Exam revision

Question 1

What are the three principles of cell theory?

Answer 1

1. All living things are made up of cells
2. All cells are derived from pre-existing cells
3. The cell is the most smallest organisational unit of a living thing

Question 2

List two differences between Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

Eukaryotes contain membrane bound organelles, whereas Prokaryotes don’t. Additionally, Prokaryotes have a single strand of circular Dna in the plasmid. Whereas Dna in eukaryotes found in the nucleus

Question 3

List two similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 3

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain a plasma membrane that separate’s the inside of the cell from the outside, Both cells also contain Ribosomes, organelles responsible for protein synthesis

Question 4

Distinguish between plant cells and animal cells

Answer 4

Plant cells have chloroplasts, whereas animal cells do not. Plant cells also posses large permanent vacuoles, whereas animal cells do not

Question 5

What are Eukaryotic cells?

Answer 5

A group of single and multi-celled organisms with a nucleus and multiple linear strands of DNA. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists
are eukaryotic

Question 6

What are Prokaryotic cells?

Answer 6

A group of single-celled organisms with no nucleus and a circular loop of DNA. Bacteria and archaea are both prokaryotic

Question 7

Name the methods of cell replication used by eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.

Answer 7

Eukaryotic somatic cells replicate using a process called mitosis, and Eukaryotic germline cells split into 4 identical individual gametes through meiosis, in contrast, prokaryotic cells replicate via binary fission

Question 8

What are Somatic cells?

Answer 8

Any cell that is not a reproductive cell

Question 9

What are germline cells?

Answer 9

Cells that are involved in the generation of gametes in eukaryotes

Question 10

What are gametes?

Answer 10

Reproductive cells that arise from germline cells that contain half the genetic material of a somatic cell.

Question 11

Why is it important for cells to have a Larger SA:V ratio?

Answer 11

Having a Larger SA:V ratio means that substances can diffuse quickly in and out of cell more efficiently then Bigger organisms

Question 12

What is the function of the Cell membrane?

Answer 12

To separate the intracellular environment from the extracellular environment

Question 13

What is the function of The mitochondria?

Answer 13

Mitochondria are the site of aerobic cellular respiration, a chemical reaction that produces the ATP required to power cellular processes. They also contain their own DNA and ribosomes

Question 14

What is the function of the Chloroplast?

Answer 14

Chloroplasts responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis. Chloroplasts also contain their
own DNA and ribosomes.

Question 15

What is the Nucleus?

Answer 15

The nucleus’s role is to protect and confine the genetic information of the cell.

Question 16

What is the function of ribosomes

Answer 16

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis

Question 17

What is the function of the vacuole?

Answer 17

In animal cells, Vacuoles sequester waste, whereas in plant cells, Vacuoles are responsible for maintaining water balance

Question 18

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 18

The function of the cell wall is to provide strength and structure to plant, bacterial and fungal cells, also providing a semi permeable membrane for molecules to pass in and out of the cell

Question 19

Explain 2 differences between plant and animal cells

Answer 19

Chloroplasts are present in plant cells, but not animal cells. This is because chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis in plants, which is how they get their glucose for energy. Animals dont have chloroplasts, as they source their food through other methods

Question 20

What are the benefits of having small cells?

Answer 20

1. The exchange of materials with the extracellular environment (including importing nutrients and oxygen, and removing toxins) can occur efficiently and effectively due to a high surface area to volume ratio.
2. Distances to travel within the cell are smaller, so the intracellular transport of molecules is faster

Question 21

What is the plasma membrane?

Answer 21

The plasma membrane is a thin boundary of the cell made up of lipids that separate the intracellular and extracellular environments.

Question 22

What is Selective permeability?

Answer 22

A property of cell membranes that ensures that only specific substances can pass across them.