Exam revision Flashcards
What are the three principles of cell theory?
- All living things are made up of cells
- All cells are derived from pre-existing cells
- The cell is the most smallest organisational unit of a living thing
List two differences between Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotes contain membrane bound organelles, whereas Prokaryotes don’t. Additionally, Prokaryotes have a single strand of circular Dna in the plasmid. Whereas Dna in eukaryotes found in the nucleus
List two similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain a plasma membrane that separate’s the inside of the cell from the outside, Both cells also contain Ribosomes, organelles responsible for protein synthesis
Distinguish between plant cells and animal cells
Plant cells have chloroplasts, whereas animal cells do not. Plant cells also posses large permanent vacuoles, whereas animal cells do not
What are Eukaryotic cells?
A group of single and multi-celled organisms with a nucleus and multiple linear strands of DNA. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists
are eukaryotic
What are Prokaryotic cells?
A group of single-celled organisms with no nucleus and a circular loop of DNA. Bacteria and archaea are both prokaryotic
Name the methods of cell replication used by eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic somatic cells replicate using a process called mitosis, and Eukaryotic germline cells split into 4 identical individual gametes through meiosis, in contrast, prokaryotic cells replicate via binary fission
What are Somatic cells?
Any cell that is not a reproductive cell
What are germline cells?
Cells that are involved in the generation of gametes in eukaryotes
What are gametes?
Reproductive cells that arise from germline cells that contain half the genetic material of a somatic cell.
Why is it important for cells to have a Larger SA:V ratio?
Having a Larger SA:V ratio means that substances can diffuse quickly in and out of cell more efficiently then Bigger organisms
What is the function of the Cell membrane?
To separate the intracellular environment from the extracellular environment
What is the function of The mitochondria?
Mitochondria are the site of aerobic cellular respiration, a chemical reaction that produces the ATP required to power cellular processes. They also contain their own DNA and ribosomes
What is the function of the Chloroplast?
Chloroplasts responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis. Chloroplasts also contain their
own DNA and ribosomes.
What is the Nucleus?
The nucleus’s role is to protect and confine the genetic information of the cell.
What is the function of ribosomes
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis
What is the function of the vacuole?
In animal cells, Vacuoles sequester waste, whereas in plant cells, Vacuoles are responsible for maintaining water balance
What is the function of the cell wall?
The function of the cell wall is to provide strength and structure to plant, bacterial and fungal cells, also providing a semi permeable membrane for molecules to pass in and out of the cell
Explain 2 differences between plant and animal cells
Chloroplasts are present in plant cells, but not animal cells. This is because chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis in plants, which is how they get their glucose for energy. Animals dont have chloroplasts, as they source their food through other methods
What are the benefits of having small cells?
- The exchange of materials with the extracellular environment (including importing nutrients and oxygen, and removing toxins) can occur efficiently and effectively due to a high surface area to volume ratio.
- Distances to travel within the cell are smaller, so the intracellular transport of molecules is faster
What is the plasma membrane?
The plasma membrane is a thin boundary of the cell made up of lipids that separate the intracellular and extracellular environments.
What is Selective permeability?
A property of cell membranes that ensures that only specific substances can pass across them.
