured. The sources emphasize the importance of face validity for participant engagement and attention.

Question 7

What is discriminant (divergent) validity?

Answer 7

Discriminant validity, also known as divergent validity, is a type of validity that examines whether a measure is not correlated with measures of unrelated constructs. It helps ensure that a measure is capturing the specific construct it is intended to measure and not other, conceptually distinct constructs.

Question 8

What is convergent validity?

Answer 8

Convergent validity is a type of validity that assesses whether a measure is strongly correlated with other established measures of the the same construct. It is a crucial aspect of construct validity, which, as we discussed earlier, refers to the extent to which a measure accurately captures the complexities of a construct

Question 9

What are the different types of reliability and how do you establish them?

Answer 9

Split half
Test-retest
Interrater
Internal (Cronbach’s alpha)

Question 10

What is split half reliability?

Answer 10

Split-half reliability is a method for assessing the internal consistency of a measure, particularly for self-report measures that have a large number of items. It involves splitting the measure into two halves, having participants complete both halves, and then comparing their scores on the two halves.

Question 11

What is Internal (Cronbach’s alpha) reliability?

Question 12

What is Test-retest reliability?

Answer 12

Test-retest reliability is a type of reliability that examines the consistency of scores on a measure over time. It involves administering the same measure to the same group of participants on two separate occasions and then calculating the correlation between the two sets of scores.

Question 13

What is Interrater reliability?

Question 14

If we don’t manipulate variables (e.g., age or gender) can we have an experiment?

Answer 14

To conduct a true experiment, you must manipulate at least one independent variable. Therefore, if you don’t manipulate variables like age or gender, you cannot have a true experiment.

manipulation is a fundamental element of experimental research, allowing researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

Question 15

What is the writing style used by Psychology?

Answer 15

APA ( American Psychological Association)

(author date)

Question 16

What are pre-test post-test and post-test only designs?

Question 17

Why do we conduct literature reviews?

Question 18

Compare and Contrast Reliability and Validity

Question 19

What are the ways of acquiring knowledge?

Answer 19

Empiricism
rational method
method of authority
Intuition

Question 20

What are Main and Interaction Effects?

Question 23

How do we detect them in a matrix or table?

Question 24

How do we detect them in a line or bar graph?

Question 25

How many groups are there in a 2x2 design?

Answer 25

4 groups

Question 26

How many groups in a 2x3 design?

Answer 26

6 groups

Question 27

Define: Informed Consent

Question 28

Define: Deception

Answer 28

Deception in research involves intentionally withholding information from participants or misleading them about certain aspects of the study.

Question 29

Define: Confidentiality

Answer 29

the expectation that info will not be divulged to others without permission

Confidentiality, in the context of research, refers to the ethical obligation of researchers to protect the privacy of participants by ensuring that their personal information and data are not disclosed to unauthorized individuals or entities. It is a fundamental principle of research ethics, ensuring that participants feel safe and comfortable sharing sensitive information without fear of their identity or responses being revealed

Question 30

Define: No harm

Question 31

Define: Debriefing

Answer 31

It is a process that occurs after the completion of a study where the researcher provides participants with a complete and honest explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, and any deception that was used

Question 32

A researcher wants to investigate the effects of a new leadership training program on employee job satisfaction. They randomly assign employees at a company to either a treatment group that receives the training or a control group that does not. After the training, job satisfaction is measured for both groups.
a. Identify the independent variable and dependent variable in this study.
b. Explain why random assignment is crucial in this experimental design.

Answer 32

a. The independent variable (IV) is participation in the leadership training program with two levels: training and no training. The dependent variable (DV) is employee job satisfaction.

b. Random assignment helps to ensure that the two groups (training and control) are equivalent at the start of the study. It minimizes the possibility of confounding variables, which are extraneous variables that systematically vary with the IV. By randomly assigning participants, the researcher can be more confident that any observed differences in job satisfaction between the groups are due to the training program and not other factors.